To explore the potential utilization of Elaeagnus mollis,we conducted a comprehensive assessment of its phytochemical composition,antioxidant properties,cholinesterase inhibition,and anti-HepG2 cell proliferation acti...To explore the potential utilization of Elaeagnus mollis,we conducted a comprehensive assessment of its phytochemical composition,antioxidant properties,cholinesterase inhibition,and anti-HepG2 cell proliferation activity across different plant parts(branch wood,branch bark,and pericarp)using various solvents(water,methanol,ethanol,and n-hexane).Our findings revealed that water extracts displayed superior antioxidant activities in ABTS and RP assays,while methanol extracts exhibited better performance in DPPH and FRAP assays.Moreover,methanol extracts demonstrated the highest effectiveness against anti-HepG2 cell proliferation,whereas n-hexane extracts showed greater efficiency in cholinesterase inhibition.Notably,branch bark extracts exhibited the highest levels of phytochemical compounds,with both branch bark and pericarp extracts demonstrating significant effects in cholinesterase inhibition and anti-HepG2 cell proliferation.Correlation analysis indicated that phytochemical compounds were primarily responsible for the observed biological activities.Overall,extracts from the branch bark and pericarp of E.mollis showed promising potential for antioxidant and anticancer activities,suggesting their suitability for applications in the pharmaceutical industry as health-promoting products.展开更多
Cardiac injury initiates repair mechanisms and results in cardiac remodeling and fi-brosis,which appears to be a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases.Cardiac fi-brosis is characterized by the accumulation of extra...Cardiac injury initiates repair mechanisms and results in cardiac remodeling and fi-brosis,which appears to be a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases.Cardiac fi-brosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins,mainly collagen in the cardiac interstitium.Many experimental studies have demonstrated that fibrotic injury in the heart is reversible;therefore,it is vital to understand differ-ent molecular mechanisms that are involved in the initiation,progression,and resolu-tion of cardiac fibrosis to enable the development of antifibrotic agents.Of the many experimental models,one of the recent models that has gained renewed interest is isoproterenol(ISP)-induced cardiac fibrosis.ISP is a synthetic catecholamine,sympa-thomimetic,and nonselectiveβ-adrenergic receptor agonist.The overstimulated and sustained activation ofβ-adrenergic receptors has been reported to induce biochemi-cal and physiological alterations and ultimately result in cardiac remodeling.ISP has been used for decades to induce acute myocardial infarction.However,the use of low doses and chronic administration of ISP have been shown to induce cardiac fibrosis;this practice has increased in recent years.Intraperitoneal or subcutaneous ISP has been widely used in preclinical studies to induce cardiac remodeling manifested by fibrosis and hypertrophy.The induced oxidative stress with subsequent perturbations in cellular signaling cascades through triggering the release of free radicals is consid-ered the initiating mechanism of myocardial fibrosis.ISP is consistently used to induce fibrosis in laboratory animals and in cardiomyocytes isolated from animals.In recent years,numerous phytochemicals and synthetic molecules have been evaluated in ISP-induced cardiac fibrosis.The present review exclusively provides a comprehensive summary of the pathological biochemical,histological,and molecular mechanisms of ISP in inducing cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy.It also summarizes the application of this experimental model in the therapeutic evaluation of natural as well as syn-thetic compounds to demonstrate their potential in mitigating myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy.展开更多
