Various important medicines make use of secondary metabolites that are produced by plants.Medicinal plants,such as Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia,are rich sources of chemically active compounds and are re...Various important medicines make use of secondary metabolites that are produced by plants.Medicinal plants,such as Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia,are rich sources of chemically active compounds and are reported to have numerous therapeutic applications.The therapeutic use of medicinal plants is widely mentioned in Ayurveda and has folkloric importance in different parts of the world.The aim of this review is to summarize the phytochemical profiles,folkloric importance,and primary pharmacological activity of W.somnifera and T.cordifolia with emphasis on their action against the novel coronavirus.展开更多
Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic c...Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic content in the extracts of proso and barnyard millets was quantified.Alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were identified in all solvent extracts of both millets.Anthraquinone and glycosides yielded negative results in all solvent extracts of both millets.Among all the solvent extracts,methanol extracts of proso and barnyard millets showed the presence of major compounds such as flavonoids,terpenoids,amino acids,tannins,and phenolics compounds.The maximum amount of phenols was found in methanolic extracts of proso and barnyard millets(0.669±0.003 and 0.625±0.003),followed by the chloroform extract of proso and barnyard millets(0.284±0.002 and 0.257±0.003).The minimum amount of phenolics was found in the acetone extract of proso and barnyard millets.The methanol extract of both millets showed the presence of major compounds with high phenolic content.展开更多
Objective: To analyze the phytochemical constituents responsible for the plausible antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of the seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Methods: Fresh seed, pulp, and peel o...Objective: To analyze the phytochemical constituents responsible for the plausible antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of the seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Methods: Fresh seed, pulp, and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora fruits were extracted with methanol(MEBRse, MEBRpu, MEBRpe) and evaluated by phytochemical analysis for their content of innumerable metabolites(primary and secondary) viz. carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, proteins, and fixed oils. The antioxidant efficacy was assessed through different assay methods viz. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity(TAC) and reducing power capacity(RPC). Estimation of total phenolic content(TPC), and total flavonoid content(TFC) was also done to confirm the presence of these phytochemicals. Results: It was revealed from the phytochemical analysis of MEBRse that alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, and flavonoids were present, while that of MEBRpu showed the existence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, and fixed oils. Presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids were found in the MEBRpe. A significant antioxidant activity was revealed by the MEBRpu [EC_(50):(27.612 ± 1.375) μg/mL], compared to MEBRpe, and MEBRse in DPPH assay. The ranking order for RPC was MEBRpu > MEBRpe > MEBRse respectively. The EC_(50) value of TAC of the MEBRpu, MEBRpe, and MEBRse were(25.107 ±0.744) μg/mL,(241.127 ± 7.463) μg/mL and(372.364 ± 11.030) μg/mL, respectively. Quantity of TPC and TFC were the highest in the MEBRpu(124.360 ± 2.078 mg GAE/g and 107.527 ±1.900 mg QRE/g extract) rather than MEBRpe and MEBRse extracts. Conclusions: This study suggests that MEBRpu has a significantly higher antioxidant property than MEBRpe and MEBRse. These extracts might be advantageous in prevention or decelerating the progress of different diseases related to oxidative-stress/damage. Moreover, detailed analysis of these extracts is required to identify the presence of promising compound(s) responsible for their antioxidant activity.展开更多
Objective: To test the antioxidant, antimicrobial and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the roots extracts from Hertia cheirifolia(H. cheirifolia) L.Methods: Total phenolics and total flavonoids content of the di...Objective: To test the antioxidant, antimicrobial and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the roots extracts from Hertia cheirifolia(H. cheirifolia) L.Methods: Total phenolics and total flavonoids content of the different extracts were determined by colorimetric methods and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) was performed to identify various chemical components.The different extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylenebenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid(ABTS·^+) and β-carotene bleaching tests and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties. The antimicrobial activity was carried out in vitro by the broth dilution method.Results: Trans-cinnamic acid, rutin hydrate, naringin and quercetin were the main compounds of the ethyl acetate extract from H. cheirifolia L. This extract has significant scavenging activity to decrease free radicals especially for DPPH and ABTS radicals. As well as, the ethyl acetate extract exhibited an antimicrobial property against bacterial strains. Bacillus licheniformis and Salmonella enterica were the most sensitive strains with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.156 mg/mL.Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extract was found to be selectively antioxidant and antimicrobial.展开更多
The antiplasmodial activity and phytochemical analysis of P. niruri and All. lucida leaves and stem parts have been evaluated in different solvent （aqueous, ethanolic and dichloromethane）. Phytochemical analysis has...The antiplasmodial activity and phytochemical analysis of P. niruri and All. lucida leaves and stem parts have been evaluated in different solvent （aqueous, ethanolic and dichloromethane）. Phytochemical analysis has been done using 5-methoxyflavone 10-4 M andα-gluconolactone 10-4 M in methanol 80% （pH 2） solvent to the HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） and the TLC （thin layer chromatography）. RPMI 1640 （Rose Park Memorial Institute medium 1640） has been used for plasmodium strain culture and the antiplasmodial activity has been evaluated under microscopy with infected blood colored by Giemsa-stained thick. IC50 （The inhibitory concentration of extract would be killed 50% of parasites） was estimated. The results show that extracts of P. niruri exhibit more antiplasmodial activities （IC50：3.98 μg/50 μL for aqueous extract, between 9.5-19 μg/50 p.L for ethanolic extract and 5.3 Itg/50 laL for dichloromethane extract） than those of M. lucida （IC50：5.39 to 10.78 μg/50 μL, 12.265 μg/50 μL and 24.53 μg/50 μL） successively for queous, ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts. For the same antiplasmodial activity, the amount of extract of M. lucida is still higher than that of P. niruri. These results are explained by the composition of phenolic compounds that are found in P. niruri. This plant has therefore presented more spectra in the chromatogram （20 peaks for hydrolyzed extract and 27 peaks for unhydrolyzed extracts） comparing that ofM. lucida hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed extracts with 13 and 14 peaks. TLC revealed compounds such as flavonols, flavan-3-ols. Nevertheless, quinine used as positive control presented the same antiplasmodial activity for the low doses for the drugs and our extracts presented weak antiplasmodial activity comparing previous works. The studies could continue for the isolation of active principle that of P. niruri.展开更多
In the postharvest processing of tea leaves,withering is the first indispensable manufacturing process which produces the mellow,umami and sweet taste of white tea.In this study,we aimed to determine the dynamic chang...In the postharvest processing of tea leaves,withering is the first indispensable manufacturing process which produces the mellow,umami and sweet taste of white tea.In this study,we aimed to determine the dynamic changes of the main metabolites and clarify the key differentially expressed genes(DEGs) involved in forming the characteristic taste of white tea during withering.Phytochemical analyses revealed that the contents of total catechins and starch decreased continuously,whereas the contents of theaflavin,γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),maltose,and soluble sugars increased significantly during withering(from 0–48 h).Meanwhile,the elevation of α-amylase(AMY),β-amylase(BAM),total amylase,and glutamate decarboxylase(GAD) activities may be correlated with the accumulation of GABA and maltose.By transcriptome sequencing,we detected 9 707,15 921,17 353,and 17 538 DEGs at 12,24,36,and 48 h of the withering process,respectively,compared with 0 h sample(fresh leaves).The transcript levels of most of the DEGs involved in catechin biosynthesis were significantly inhibited,whereas those involved in catechin oxidation were significantly up-regulated,which could be correlated to a decrease in catechin content and an increase in theaflavin content.The DEGs involved in GABA biosynthesis were considerably up-regulated,and the down-regulation of SPMS could reduce the competition for converting spermidine to GABA.The up-regulation of the AMY and BAM genes could trigger starch degradation,resulting in the increase of soluble sugar content.These results provide new insights into the importance of the withering process to the characteristic taste of white tea.展开更多