Skin,the largest organ in the human body,consists of three distinct layers and is a barrier against hazardous environmental exposures to safeguard overall body health.While the superficial layers of skin and their app...Skin,the largest organ in the human body,consists of three distinct layers and is a barrier against hazardous environmental exposures to safeguard overall body health.While the superficial layers of skin and their appendages,like hair,are constantly diminished,skin stem cells continuously regenerate new hair and skin cells to replace them.As we age,the regenerative capacity of skin stem cells is reduced,and skin wound healing and hair generation efficiency is compromised.At the same time,the production of collagen that supports the skin's structure,elasticity,texture,and appearance is reduced,leading to signs of skin aging such as wrinkles,sagging,and loss of skin firmness,which make skin vulnerable to hazardous environmental perturbations.In addition to a sophisticated local neuroendocrine system,several genes such as SOX9,NOTCH,TGFBs,CTGF,AGR3,DSTYK,TPCN2,and collagen,play vital roles in skin integrity and health.Environmental factors such as contaminants,toxins,sun or UV radiation,infections,and skin microbiome dysbiosis negatively impact skin health,primarily by affecting skin stem cells and/or critical genes supporting skin health.Conversely,various nutritional elements,phytochemicals(e.g.,curcumin,quercetin,rosemary,phenolic acids,and sesamin),as well as skin and gut microbiome parameters,help support skin health and prevent skin diseases or premature skin aging.This narrative review explores these topics and introduces potential remedies to promote skin health and mitigate skin aging and diseases.展开更多
Cornus capitata,commonly known as the Himalayan strawberry,is a dogwood species from the family Cornaceae.Dogwood plants have been used extensively to practice conventional medicine due to their biological activities;...Cornus capitata,commonly known as the Himalayan strawberry,is a dogwood species from the family Cornaceae.Dogwood plants have been used extensively to practice conventional medicine due to their biological activities;however,the mechanisms behind these activities,particularly in C.capitata,remain largely unexplored.This study focuses on the preliminary phytochemical screening,antioxidant activity,anti-diabetic potential,and antimicrobial profiling of different extracts(i.e.,leaves,bark,and fruit)from C.capitata to evaluate its potential pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.The in-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)scavenging assay,Ferric-reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)assay,and Superoxide Anion Scavenging assay.The anti-diabetic potential was assessed usingα-Glucosidase,α-Amylase,and Pancreatic lipase inhibition assay.The anti-microbial activity was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer method and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC).According to the quantitative investigation,the most substantial quantities of flavonoids and phenolic compounds were identified in the leaves of C.capitata.Antioxidant activity results corroborated this conclusion,demonstrating that methanolic leaf extract had strong antioxidant activity,with the lowest IC_(50) values recorded for the DPPH(32.4±0.19µg/mL)and Superoxide Radical Scavenging(37.10±0.21µg/mL)assays.Furthermore,the methanolic leaf extract displayed the highestα-Glucosidase inhibitory potential(IC_(50)=6.09±0.52µg/mL),while the methanolic bark extract exhibited the highestα-Amylase inhibitory activity(IC_(50)=49.10±0.38µg/mL).Regarding antimicrobial potential,the paper disc diffusion assay showed that none of the extracts demonstrated antibacterial effects against E.coli.However,the MIC assay revealed that the leaves and bark extracts exhibited antibacterial properties with MIC values of 80 and 500µg/mL against E.coli,respectively.The paper disc diffusion assay against C.albicans indicated the antimicrobial potency of all three extracts.The crude methanolic extract of C.capitata shows strong antioxidant and antidiabetic potential,highlighting its therapeutic value.This is the first comparative investigation of leaf,bark,and fruit extracts of C.capitata to orchestrate the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antioxidant,antidiabetic,and antimicrobial activities.Nevertheless,further studies are needed to understand its biological implications.展开更多
The integration of phytochemistry into forensic science has emerged as a groundbreaking frontier,providing unprecedented insights into nature's secrets through the precise application of phytochemical fingerprinti...The integration of phytochemistry into forensic science has emerged as a groundbreaking frontier,providing unprecedented insights into nature's secrets through the precise application of phytochemical fingerprinting of phytotoxins as a cutting-edge approach.This study explores the dynamic intersection of phytochemistry and forensic science,highlighting how the unique phytochemical profiles of toxic plants and their secondary metabolites,serve as distinctive markers for forensic investigations.By utilizing advanced techniques such as Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography(UHPLC)and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry(HRMS),the detection and quantification of plant-derived are made more accurate in forensic contexts.Real-world case studies are presented to demonstrate the critical role of plant toxins in forensic outcomes and legal proceedings.The challenges,potential,and future prospects of integrating phytochemical fingerprinting of plant toxins into forensic science were discussed.This review aims to illuminate phytochemical fingerprinting of plant toxins as a promising tool to enhance the precision and depth of forensic analyses,offering new insights into the complex stories embedded in plant toxins.展开更多
Obesity has become a significant global public health issue.Previous studies have found that the Chenpi has the anti-obesity activity.However,the anti-obesity phytochemicals and their mechanisms are still unclear.This...Obesity has become a significant global public health issue.Previous studies have found that the Chenpi has the anti-obesity activity.However,the anti-obesity phytochemicals and their mechanisms are still unclear.This study investigated the anti-obesity phytochemicals and molecular mechanisms involved in treating obesity by Chenpi through network pharmacology and molecular docking.A total of 17 bioactive phytochemicals from Chenpi and its 475 related anti-obesity targets have been identified.The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway,MAPK signaling pathway,AMPK signaling pathway,and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway are the main signaling pathways involved in the anti-obesity effect of Chenpi.According to molecular docking analysis,the phytochemicals of Chenpi can bind to central anti-obesity targets.Based on the ADMET analysis and network pharmacology results,tangeretin exhibited the lowest predicted toxicity and potential for anti-obesity effects.In the in vitro lipid accumulation model,tangeretin effectively suppressed the free fatty acid-induced lipid in Hep G2 cells by upregulating the PI3K/Akt/GSK3βsignaling pathway based on the result of q-PCR and Western blotting.The outcomes of this research give insights for future research on the anti-obesity phytochemicals and molecular mechanisms derived from Chenpi,also providing the theoretical basis for developing anti-obesity functional foods based on Chenpi.展开更多
The increasing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases(NDs)and the constraints of existing treatment methods have spurred a keen interest in investigating alternative therapies.Medicinal plants,renowned for their long...The increasing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases(NDs)and the constraints of existing treatment methods have spurred a keen interest in investigating alternative therapies.Medicinal plants,renowned for their long-standing use in traditional medicine,offer a hopeful avenue for discovering new neuroprotective agents.This study emphasizes the potential neuroprotective characteristics of edible fruit plants in Bangladesh,specifically focusing on their traditional folk medicine uses for neurological disorders.This study provides an in-depth overview of the different types of edible fruit trees in Bangladesh and their phytochemicals,including flavonoids,terpenoids,and phenolic acids.This work examines the scientific data supporting the neuroprotective properties of bioactive chemicals from plants.It further explores the mechanisms by which these compounds work to counteract oxidative stress,decrease inflammation,and stimulate neurogenesis.Moreover,the study investigates toxicological characteristics and bioactive components of some fruits,emphasizing the importance of further investigation to measure their safety profile comprehensively.This thorough study highlights the potential benefits of Bangladesh's edible fruit trees as a rich source of neuroprotective chemicals.It also shows that additional research might lead to novel approaches for improving brain functioning and preventing NDs.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the antibacterial potential of bioactive compounds from Persicaria hydropiper(L.)(P.hydropiper)against bacterial virulence proteins through molecular docking(MD)and experimental validation.Method...Objective To evaluate the antibacterial potential of bioactive compounds from Persicaria hydropiper(L.)