The present work involves extraction of phytochemicals from the root bark of a well-known Indian traditional medicinal plant, viz. Mammea suriga, with various solvents and evaluation of their in vitro antimicrobial an...The present work involves extraction of phytochemicals from the root bark of a well-known Indian traditional medicinal plant, viz. Mammea suriga, with various solvents and evaluation of their in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities using standard methods. The phytochemical analysis indicates the presence of some interesting secondary metabolites like flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and tannins in the extracts. Also, the solvent extracts displayed promising anti- microbial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Cryptococcus neoformans with inhibition zone in a range of 20-33 mm. Further, results of their antioxidant screening revealed that aqueous extract （with IC5o values of 111.51 ± 1.03 and 31.05 ±0.92 μg/mL in total reducing power assay and DPHH radical scavenging assay, respectively） and ethanolic extract （with IC50 values of 128.00±1.01 and 33.25±0.89 lag/mL in total reducing power assay and DPHH radical scavenging assay, respectively） were better antioxidants than standard ascorbic acid. Interestingly, FT-IR analysis of each extract established the presence of various biologically active functional groups in it.展开更多
Objective： Anabasis aretioides （Coss ＆ Moq.）, a Saharan plant belonging to Chenopodiaceae family, is widely distributed in semi-desert areas from the Tafilalet region of Morocco. This plant is extensively used by ...Objective： Anabasis aretioides （Coss ＆ Moq.）, a Saharan plant belonging to Chenopodiaceae family, is widely distributed in semi-desert areas from the Tafilalet region of Morocco. This plant is extensively used by local population against diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the aqueous A. aretioides extract on lipid metabolism in normal and strepto-zotocin （STZ）-induced diabetic rats and to identify the polyphenolic compounds present. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the aqueous A. aretioides extract was also evaluated. Methods： The effect of an aerial part aqueous extract （APAE） ofA. aretioides （5 mg/kg of lyophilized A. are-tioides APAE） on plasma lipid profile was investigated in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats （n = 6） after once daily oral administration for 15 days. The aqueous extract was tested for its 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radical-scavenging activity. Polyphenolic compounds in the extracts were defini-tively characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Results： In diabetic rats, oral administration ofA. aretioides APAE provoked a significant decrease in both plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels from the first to the second week （P 〈 0.01）. A significant decrease on plasma triglyceride levels was also observed in normal rats （P 〈 0.01）, where the reduction was 53%. In addition, the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 12 polyphenolic compounds. Moreover, according to the DPPH radical-scavenging activity, the aqueous extract showed an in vitro antioxidant activity. Conclusion： Aqueous A. aretioides APAE exhibits lipid-lowering and in vitro antioxidant activities. Many polyphenols were present in this extract and these phytoconstituents may be involved in the pharmaco-logical activity of this plant.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the proximate and mineral composition of the Piper retrofractum(P. retrofractum) vahl. Fruit and to evaluate its total alkaloids, phenol and flavonoid. Methods: The proximate composition of P...Objective: To investigate the proximate and mineral composition of the Piper retrofractum(P. retrofractum) vahl. Fruit and to evaluate its total alkaloids, phenol and flavonoid. Methods: The proximate composition of P. retrofractum fruit was ananlyzed using standard protocols according to Indonesian Standard and Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Meanwhile, mineral composition of the fruit was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Phytochemical screening and quantification were performed using standard protocols according to Harborn and spectrophotometric methods. Results: The results showed that P. retrofractum fruit contained carbohydrate(63.4%), crude protein(11.4%), total ash(4.29%), dietary fiber(28.8%) and total fat(2.97%). The fruit also contained calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphor, potassium, sodium and zinc in different concentrations. Additionally, quinone, sterol, glycosides and alkaloid were detected in both n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. Moreover, tannin was presented also in ethylacetate and methanol extracts. Meanwhile, methanol extract contained sterol, glycosides, flavones, tannin and alkaloid. The results also revealed that methanol extract of the fruit contained highest phenol compared to other extract. Finally, small quantity of flavonoid(0.060 0%±0.000 2%) was observed. Conclusions: The overall results show that P. retrofractum contains potential nutritional and phytochemicals values, which support their function for pharmaceutical purposes.展开更多
In this work, the half-matured female cones of the rare species, Wollemia nobilis, were studied for their phytochemical profile for the first time. Fourteen compounds were isolated and identified by means of column ch...In this work, the half-matured female cones of the rare species, Wollemia nobilis, were studied for their phytochemical profile for the first time. Fourteen compounds were isolated and identified by means of column chromatography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance （NMR） spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry （MS）. In particular, these compounds were acetyl-isocupressic acid （1）, methyl-（E）-communate （2）, sandaracopimaric acid （3）, wollemol （4）, 7″-O-methyl-agathisflavone （5）, 7,4″-di-O-methyl-agathisflavone （6）, shikimic acid （7）, quinic acid （8）, glucose （9）, sucrose （10）, raffinose （11）, D-lactic acid （12）, succinic acid （13） and alanine （14）. The chemotaxonomic implications of their presence were discussed and a preliminary phytochemical comparison between these cones and the male ones was also performed. This evidenced several similarities but also some differences that were widely treated about. Moreover, a preliminary nutraceutical evaluation of these cones, based on phytochemistry, was carried out. Actually, this showed a good nutraceutical potentiality of the half-matured cones but also some potential critical state mainly due to the occurrence of acetyl-isocupressic acid （1）, which is quite known to have some adverse pharmacological effects. For this reason, more in-depth nutraceutical studies would be necessary to exactly determine the ethnopharmacological and nutraceutical value of these cones.展开更多
Background:Spermacoce pusilla Wallich(S.pusilla)is widely used in Guangdong province of China.It has valuable medicinal value in treating trauma,fractures,carbuncle,swelling,and poisonous snake bites.Method:The presen...Background:Spermacoce pusilla Wallich(S.pusilla)is widely used in Guangdong province of China.It has valuable medicinal value in treating trauma,fractures,carbuncle,swelling,and poisonous snake bites.Method:The present study was carried out to provide a scientific basis for the identification and authenticity of S.pusilla with the help of pharmacognostical parameters,which has not been done before.In this study,a series of related identification information such as source,character,microscopic observation,physical and chemical reaction,and molecular markers were employed to establish accurate,comprehensive pharmacognostic identification information of S.pusilla.Results:The study provided some basic data regarding the genuine crude drug.The identification efficiency of ITS sequences obtained in this study is high,the psbA-trnH sequence was obtained from S.pusilla and sequenced for the first time in this study.Conclusion:In this study,traditional pharmacognosy identification and molecular marker identification of S.pusilla in the Guangdong region were carried out,and a systematic and comprehensive pharmacognosy identification information system was established.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： To evaluate in vitro antibacterial effectiveness of five medicinal plants used by an Indian aborigine, against 8 multidrug-resistant （MDR） enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples of unde...OBJECTIVE： To evaluate in vitro antibacterial effectiveness of five medicinal plants used by an Indian aborigine, against 8 multidrug-resistant （MDR） enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples of under-5 hospitalized children. METHODS： Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of eight clinically isolated strains of enteropathogenic bacteria, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella paratyphi, S. typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, S. sonnei and Vibrio cholerae were assessed by disc-diffusion method. Antibacterial activities of 8 solvent-extracts of leaves and bark of five medicinal plants were monitored by the agar-well diffusion method. The microbroth dilution method was used to assess minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） and minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC）. Qualitative phytochemical analyses of active plant extracts were carried out. RESULTS： Ethanol, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Holarrhena antidysenterica leaf tissue were most effective against 8 MDR pathogens in vitro. Similarly, acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of Terminalia alata leaf tissue; chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Terminalia aquna leaf tissue and ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol extracts of Paederia foetida leaf tissue were most effective in inhibiting in vitro growth of the 8 MDR enteropathogens. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of H. antidysenterica bark tissue; acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of T. alata bark tissue and acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of T. arjuna bark tissue were most effective in controlling enteropathogen growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of the 3 most antimicrobial leaf and bark extracts from the five plants were in the range of 1.56 to 50 mg/mL. CONCLUSION： These 5 plants exhibited in vitro control over a cohort of 8 enteropathogenic bacteria strains isolated from clinical samples.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the antidiabetic activity of Ocimum tenuiflorum L.(O.tenuiflorum) leaves used in the traditional medicine management of diabetes in Malaysia.Methods:O.tenuiflorum leaves were extracted sequent...Objective:To investigate the antidiabetic activity of Ocimum tenuiflorum L.(O.tenuiflorum) leaves used in the traditional medicine management of diabetes in Malaysia.Methods:O.tenuiflorum leaves were extracted sequentially with hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,methanol,and water.The extracts were evaluated in terms of antidiabetic activity by using acute,subcutaneous glucose tolerance,and sub-chronic tests in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats.The extracts were also subjected to phytochemical analyses.Results:With an acute dose(1 g/kg),the methanol extracts showed significant reduction(31%) in fasting blood glucose(FBG) of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.The FBG-decreasing effect of ethyl acetate extract was more rapid than that of the other extracts;the decreasing rates were 20%after 2 h,21%after 3 h,and 8%after 5 and 7 h.After 7 h(31%),the effect of methanol extract on FBG was significantly lower than that of metformin.In the subcutaneous glucose tolerance test,only methanol and hexane extracts showed the similarity of metformin in diabetic rats.After 14 days,the effects of these extracts were similar to those of metformin(63.33%).The total flavonoid and phenolic contents of extracts decreased as the polarity of the extraction solvent increased.Conclusions:The results obtained provide support for a possible use of O.tenuiflorum leaves in managing hyperglycemia and preventing the complications associated with it in type 2 diabetic.展开更多
Objective:To determine the chemical structure of the new compound and investigate the protective effects of Tinosporaic acid A and B towards in-vitro neuro.Methods:The structures of two new compounds were established ...Objective:To determine the chemical structure of the new compound and investigate the protective effects of Tinosporaic acid A and B towards in-vitro neuro.Methods:The structures of two new compounds were established by analyzing its 1D and 2D NMR spectra as well as HRESIMS.Their neuroprotective effects with respect to the antioxidant properties were evaluated by radical scavenging tests and hydrogen peroxide-injured oxidative stress model in PC12 cell lines.Cell morphology of treated PC12 cells was observed by phase contrast microscopy.In-vitro MTT assay,lactate dehydrogenase activity assay and oxidative stress markers(intracellular ROS production,MDA level,and caspase-3 activity) were used to evaluate the protective effects against hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.Results:The two new compounds,named Tinosporaic acid A and B,were isolated and identified from the stem bark of Tinospora hainanensis.Cell viability studies identified a representative concentration for each extract that was subsequently used to measure oxidative stress markers.Both extracts were able to reverse the oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide,thus promoting PC12 cells survival.The concentration of Tinosporaic acid A and B were 86.34 μg/mL and 22.06 μg/mL respectively,which is neuroprotective for EC_(50).The results indicated that both of them significantly attenuated hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity.Conclusion:The two new compounds isolated from ethanol extracts of Tinospora hainanensis are the promising natural ones with neuroprotective activity and needed for further research.展开更多
The Annona genus is a member of Annonaceae,one of the largest families of plants across tropical and subtropical regions.This family has been used in several ethnomedicinal practices to treat a multitude of human dise...The Annona genus is a member of Annonaceae,one of the largest families of plants across tropical and subtropical regions.This family has been used in several ethnomedicinal practices to treat a multitude of human diseases.However,the molecular mechanism underlying its effect on the lipid droplet formation and on the expression of adipogenic markers of this plant remain to be investigated.In this study,we examined whether the extracts from the aerial part of Annona montana affect in vitro differentiation of preadipocytes.For our investigations,both mouse embryo fibroblast 3T3-L1 and normal human primary subcutaneous preadipocytes were incubated with Annona montana extracts(-and its subfractions-)and then analyzed on preadipocyte differentiation,lipid content,lipid droplet size and number,the expression of adipogenic-specific transcriptional factors,as well as cell survival.From our examinations,we found the Annona montana ethyl acetate extract to exhibit a potent inhibitory effect on adipogenesis,without affecting cell survival,in a dose-dependent manner.Such inhibitory effects included a significant decrease in the accumulation of lipid content by both a dramatic reduction of size and number of lipid droplets.This extract strongly attenuated the expression of PPARγand HMGB2.It also inhibited the expression of CEBPα,FAS,and Akt without influencing Erk1/2 activities.Our findings suggest that specifically,the Annona montana ethyl acetate extract has a prominent inhibitory effect in cellular pathways of adipocyte differentiation by modulating specific gene expression,which is known to perform a pivotal role during adipogenesis.展开更多
Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the antihyperglycemic potential of miracle fruit(MF)as well as its hepatic safety as compared to aspartame in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.Methods: MF extracts were...Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the antihyperglycemic potential of miracle fruit(MF)as well as its hepatic safety as compared to aspartame in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.Methods: MF extracts were prepared and screened for their phytochemical composition using highperformance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents and antioxidant potential were also determined. Additionally, MF was evaluated for its sensory attributes. For in vivo work, MF ethanol extract at high(MFH: 500 mg/kg body weight [BW]) and low(MFL: 250 mg/kg BW) doses as well as aspartame were injected intraperitoneally into alloxan-induced diabetic mice.Blood glucose levels were determined following acute and subchronic treatment. At the end of the study,animals were sacrificed, serum was collected for biochemical analysis and liver tissues were obtained for histopathological examination.Results: MF ethanol extract contained more flavonoids and tannins, and had higher 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity(79.61%) compared to MF aqueous extract(P < 0.05). HPLC analysis of MF ethanol extract also revealed the presence of 10 antioxidants with quercetin comprising the major polyphenol. Additionally, sensory analysis of MF showed that its intake is effective in masking undesirable sourness. Subchronic administration of MFH proved amelioration of hyperglycemia in mice as compared to aspartame. Moreover, aspartame treatment significantly elevated(P < 0.05) the level of alanine aminotransferase and had destructive effects on the liver histopathology;however, hepatic architecture was restored by low and high doses of MF.Conclusion: MF is an effective antihyperglycemic with hepatoprotective properties that can be used as a healthier alternative sweetening agent in place of aspartame for sour beverages.展开更多