(P.hydropiper)against bacterial virulence proteins through molecular docking(MD)and experimental validation.Methods Six bioactive compounds from P.hydropiper were investigated:catechin(CAT1),hyperin(HYP1),ombuin(OMB1),pinosylvin(PSV1),quercetin 3-sulfate(QSF1),and scutellarein(SCR1).Their binding affinities and potential binding pockets were assessed through MD against four bacterial target proteins with Protein Data Bank identifiers(PDB IDs):topoisomerase IV from Escherichia coli(E.coli)(PDB ID:3FV5),Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)gyrase ATPase binding domain(PDB ID:3U2K),CviR from Chromobacterium violaceum(C.violaceum)(PDB ID:3QP1),and glycosyl hydrolase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)(PDB ID:5BX9).Molecular dynamics simulations(MDS)were performed on the most promising compound-protein complexes for 50 nanoseconds(ns).Drug-likeness was evaluated using Lipinski's Rule of Five(RO5),followed by absorption,distribution,metabolism,excretion,and toxicity(ADMET)analysis using SwissADME and pkCSM web servers.Antibacterial activity was evaluated through disc diffusion assays,testing both individual compounds and combinations with conventional antibiotics[cefotaxime(CTX1,30μg/disc),ceftazidime(CAZ1,30μg/disc),and piperacillin(PIP1,100μg/disc)].Results MD revealed strong binding affinity(ranging from-9.3 to-5.9 kcal/mol)for all compounds,with CAT1 showing exceptional binding to 3QP1(-9.3 kcal/mol)and 5BX9(-8.4 kcal/mol).MDS confirmed the stability of CAT1-protein complexes with binding free energies of-84.71 kJ/mol(5BX9-CAT1)and-95.59 kJ/mol(3QP1-CAT1).Five compounds(CAT1,SCR1,PSV1,OMB1,and QSF1)complied with Lipinski's RO5 and showed favorable ADMET profiles.All compounds were non-carcinogenic,with CAT1 classified in the lowest toxicity class(VI).In antibacterial assays,CAT1 demonstrated significant activity against both gram-positive bacteria[Streptococcus pneumoniae(S.pneumoniae),S.aureus,and Bacillus cereus(B.cereus)][zone diameter of inhibition(ZDI):10-22 mm]and gram-negative bacteria[Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii),E.coli,and P.aeruginosa](ZDI:14-27 mm).Synergistic effects were observed when CAT1 was combined with antibiotics and the growth inhibitory indices(GII)was 0.69-1.00.Conclusion P.hydropiper bioactive compounds,particularly CAT1,show promising antibacterial potential through multiple mechanisms,including direct inhibition of bacterial virulence proteins and synergistic activity with conventional antibiotics.The favorable pharmacological properties and low toxicity profiles support their potential development as therapeutic agents against bacterial infections.展开更多
Phytosomes(phytophospholipid complex) are dosage forms that have recently been introduced to increase the stability and therapeutic effect of herbal medicine. Currently, bioactive herbs and the phytochemicals they con...Phytosomes(phytophospholipid complex) are dosage forms that have recently been introduced to increase the stability and therapeutic effect of herbal medicine. Currently, bioactive herbs and the phytochemicals they contain are considered to be the best remedies for chronic diseases. One promising approach to increase the efficacy of plant-based therapies is to improve the stability and bioavailability of their bio-active ingredients. Phytosomes employ phospholipids as their active ingredients, and use their amphiphilic properties to solubilize and protect herbal extracts. The unique properties of phospholipids in drug delivery and their use in herbal medicines to improve bioavailability results in significantly enhanced health benefits. The introduction of phytosome nanotechnology can alter and revolutionize the current state of drug delivery. The goal of this review is to explain the application of phytosomes, their future prospects in drug delivery, and their advantages over conventional formulations.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Hippeastrum hybridum(HH)as a free radical scavenger,and an inhibitor of the two enzymes i-e Alpha-amylase(α-amylase)and acetylcholinesterase(AChE).METHODS:In this study,HH plan...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Hippeastrum hybridum(HH)as a free radical scavenger,and an inhibitor of the two enzymes i-e Alpha-amylase(α-amylase)and acetylcholinesterase(AChE).METHODS:In this study,HH plant was preliminary analyzed for phytochemical screening and then tested for its antioxidant,anti-α-amylase,and anti-AChE efficiency via standard procedures.RESULTS:Phytochemical analysis shows the existence of different compounds;while Coumarins and quinones were absent.The total phenolic,flavonoid,and tannins content were found to be(78.52±0.69)mg GAE/g,(2.01±0.04)mg RUE/g,and(58.12±0.23)mg TAE/g of plant extract respectively.28.02%±0.02%alkaloid and 2.02%±0.05%saponins were present in the HH extract.The HH extract showed the anti-oxidant property with IC50(50%inhibition)of(151.01±0.13)(HH),(79.01±0.04)(Ascorbic acid)for ferric reducing,(91.48±0.13)(HH),(48.02±0.11)(Ascorbic acid)against Ammonium molybdenum,(156.02±0.31)(HH),(52.38±0.21)(Ascorbic