The use of medicinal plants in South Africa is cultural. Withania somnifera is one of the medicinal plants used to treat various ailments in the country. The plant species has been used by traditional medicine practit...The use of medicinal plants in South Africa is cultural. Withania somnifera is one of the medicinal plants used to treat various ailments in the country. The plant species has been used by traditional medicine practitioners to treat inflammation and painful conditions like rheumatism. It is also known to be used as a sedative and hypnotic drug. Despite the claims, there is no information in literature to corroborate the therapeutic success of Withania somnifera in the treatment of inflammation and insomnia. The study, therefore, investigated the anti-inflammatory and central nervous system depressant activities of the leaf aqueous extract of the plant species in mice and rats. Fresh leaves of W. somnifera were collected from Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, South Africa, authenticated by a taxonomist and a voucher specimen （UWC 005） deposited in the University＇s Herbarium. Leaf aqueous extract was prepared using standard extraction methods. The carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test was used to determine the anti-inflammatory effects while pentobarbitone-induced sleep and locomotor activity tests were used to evaluate the sedative effect of the plant species. Phytochemical qualitative analysis, acute toxicity and HPLC studies of the plant species were also carried out using standard methods. The phytochemical qualitative analysis carried out on the dried powdered leaves of W. somnifera showed the presence of saponins, tannins and triterpene steroids. Leaf aqueous extract of IV. somnifera （100-200 mg/kg IP） significantly prolonged pentobarbitone （40 mg/kg, i.p.）-induced sleep in mice in a dose dependant manner. Diazepam （0.5 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly prolonged pentobarbitone （40 mg/kg, i.p.）-induced sleep in mice. The doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg （i.p.） of the plant species and 0.5 mg/kg （i.p.） of diazepam significantly reduced the locomotor activity of mice. Leaf aqueous extract of the plant species （50-200 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly reduced the oedema produced by carrageenan （1%） in rats over 90 min period of testing. Indomethacin （20 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly reduced carrageenan （1%）-induced oedema in rats over 120 min period of testing. The LDs0 value obtained for the leaf aqueous extract of the plant species following inter-peritoneal injection was 1,600 mg/kg while that following oral administration was probably over 4,000 mg/kg. The HPLC finger-print of the aqueous extract showed distinct peaks at the following retention times 2.977, 3.594, 4.154, 4.406, 4.660 and 15.267 min. The results obtained show that leaf aqueous extract of W. somnifera has both sedative and anti-inflammatory effects.展开更多
Objective Castor possesses the medicinal properties. Hence, castor extract has the reducing power agent was used in nanoparticles synthesis. Extract of castor also produces secondary metabolites （phenolics, reducing ...Objective Castor possesses the medicinal properties. Hence, castor extract has the reducing power agent was used in nanoparticles synthesis. Extract of castor also produces secondary metabolites （phenolics, reducing agent） and exhibits anti-oxidant property, which was used as larvicide and antimicrobial agent. In the present study the silver nanoparticles （AgNPs） were synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of castor. Methods The synthesized AgNPs were characterized with UV-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The phenolics, reducing sugar and total sugar were evaluated performing Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method, DNS method and Phenol-sulphuric acid method. Anti-oxidant activity of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated using DPPH assay. The larvicidal activity of synthesized AgNPs was evaluated against the third instar of Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. The mortality was observed after 24 h by probit analysis. Further, the antimicrobial activity was reported against Staphylococcus aureus （Gram positive） and Pseudomonas aeruginosa （Gram negative）. Results The UV spectra showed maximum absorbance at 445 nm and TEM analysis indicated spherical shape of nanoparticles with average size of 8.96 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles also possessed anti-oxidant potentials. Thus, it could be used as potential free radical scavenger. The larvae of A. stephensiwere found more susceptible to AgNPs than larvae of A. aegyptL Conclusion Due to the medicinal properties and reducing power activity, in the present study AgNPs have been synthesized using the aqueous leaves extract of castor and access their phytochemical, anti-oxidant, larvicidal and antimicrobial properties.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of Randia spinosa(Thunb.)Poir.and Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.leaf extracts against human pathogens such as Gram positive bacteria(Streptococcus faecalis,Bac...Objective:To evaluate phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of Randia spinosa(Thunb.)Poir.and Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.leaf extracts against human pathogens such as Gram positive bacteria(Streptococcus faecalis,Bacillus subtilis and Staphyllococcus aureus),Gram negative bacteria(Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa),and a fungus Candida albicans.Methods:Antimicrobial activity of methanol,acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the two plants against the human pathogens was investigated by agar well diffusion method,and qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted for the presence of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids,catechins,coumarins,flavonoids,phenols,quinones,saponins,steroids,tannins and terpenoids.Results:The qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of diverse range of compounds like alkaloids,flavonoids,phenols,steroids,tannins,terpenoids and saponins.The plants exhibited broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against all the tested bacterial and fungal pathogens.The maximum zone of inhibition was observed in methanol extracts when compared with acetone and ethyl acetate extracts.The present study demonstrated that the selected plants had promising effect on the bacterial and fungal pathogens.Conclusions:The phytochemicals in the plants may be potentially responsible for the antimicrobial efficacy of these medicinal plants.展开更多
Diabetes is characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia and disruptions in carbohydrate,lipid,and protein metabolism,stemming from inadequate insulin production,impaired insulin receptor functioning,or a combination of b...Diabetes is characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia and disruptions in carbohydrate,lipid,and protein metabolism,stemming from inadequate insulin production,impaired insulin receptor functioning,or a combination of both.Conventional diabetes medications like biguanides and sulphonylureas,are widely used and raise concerns about potential side effects with prolonged usage.In this context,legumes emerge as promising candidates due to their significance in traditional diets globally and associated health benefits.Despite being challenging to digest due to anti-nutritive factors,germination,a simple bioprocessing technique,significantly enhances nutritional aspect of the seeds.This study focuses on Lablab purpureus,an underutilized legume,employing a metabolomic approach to explore compounds in germinated and non-germinated seeds.Metabolomic profiling identified 125 compounds in non-germinated and 80 compounds in germinated seeds,revealing unique compounds in each type with potential health benefits.The study identified therapeutically important metabolites such as alkaloids,flavonoids,terpenoids,and saponin in both the germinated and non-germinated seeds.A notable change in the phytochemical composition(total phenol,flavonoid,and total ascorbic acid content)of germinated seeds was observed compared to the non-germinated seeds flour.An increased fold change(1.15,1.5 and 1.65)was observed in the total phenol,flavonoid,and total ascorbic acid content in germinated seeds compared to non-germinated seeds,alongside higher antioxidant levels in terms of DPPH,ABTS,and FRAP.The IC50 value for α-amylase inhibitory activity was noted to be 2.05±0.05 mg/ml in germinated samples while 0.79±0.00 mg/ml was observed in the non-germinated Lablab purpureus seeds.Therefore,displaying greaterα-amylase inhibitory activity in the non-germinated seeds,possibly due to their unique biochemical composition.Nevertheless,even germinated seeds demonstrated appreciableα-amylase inhibitory activity.Therefore,these findings suggest that germination process significantly influences seed biochemistry and helps to raise the phytochemical composition,while the unique composition of the metabolites in the nongerminated seeds could have impact on theα-amylase inhibitory activity.Thus,study suggests Lablab purpureus as a promising functional food source with diverse health-promoting attributes,particularly in diabetes management.展开更多
文摘Various important medicines make use of secondary metabolites that are produced by plants.Medicinal plants,such as Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia,are rich sources of chemically active compounds and are reported to have numerous therapeutic applications.The therapeutic use of medicinal plants is widely mentioned in Ayurveda and has folkloric importance in different parts of the world.The aim of this review is to summarize the phytochemical profiles,folkloric importance,and primary pharmacological activity of W.somnifera and T.cordifolia with emphasis on their action against the novel coronavirus.