acid)against DPPH,136.01±0.21(HH),52.02±0.31(Ascorbic acid)against H_(2)O_(2),and 154.12±0.03(HH),(40.05±0.15)(Ascorbic acid)μg/mL against ABTS respectively.Statistical analysis indicated that HH caused a competitive type of inhibition ofα-amylase(V_(max)remained constant and Km increases from 10.65 to84.37%)while Glucophage caused the un-competitive type of inhibition i-e both Km and V_(max)decreased from40.49 to 69.15%and 38.86 to 69.61%respectively.The K_(i),(inhibition constant);K_(I),(dissociation constant),K_(m),(Michaelis-Menten constant),and IC50 were found to be62,364,68.1,and 38.08±0.22 for HH and 12,101.05,195,34.01±0.21 for Glucophage.Similarly,HH causes an anon-competitive type of inhibition of AChE i-e Km remains constant while V_(max)decreases from 60.5%to74.1%.The calculated K_(i),K_(I),K_(m),and IC50 were found to be 32,36.2,0.05,and 18.117±0.018.CONCLUSION:From the current results,it is concluded that HH extract contains bioactive compounds,and could be a good alternative to controlling oxidants,Alzheimer‘s and Type-Ⅱdiabetic diseases.展开更多
Lawsonia inermis is a hairless plant growing in various regions of North Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East. It possesses many medicinal attributes, including curative properties against infectious d...Lawsonia inermis is a hairless plant growing in various regions of North Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East. It possesses many medicinal attributes, including curative properties against infectious dermatoses. This study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical profile of the crude ethanolic extract of the plant leaves and its fractions as well as their antimicrobial activities. The phytochemical profile was performed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, the phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric and the aluminum trichloride methods. Antimicrobial activity was tested using disc diffusion and microdilution methods. The presence of flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and triterpenes was revealed. GC-MS detected twelve compounds main compounds consisting of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and phenolic and terpenoid compounds among twenty-seven components. HPLC also detected high contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The most abundant triterpene and sterols were ursolic acid (around 43.14 g/100g DW, 13.9 g/100g dry weight (DW), and 0.68 g/100g DW) in the crude ethanolic extract of leaves (FeLi), hexane fraction (FHLi) and dichloromethane fraction (FDLi), respectively and, β-sitosterol in FeLi (56.7 mg/100g DW), FHLi (10.55 g/100g DW), FDLi (106.1 mg/100g DW) and butanol fraction (FBLi) (357.4 mg/100g DW). Among the flavonoids, rutin = 3.24 g/100g and quercetin = 0.63 g/100g in the ethanolic extract, rutin = 15.73 g/100g in the dichloromethane fraction, and rutin = 0.23 g/100g) in the aqueous fraction;and among phenolic compounds, caffeic acid (37.65 g/100g DW) and vanillic acid (22.70 g/100g DW) were the most important in the ethyl acetate fraction (FAeLi). All organic fractions exhibited interesting antibacterial and antifungal activities against the tested strains, with the best activity recorded with the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions. The leaf extracts’ phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity support the use of Lawsonia inermis against infectious skin diseases.展开更多
Various important medicines make use of secondary metabolites that are produced by plants.Medicinal plants,such as Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia,are rich sources of chemically active compounds and are re...Various important medicines make use of secondary metabolites that are produced by plants.Medicinal plants,such as Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia,are rich sources of chemically active compounds and are reported to have numerous therapeutic applications.The therapeutic use of medicinal plants is widely mentioned in Ayurveda and has folkloric importance in different parts of the world.The aim of this review is to summarize the phytochemical profiles,folkloric importance,and primary pharmacological activity of W.somnifera and T.cordifolia with emphasis on their action against the novel coronavirus.展开更多