文摘Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic content in the extracts of proso and barnyard millets was quantified.Alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were identified in all solvent extracts of both millets.Anthraquinone and glycosides yielded negative results in all solvent extracts of both millets.Among all the solvent extracts,methanol extracts of proso and barnyard millets showed the presence of major compounds such as flavonoids,terpenoids,amino acids,tannins,and phenolics compounds.The maximum amount of phenols was found in methanolic extracts of proso and barnyard millets(0.669±0.003 and 0.625±0.003),followed by the chloroform extract of proso and barnyard millets(0.284±0.002 and 0.257±0.003).The minimum amount of phenolics was found in the acetone extract of proso and barnyard millets.The methanol extract of both millets showed the presence of major compounds with high phenolic content.
文摘Objective: To analyze the phytochemical constituents responsible for the plausible antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of the seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Methods: Fresh seed, pulp, and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora fruits were extracted with methanol(MEBRse, MEBRpu, MEBRpe) and evaluated by phytochemical analysis for their content of innumerable metabolites(primary and secondary) viz. carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, proteins, and fixed oils. The antioxidant efficacy was assessed through different assay methods viz. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity(TAC) and reducing power capacity(RPC). Estimation of total phenolic content(TPC), and total flavonoid content(TFC) was also done to confirm the presence of these phytochemicals. Results: It was revealed from the phytochemical analysis of MEBRse that alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, and flavonoids were present, while that of MEBRpu showed the existence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, and fixed oils. Presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids were found in the MEBRpe. A significant antioxidant activity was revealed by the MEBRpu [EC_(50):(27.612 ± 1.375) μg/mL], compared to MEBRpe, and MEBRse in DPPH assay. The ranking order for RPC was MEBRpu > MEBRpe > MEBRse respectively. The EC_(50) value of TAC of the MEBRpu, MEBRpe, and MEBRse were(25.107 ±0.744) μg/mL,(241.127 ± 7.463) μg/mL and(372.364 ± 11.030) μg/mL, respectively. Quantity of TPC and TFC were the highest in the MEBRpu(124.360 ± 2.078 mg GAE/g and 107.527 ±1.900 mg QRE/g extract) rather than MEBRpe and MEBRse extracts. Conclusions: This study suggests that MEBRpu has a significantly higher antioxidant property than MEBRpe and MEBRse. These extracts might be advantageous in prevention or decelerating the progress of different diseases related to oxidative-stress/damage. Moreover, detailed analysis of these extracts is required to identify the presence of promising compound(s) responsible for their antioxidant activity.
基金funded by the Ministry of High Education,Scientific Research and Technology of Tunisia(Grant No.11/TM06)
文摘Objective: To test the antioxidant, antimicrobial and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the roots extracts from Hertia cheirifolia(H. cheirifolia) L.Methods: Total phenolics and total flavonoids content of the different extracts were determined by colorimetric methods and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) was performed to identify various chemical components.The different extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylenebenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid(ABTS·^+) and β-carotene bleaching tests and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties. The antimicrobial activity was carried out in vitro by the broth dilution method.Results: Trans-cinnamic acid, rutin hydrate, naringin and quercetin were the main compounds of the ethyl acetate extract from H. cheirifolia L. This extract has significant scavenging activity to decrease free radicals especially for DPPH and ABTS radicals. As well as, the ethyl acetate extract exhibited an antimicrobial property against bacterial strains. Bacillus licheniformis and Salmonella enterica were the most sensitive strains with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.156 mg/mL.Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extract was found to be selectively antioxidant and antimicrobial.
文摘The antiplasmodial activity and phytochemical analysis of P. niruri and All. lucida leaves and stem parts have been evaluated in different solvent （aqueous, ethanolic and dichloromethane）. Phytochemical analysis has been done using 5-methoxyflavone 10-4 M andα-gluconolactone 10-4 M in methanol 80% （pH 2） solvent to the HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） and the TLC （thin layer chromatography）. RPMI 1640 （Rose Park Memorial Institute medium 1640） has been used for plasmodium strain culture and the antiplasmodial activity has been evaluated under microscopy with infected blood colored by Giemsa-stained thick. IC50 （The inhibitory concentration of extract would be killed 50% of parasites） was estimated. The results show that extracts of P. niruri exhibit more antiplasmodial activities （IC50：3.98 μg/50 μL for aqueous extract, between 9.5-19 μg/50 p.L for ethanolic extract and 5.3 Itg/50 laL for dichloromethane extract） than those of M. lucida （IC50：5.39 to 10.78 μg/50 μL, 12.265 μg/50 μL and 24.53 μg/50 μL） successively for queous, ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts. For the same antiplasmodial activity, the amount of extract of M. lucida is still higher than that of P. niruri. These results are explained by the composition of phenolic compounds that are found in P. niruri. This plant has therefore presented more spectra in the chromatogram （20 peaks for hydrolyzed extract and 27 peaks for unhydrolyzed extracts） comparing that ofM. lucida hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed extracts with 13 and 14 peaks. TLC revealed compounds such as flavonols, flavan-3-ols. Nevertheless, quinine used as positive control presented the same antiplasmodial activity for the low doses for the drugs and our extracts presented weak antiplasmodial activity comparing previous works. The studies could continue for the isolation of active principle that of P. niruri.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-19)the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (102–1122YS010)+6 种基金the Rural Revitalization Tea Industry Technical Service Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (11899170145)the “Double First-class” Scientific and Technological Innovation Capacity and Enhancement Cultivation Plan of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (KSYLP004)6.18 Tea Industry Technology Branch of Collaborative Innovation Institute, China (K1520001A)the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Construction Project for Technological Innovation and Service System of Tea Industry Chain, China (K1520005A01)the Construction of Plateau Discipline of Fujian Province, China (102/71201801101)the Biochemical Analysis and Biological Study of Tea Plant Germplasm Resources of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (K1518023A)the Innovation Training Program for College Students of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (102–111ZC20061)。
文摘In the postharvest processing of tea leaves,withering is the first indispensable manufacturing process which produces the mellow,umami and sweet taste of white tea.In this study,we aimed to determine the dynamic changes of the main metabolites and clarify the key differentially expressed genes(DEGs) involved in forming the characteristic taste of white tea during withering.Phytochemical analyses revealed that the contents of total catechins and starch decreased continuously,whereas the contents of theaflavin,γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),maltose,and soluble sugars increased significantly during withering(from 0–48 h).Meanwhile,the elevation of α-amylase(AMY),β-amylase(BAM),total amylase,and glutamate decarboxylase(GAD) activities may be correlated with the accumulation of GABA and maltose.By transcriptome sequencing,we detected 9 707,15 921,17 353,and 17 538 DEGs at 12,24,36,and 48 h of the withering process,respectively,compared with 0 h sample(fresh leaves).The transcript levels of most of the DEGs involved in catechin biosynthesis were significantly inhibited,whereas those involved in catechin oxidation were significantly up-regulated,which could be correlated to a decrease in catechin content and an increase in theaflavin content.The DEGs involved in GABA biosynthesis were considerably up-regulated,and the down-regulation of SPMS could reduce the competition for converting spermidine to GABA.The up-regulation of the AMY and BAM genes could trigger starch degradation,resulting in the increase of soluble sugar content.These results provide new insights into the importance of the withering process to the characteristic taste of white tea.