Background:This research focuses on herbal medicine,an ancient healthcare practice,exploring the antibacterial attributes of fresh and dried leaf extracts from Momordica charantia(commonly known as Bitter melon)and Ve...Background:This research focuses on herbal medicine,an ancient healthcare practice,exploring the antibacterial attributes of fresh and dried leaf extracts from Momordica charantia(commonly known as Bitter melon)and Vernonia amygdalina(Bitter leaf).The study specifically investigates their effects on different bacterial strains associated with gastroenteritis.Methods:Four enteric bacterial isolates-Klebsiella pneumoniae,Salmonella typhi,Escherichia coli,and Proteus mirabilis-were obtained from the Medical Laboratory Unit at Babcock University Teaching Hospital in Ilishan-Remo,Ogun State.Phytochemical screening and antibacterial testing were conducted using standard biochemical techniques and the Punch-hole agar diffusion method,respectively.Results:Qualitative phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids,glycosides,and saponin in both plants,excluding terpenoids.Alkaloids were identified only in Vernonia amygdalina.Despite these phytochemicals,neither plant displayed inhibitory effects on the tested bacterial isolates(Escherichia coli,Proteus mirabilis,Klebsiella pneumoniae,and Salmonella typhi)when tested individually or in combination.Intriguingly,combining the fresh and dried leaf extracts of Momordica charantia and Vernonia amygdalina with a standard drug resulted in smaller mean zone diameters of inhibition(Escherichia coli range:14 mm–16 mm,Proteus mirabilis range:31 mm–35 mm,Klebsiella pneumoniae range:13 mm–22 mm,and Salmonella typhi range:35 mm–38 mm)compared to the drug tested alone(16 mm–45 mm).Conclusion:Despite previous indications of antibacterial properties in various extracts of V.amygdalina and M.charantia leaves,our study presents contradictory results,prompting the need for further investigation despite the presence of significant phytochemicals.展开更多
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common infections caused by normal skin or rectum bacteria that get into the urethra and infect the urinary tract. Although the infection can affect various parts of the tract, blad...Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common infections caused by normal skin or rectum bacteria that get into the urethra and infect the urinary tract. Although the infection can affect various parts of the tract, bladder infections are the most prevalent kind. Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli (UPEC) is the most common pathogen associated with UTI development. Therefore, inhibiting the UPEC protein target (PDB ID: 8BVD) appears to be a promising therapeutic strategy. Therefore, in this study, molecular docking and dynamics were conducted to examine the antibacterial activity of Aloe barbadensis miller against UPEC bacteria. The Aloe barbadensis miller natural compounds licochalcone A, palmidin B and palmidin C were downloaded from PubChem with amoxicillin, which was used as a control drug and studied against the target molecule. The potential parameters examined were the docking scores, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADMET), bioavailability, root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), hydrogen bonding, radius of gyration, and potential energy of the system. Docking scores showed that all ligands demonstrated an admirable candidature as an inhibitor to 8BVD molecule, and the score hierarchy is licochalcone A (-6.4 kcal/mol), palmidin C (-6.1 kcal/mol), palmidin B (-6.0 kcal/mol), and amoxicillin (-5.9 kcal/mol). All ligands appeared to have good drug-like properties and oral bioavailability. Molecular dynamic studies showed that all ligands exhibited an excellent nominee as inhibitors in their vicinity at 20 ns. However, there is a relatively high fluctuation of palmidin B compared with other compounds, which seems to be more stable. This work suggests that the selected phytoconstituents could be used as inhibitors of the 8BVD protein in the fight against UTIs. However, further investigation on the clinical and experimental validation of UTI treatment’s specific mechanisms and effects is still welcomed.展开更多
Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic c...Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic content in the extracts of proso and barnyard millets was quantified.Alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were identified in all solvent extracts of both millets.Anthraquinone and glycosides yielded negative results in all solvent extracts of both millets.Among all the solvent extracts,methanol extracts of proso and barnyard millets showed the presence of major compounds such as flavonoids,terpenoids,amino acids,tannins,and phenolics compounds.The maximum amount of phenols was found in methanolic extracts of proso and barnyard millets(0.669±0.003 and 0.625±0.003),followed by the chloroform extract of proso and barnyard millets(0.284±0.002 and 0.257±0.003).The minimum amount of phenolics was found in the acetone extract of proso and barnyard millets.The methanol extract of both millets showed the presence of major compounds with high phenolic content.展开更多