文摘The present work involves extraction of phytochemicals from the root bark of a well-known Indian traditional medicinal plant, viz. Mammea suriga, with various solvents and evaluation of their in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities using standard methods. The phytochemical analysis indicates the presence of some interesting secondary metabolites like flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and tannins in the extracts. Also, the solvent extracts displayed promising anti- microbial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Cryptococcus neoformans with inhibition zone in a range of 20-33 mm. Further, results of their antioxidant screening revealed that aqueous extract （with IC5o values of 111.51 ± 1.03 and 31.05 ±0.92 μg/mL in total reducing power assay and DPHH radical scavenging assay, respectively） and ethanolic extract （with IC50 values of 128.00±1.01 and 33.25±0.89 lag/mL in total reducing power assay and DPHH radical scavenging assay, respectively） were better antioxidants than standard ascorbic acid. Interestingly, FT-IR analysis of each extract established the presence of various biologically active functional groups in it.
基金supported by the CNRST under grant N PPR/2015/35
文摘Objective： Anabasis aretioides （Coss ＆ Moq.）, a Saharan plant belonging to Chenopodiaceae family, is widely distributed in semi-desert areas from the Tafilalet region of Morocco. This plant is extensively used by local population against diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the aqueous A. aretioides extract on lipid metabolism in normal and strepto-zotocin （STZ）-induced diabetic rats and to identify the polyphenolic compounds present. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the aqueous A. aretioides extract was also evaluated. Methods： The effect of an aerial part aqueous extract （APAE） ofA. aretioides （5 mg/kg of lyophilized A. are-tioides APAE） on plasma lipid profile was investigated in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats （n = 6） after once daily oral administration for 15 days. The aqueous extract was tested for its 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radical-scavenging activity. Polyphenolic compounds in the extracts were defini-tively characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Results： In diabetic rats, oral administration ofA. aretioides APAE provoked a significant decrease in both plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels from the first to the second week （P 〈 0.01）. A significant decrease on plasma triglyceride levels was also observed in normal rats （P 〈 0.01）, where the reduction was 53%. In addition, the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 12 polyphenolic compounds. Moreover, according to the DPPH radical-scavenging activity, the aqueous extract showed an in vitro antioxidant activity. Conclusion： Aqueous A. aretioides APAE exhibits lipid-lowering and in vitro antioxidant activities. Many polyphenols were present in this extract and these phytoconstituents may be involved in the pharmaco-logical activity of this plant.
基金supported by Directorate General of Resources for Science,Technology and Higher Education,Ministry of Research,Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia(grant No.653/PKS/ITS/2017)
文摘Objective: To investigate the proximate and mineral composition of the Piper retrofractum(P. retrofractum) vahl. Fruit and to evaluate its total alkaloids, phenol and flavonoid. Methods: The proximate composition of P. retrofractum fruit was ananlyzed using standard protocols according to Indonesian Standard and Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Meanwhile, mineral composition of the fruit was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Phytochemical screening and quantification were performed using standard protocols according to Harborn and spectrophotometric methods. Results: The results showed that P. retrofractum fruit contained carbohydrate(63.4%), crude protein(11.4%), total ash(4.29%), dietary fiber(28.8%) and total fat(2.97%). The fruit also contained calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphor, potassium, sodium and zinc in different concentrations. Additionally, quinone, sterol, glycosides and alkaloid were detected in both n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. Moreover, tannin was presented also in ethylacetate and methanol extracts. Meanwhile, methanol extract contained sterol, glycosides, flavones, tannin and alkaloid. The results also revealed that methanol extract of the fruit contained highest phenol compared to other extract. Finally, small quantity of flavonoid(0.060 0%±0.000 2%) was observed. Conclusions: The overall results show that P. retrofractum contains potential nutritional and phytochemicals values, which support their function for pharmaceutical purposes.
文摘In this work, the half-matured female cones of the rare species, Wollemia nobilis, were studied for their phytochemical profile for the first time. Fourteen compounds were isolated and identified by means of column chromatography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance （NMR） spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry （MS）. In particular, these compounds were acetyl-isocupressic acid （1）, methyl-（E）-communate （2）, sandaracopimaric acid （3）, wollemol （4）, 7″-O-methyl-agathisflavone （5）, 7,4″-di-O-methyl-agathisflavone （6）, shikimic acid （7）, quinic acid （8）, glucose （9）, sucrose （10）, raffinose （11）, D-lactic acid （12）, succinic acid （13） and alanine （14）. The chemotaxonomic implications of their presence were discussed and a preliminary phytochemical comparison between these cones and the male ones was also performed. This evidenced several similarities but also some differences that were widely treated about. Moreover, a preliminary nutraceutical evaluation of these cones, based on phytochemistry, was carried out. Actually, this showed a good nutraceutical potentiality of the half-matured cones but also some potential critical state mainly due to the occurrence of acetyl-isocupressic acid （1）, which is quite known to have some adverse pharmacological effects. For this reason, more in-depth nutraceutical studies would be necessary to exactly determine the ethnopharmacological and nutraceutical value of these cones.
基金Support was also provided by Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(No.2019A141405024)。
文摘Background:Spermacoce pusilla Wallich(S.pusilla)is widely used in Guangdong province of China.It has valuable medicinal value in treating trauma,fractures,carbuncle,swelling,and poisonous snake bites.Method:The present study was carried out to provide a scientific basis for the identification and authenticity of S.pusilla with the help of pharmacognostical parameters,which has not been done before.In this study,a series of related identification information such as source,character,microscopic observation,physical and chemical reaction,and molecular markers were employed to establish accurate,comprehensive pharmacognostic identification information of S.pusilla.Results:The study provided some basic data regarding the genuine crude drug.The identification efficiency of ITS sequences obtained in this study is high,the psbA-trnH sequence was obtained from S.pusilla and sequenced for the first time in this study.Conclusion:In this study,traditional pharmacognosy identification and molecular marker identification of S.pusilla in the Guangdong region were carried out,and a systematic and comprehensive pharmacognosy identification information system was established.