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiradical properties of extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of Phyllanthus muellerianus, a plant used in traditional Togolese medicine. Agar well-dif...The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiradical properties of extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of Phyllanthus muellerianus, a plant used in traditional Togolese medicine. Agar well-diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to assess the antimicrobial potential of hydroethanolic extracts from plant organs. Phytochemical compounds, total phenol and condensed tannin content, and free radical scavenging activity were determined in the three extracts. The results of the antimicrobial tests showed that the extract of P. muellerianus leaves was the most active on Staphylococcus strains, with inhibition diameters of 17 to 23 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of between 2.5 and 10 mg/mL. Tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids were found in all extracts. The P. muellerianus leaf extract has 4.23 ± 0.25 mgAGE/g of total phenols, the stem extract has 2.96 ± 0.05 mgCE/g of condensed tannins and the root extract expressed a higher antiradical compounds content (0.125 ± 0.003 mgAAE/g). The results of this study demonstrate the antimicrobial and free radical scavenging potential of the plant and contribute to justify its use in traditional medicine.展开更多
BACKGROUND The hepatoprotective effects of phytochemicals are controversial.A dietary phytochemical index(DPI)has been suggested as an alternative method for quantifying the phytochemical content of foods.AIM To asses...BACKGROUND The hepatoprotective effects of phytochemicals are controversial.A dietary phytochemical index(DPI)has been suggested as an alternative method for quantifying the phytochemical content of foods.AIM To assess the DPI in relation to liver function tests among a representative sample of Iranian adults.METHODS A total of 5111 participants aged 35-70 years old were included in this cross-sectional study by a multistage cluster random sampling method.Dietary intakes were collected by a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire with 121 items.DPI was calculated by the percent of daily energy intake taken from phytochemical-rich foods.Fasting serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alkaline phosphatase(ALP)and gamma glutamyl transferase(GGT)were determined.Linear regression was used to investigate the association between DPI and levels of liver enzymes using crude and adjusted models.RESULTS There was an inverse association between DPI score and serum ALP in the crude model(β=-0.05;P<0.001).This association remained significant after adjustment for body mass index,age,smoking,energy intake,history of diabetes,and education(β=-0.03;P=0.01).No significant associations were found between DPI score and serum levels of AST,ALT,and GGT.The individuals with the highest DPI scores consumed significantly higher amounts of fruits,vegetables,legumes,nuts,and cereals,yet were shown to have significantly higher serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,as well as several other metabolic abnormalities.CONCLUSION Higher adherence to phytochemical-rich foods was associated with lower levels of ALP,but no change in other liver enzymes.Those with higher DPI scores also consumed food items associated with a healthier overall dietary pattern;however,they also presented several unexpected metabolic derangements.Additional randomised trials are needed to better determine the effects of phytochemical-rich foods on liver function.展开更多
Objective:To study the morphology,biochemistry and bioactivity of the epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of Christella parasitica(C.parasitica)(L.) H.Lev.Methods: Morphological studies on epidermal glands we...Objective:To study the morphology,biochemistry and bioactivity of the epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of Christella parasitica(C.parasitica)(L.) H.Lev.Methods: Morphological studies on epidermal glands were earned out by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope.To prepare the extract,the shade-dried fronds of glandular morphotype were soaked in acetone.For antibacterial studies paper disc method was followed by using various pathogenic bacteria.Results:Detailed micromorphological,phytochemical and bioactivity studies on a medicinal