基金a part of PhD thesis in Microbiology of Utkal University of Shakti Rath, a Senior Research Fellow in a project from CSIR, New Delhi [No. 21 (0859)/11/EMR-Ⅱ] awarded to RN Padhy
文摘OBJECTIVE： To evaluate in vitro antibacterial effectiveness of five medicinal plants used by an Indian aborigine, against 8 multidrug-resistant （MDR） enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples of under-5 hospitalized children. METHODS： Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of eight clinically isolated strains of enteropathogenic bacteria, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella paratyphi, S. typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, S. sonnei and Vibrio cholerae were assessed by disc-diffusion method. Antibacterial activities of 8 solvent-extracts of leaves and bark of five medicinal plants were monitored by the agar-well diffusion method. The microbroth dilution method was used to assess minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） and minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC）. Qualitative phytochemical analyses of active plant extracts were carried out. RESULTS： Ethanol, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Holarrhena antidysenterica leaf tissue were most effective against 8 MDR pathogens in vitro. Similarly, acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of Terminalia alata leaf tissue; chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Terminalia aquna leaf tissue and ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol extracts of Paederia foetida leaf tissue were most effective in inhibiting in vitro growth of the 8 MDR enteropathogens. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of H. antidysenterica bark tissue; acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of T. alata bark tissue and acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of T. arjuna bark tissue were most effective in controlling enteropathogen growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of the 3 most antimicrobial leaf and bark extracts from the five plants were in the range of 1.56 to 50 mg/mL. CONCLUSION： These 5 plants exhibited in vitro control over a cohort of 8 enteropathogenic bacteria strains isolated from clinical samples.
文摘Objective:To investigate the antidiabetic activity of Ocimum tenuiflorum L.(O.tenuiflorum) leaves used in the traditional medicine management of diabetes in Malaysia.Methods:O.tenuiflorum leaves were extracted sequentially with hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,methanol,and water.The extracts were evaluated in terms of antidiabetic activity by using acute,subcutaneous glucose tolerance,and sub-chronic tests in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats.The extracts were also subjected to phytochemical analyses.Results:With an acute dose(1 g/kg),the methanol extracts showed significant reduction(31%) in fasting blood glucose(FBG) of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.The FBG-decreasing effect of ethyl acetate extract was more rapid than that of the other extracts;the decreasing rates were 20%after 2 h,21%after 3 h,and 8%after 5 and 7 h.After 7 h(31%),the effect of methanol extract on FBG was significantly lower than that of metformin.In the subcutaneous glucose tolerance test,only methanol and hexane extracts showed the similarity of metformin in diabetic rats.After 14 days,the effects of these extracts were similar to those of metformin(63.33%).The total flavonoid and phenolic contents of extracts decreased as the polarity of the extraction solvent increased.Conclusions:The results obtained provide support for a possible use of O.tenuiflorum leaves in managing hyperglycemia and preventing the complications associated with it in type 2 diabetic.
基金supported by grants of Hainan provincial project of modernization in traditional Chinese medicine(ZY201426)the Key Science and Technology Program of Hainan Province(ZDXM2014070)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81460550)
文摘Objective:To determine the chemical structure of the new compound and investigate the protective effects of Tinosporaic acid A and B towards in-vitro neuro.Methods:The structures of two new compounds were established by analyzing its 1D and 2D NMR spectra as well as HRESIMS.Their neuroprotective effects with respect to the antioxidant properties were evaluated by radical scavenging tests and hydrogen peroxide-injured oxidative stress model in PC12 cell lines.Cell morphology of treated PC12 cells was observed by phase contrast microscopy.In-vitro MTT assay,lactate dehydrogenase activity assay and oxidative stress markers(intracellular ROS production,MDA level,and caspase-3 activity) were used to evaluate the protective effects against hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.Results:The two new compounds,named Tinosporaic acid A and B,were isolated and identified from the stem bark of Tinospora hainanensis.Cell viability studies identified a representative concentration for each extract that was subsequently used to measure oxidative stress markers.Both extracts were able to reverse the oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide,thus promoting PC12 cells survival.The concentration of Tinosporaic acid A and B were 86.34 μg/mL and 22.06 μg/mL respectively,which is neuroprotective for EC_(50).The results indicated that both of them significantly attenuated hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity.Conclusion:The two new compounds isolated from ethanol extracts of Tinospora hainanensis are the promising natural ones with neuroprotective activity and needed for further research.
基金supported by the National Institutes of Health Grant SC1DK084343the U.S.Department of Defense Grant W911NF-13-0167(to MAB).
文摘The Annona genus is a member of Annonaceae,one of the largest families of plants across tropical and subtropical regions.This family has been used in several ethnomedicinal practices to treat a multitude of human diseases.However,the molecular mechanism underlying its effect on the lipid droplet formation and on the expression of adipogenic markers of this plant remain to be investigated.In this study,we examined whether the extracts from the aerial part of Annona montana affect in vitro differentiation of preadipocytes.For our investigations,both mouse embryo fibroblast 3T3-L1 and normal human primary subcutaneous preadipocytes were incubated with Annona montana extracts(-and its subfractions-)and then analyzed on preadipocyte differentiation,lipid content,lipid droplet size and number,the expression of adipogenic-specific transcriptional factors,as well as cell survival.From our examinations,we found the Annona montana ethyl acetate extract to exhibit a potent inhibitory effect on adipogenesis,without affecting cell survival,in a dose-dependent manner.Such inhibitory effects included a significant decrease in the accumulation of lipid content by both a dramatic reduction of size and number of lipid droplets.This extract strongly attenuated the expression of PPARγand HMGB2.It also inhibited the expression of CEBPα,FAS,and Akt without influencing Erk1/2 activities.Our findings suggest that specifically,the Annona montana ethyl acetate extract has a prominent inhibitory effect in cellular pathways of adipocyte differentiation by modulating specific gene expression,which is known to perform a pivotal role during adipogenesis.
文摘Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the antihyperglycemic potential of miracle fruit(MF)as well as its hepatic safety as compared to aspartame in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.Methods: MF extracts were prepared and screened for their phytochemical composition using highperformance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents and antioxidant potential were also determined. Additionally, MF was evaluated for its sensory attributes. For in vivo work, MF ethanol extract at high(MFH: 500 mg/kg body weight [BW]) and low(MFL: 250 mg/kg BW) doses as well as aspartame were injected intraperitoneally into alloxan-induced diabetic mice.Blood glucose levels were determined following acute and subchronic treatment. At the end of the study,animals were sacrificed, serum was collected for biochemical analysis and liver tissues were obtained for histopathological examination.Results: MF ethanol extract contained more flavonoids and tannins, and had higher 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity(79.61%) compared to MF aqueous extract(P < 0.05). HPLC analysis of MF ethanol extract also revealed the presence of 10 antioxidants with quercetin comprising the major polyphenol. Additionally, sensory analysis of MF showed that its intake is effective in masking undesirable sourness. Subchronic administration of MFH proved amelioration of hyperglycemia in mice as compared to aspartame. Moreover, aspartame treatment significantly elevated(P < 0.05) the level of alanine aminotransferase and had destructive effects on the liver histopathology;however, hepatic architecture was restored by low and high doses of MF.Conclusion: MF is an effective antihyperglycemic with hepatoprotective properties that can be used as a healthier alternative sweetening agent in place of aspartame for sour beverages.
文摘The use of medicinal plants in South Africa is cultural. Withania somnifera is one of the medicinal plants used to treat various ailments in the country. The plant species has been used by traditional medicine practitioners to treat inflammation and painful conditions like rheumatism. It is also known to be used as a sedative and hypnotic drug. Despite the claims, there is no information in literature to corroborate the therapeutic success of Withania somnifera in the treatment of inflammation and insomnia. The study, therefore, investigated the anti-inflammatory and central nervous system depressant activities of the leaf aqueous extract of the plant species in mice and rats. Fresh leaves of W. somnifera were collected from Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, South Africa, authenticated by a taxonomist and a voucher specimen （UWC 005） deposited in the University＇s Herbarium. Leaf aqueous extract was prepared using standard extraction methods. The carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test was used to determine the anti-inflammatory effects while pentobarbitone-induced sleep and locomotor activity tests were used to evaluate the sedative effect of the plant species. Phytochemical qualitative analysis, acute toxicity and HPLC studies of the plant species were also carried out using standard methods. The phytochemical qualitative analysis carried out on the dried powdered leaves of W. somnifera showed the presence of saponins, tannins and triterpene steroids. Leaf aqueous extract of IV. somnifera （100-200 mg/kg IP） significantly prolonged pentobarbitone （40 mg/kg, i.p.）-induced sleep in mice in a dose dependant manner. Diazepam （0.5 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly prolonged pentobarbitone （40 mg/kg, i.p.）-induced sleep in mice. The doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg （i.p.） of the plant species and 0.5 mg/kg （i.p.） of diazepam significantly reduced the locomotor activity of mice. Leaf aqueous extract of the plant species （50-200 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly reduced the oedema produced by carrageenan （1%） in rats over 90 min period of testing. Indomethacin （20 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly reduced carrageenan （1%）-induced oedema in rats over 120 min period of testing. The LDs0 value obtained for the leaf aqueous extract of the plant species following inter-peritoneal injection was 1,600 mg/kg while that following oral administration was probably over 4,000 mg/kg. The HPLC finger-print of the aqueous extract showed distinct peaks at the following retention times 2.977, 3.594, 4.154, 4.406, 4.660 and 15.267 min. The results obtained show that leaf aqueous extract of W. somnifera has both sedative and anti-inflammatory effects.
基金Department of Science and Technology to awarded the DST SERB Young Scientist Project(No.-SB/YS/LS-35/2014)
文摘Objective Castor possesses the medicinal properties. Hence, castor extract has the reducing power agent was used in nanoparticles synthesis. Extract of castor also produces secondary metabolites （phenolics, reducing agent） and exhibits anti-oxidant property, which was used as larvicide and antimicrobial agent. In the present study the silver nanoparticles （AgNPs） were synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of castor. Methods The synthesized AgNPs were characterized with UV-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The phenolics, reducing sugar and total sugar were evaluated performing Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method, DNS method and Phenol-sulphuric acid method. Anti-oxidant activity of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated using DPPH assay. The larvicidal activity of synthesized AgNPs was evaluated against the third instar of Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. The mortality was observed after 24 h by probit analysis. Further, the antimicrobial activity was reported against Staphylococcus aureus （Gram positive） and Pseudomonas aeruginosa （Gram negative）. Results The UV spectra showed maximum absorbance at 445 nm and TEM analysis indicated spherical shape of nanoparticles with average size of 8.96 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles also possessed anti-oxidant potentials. Thus, it could be used as potential free radical scavenger. The larvae of A. stephensiwere found more susceptible to AgNPs than larvae of A. aegyptL Conclusion Due to the medicinal properties and reducing power activity, in the present study AgNPs have been synthesized using the aqueous leaves extract of castor and access their phytochemical, anti-oxidant, larvicidal and antimicrobial properties.
基金Supported by University Grants Commission,New Delhi under Research Award Scheme[Grant No.F.No.30-1/2013(SA-II)/RA-2012-14-OBTAM-1464 DATED 20.12.2013].
文摘Objective:To evaluate phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of Randia spinosa(Thunb.)Poir.and Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.leaf extracts against human pathogens such as Gram positive bacteria(Streptococcus faecalis,Bacillus subtilis and Staphyllococcus aureus),Gram negative bacteria(Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa),and a fungus Candida albicans.Methods:Antimicrobial activity of methanol,acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the two plants against the human pathogens was investigated by agar well diffusion method,and qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted for the presence of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids,catechins,coumarins,flavonoids,phenols,quinones,saponins,steroids,tannins and terpenoids.Results:The qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of diverse range of compounds like alkaloids,flavonoids,phenols,steroids,tannins,terpenoids and saponins.The plants exhibited broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against all the tested bacterial and fungal pathogens.The maximum zone of inhibition was observed in methanol extracts when compared with acetone and ethyl acetate extracts.The present study demonstrated that the selected plants had promising effect on the bacterial and fungal pathogens.Conclusions:The phytochemicals in the plants may be potentially responsible for the antimicrobial efficacy of these medicinal plants.
基金supported by the NUV/Seed Grant/2022-23/01 project to Dr.Krutika Abhyankar from Navrachana University,Vadodara,India.Komal Solanki is indebted to the SHODH Government of Gujarat for providing PhD Fellowship Ref No:202101544.
文摘Diabetes is characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia and disruptions in carbohydrate,lipid,and protein metabolism,stemming from inadequate insulin production,impaired insulin receptor functioning,or a combination of both.Conventional diabetes medications like biguanides and sulphonylureas,are widely used and raise concerns about potential side effects with prolonged usage.In this context,legumes emerge as promising candidates due to their significance in traditional diets globally and associated health benefits.Despite being challenging to digest due to anti-nutritive factors,germination,a simple bioprocessing technique,significantly enhances nutritional aspect of the seeds.This study focuses on Lablab purpureus,an underutilized legume,employing a metabolomic approach to explore compounds in germinated and non-germinated seeds.Metabolomic profiling identified 125 compounds in non-germinated and 80 compounds in germinated seeds,revealing unique compounds in each type with potential health benefits.The study identified therapeutically important metabolites such as alkaloids,flavonoids,terpenoids,and saponin in both the germinated and non-germinated seeds.A notable change in the phytochemical composition(total phenol,flavonoid,and total ascorbic acid content)of germinated seeds was observed compared to the non-germinated seeds flour.An increased fold change(1.15,1.5 and 1.65)was observed in the total phenol,flavonoid,and total ascorbic acid content in germinated seeds compared to non-germinated seeds,alongside higher antioxidant levels in terms of DPPH,ABTS,and FRAP.The IC50 value for α-amylase inhibitory activity was noted to be 2.05±0.05 mg/ml in germinated samples while 0.79±0.00 mg/ml was observed in the non-germinated Lablab purpureus seeds.Therefore,displaying greaterα-amylase inhibitory activity in the non-germinated seeds,possibly due to their unique biochemical composition.Nevertheless,even germinated seeds demonstrated appreciableα-amylase inhibitory activity.Therefore,these findings suggest that germination process significantly influences seed biochemistry and helps to raise the phytochemical composition,while the unique composition of the metabolites in the nongerminated seeds could have impact on theα-amylase inhibitory activity.Thus,study suggests Lablab purpureus as a promising functional food source with diverse health-promoting attributes,particularly in diabetes management.