fern C.parasitica(L.) H.Lev.showed its inlraspecific variation in antibacterial activity.The presence or absence of the epidermal glands was the key factor for antibacterial activity in the morphovariants of this species.The epidermal glands were orange-coloured,stalked and elongated ones of about 84.2μm×45μm,and distributed on the undersurface of cosla,coslules and veins in croziers,young and mature leaves.Frequency of glands varied from 15/cm on costa in mature leaves to 140/cm on costules in croziers.The acetone extract of the glands showed antibacterial activities and also toxic effect against mosquito larvae and tadpoles of frog.Preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPLC studies of the gland extract showed the presence of various kinds of terpenoids,alkaloids,tannins,saponins and flavonoids in it.Conclusions:The present study shows that epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of C. parasitica(L.) H.Lev.have several bioactive compounds and such rare moiphovariant should be conserved in nature.The next step is to isolate the pure compounds and to screen the bioactivity of individual compounds of the epidermal glands.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Scholia latifolia(S.latifolia)bark locally used for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced ailments in South Afr...Objective:To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Scholia latifolia(S.latifolia)bark locally used for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced ailments in South Africa.Methods:The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of aqueous extract of the plant was assessed against 1,1-diphenyl-2-pierylhydrazyl(DPPH),nitric oxide(NO),2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt(ABTS)and the ferric reducing agent.Total phenolics,flavonoids,flavonols and proanthocyanidins were also determined to assess their corresponding effect on the antioxidant activity of this plant.Results:The activities of plant extract against DPPH,ABTS and NO radicals were concentration dependent with IC_(50)value of 0.06,0.05 and 0.05 mg/mL,respectively.The reducing power of the extract was greater than that of butylated hydroxyl toluene(BHT)and ascorbic acid which were used as standard drugs in a concentration dependent manner.The total phenolics content of the aqueous bark extract was(193.33±0.03 TE/g),followed by flavonoids(72.70±0.01 QE/g),proanthocyanidins|48.76±0.00 CE/g)and flavonols(47.76±0.21 QE/g).Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of percentage tannin(11.40±0.02),alkaloid(9.80±0.01),steroids(18.20±0.01),glycosides(29.80±0.01)and saponins(6.80±0.00).The results exhibited a positive linear correlation between these polyphenols and the free radical scavenging activities.Conclusions:Our findings provide evidence that the crude aqueous extract of S.latifolia is a potential source of natural antioxidants and this justifies its uses in folkloric medicines.展开更多
In the postharvest processing of tea leaves,withering is the first indispensable manufacturing process which produces the mellow,umami and sweet taste of white tea.In this study,we aimed to determine the dynamic chang...In the postharvest processing of tea leaves,withering is the first indispensable manufacturing process which produces the mellow,umami and sweet taste of white tea.In this study,we aimed to determine the dynamic changes of the main metabolites and clarify the key differentially expressed genes(DEGs) involved in forming the characteristic taste of white tea during withering.Phytochemical analyses revealed that the contents of total catechins and starch decreased continuously,whereas the contents of theaflavin,γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),maltose,and soluble sugars increased significantly during withering(from 0–48 h).Meanwhile,the elevation of α-amylase(AMY),β-amylase(BAM),total amylase,and glutamate decarboxylase(GAD) activities may be correlated with the accumulation of GABA and maltose.By transcriptome sequencing,we detected 9 707,15 921,17 353,and 17 538 DEGs at 12,24,36,and 48 h of the withering process,respectively,compared with 0 h sample(fresh leaves).The transcript levels of most of the DEGs involved in catechin biosynthesis were significantly inhibited,whereas those involved in catechin oxidation were significantly up-regulated,which could be correlated to a decrease in catechin content and an increase in theaflavin content.The DEGs involved in GABA biosynthesis were considerably up-regulated,and the down-regulation of SPMS could reduce the competition for converting spermidine to GABA.The up-regulation of the AMY and BAM genes could trigger starch degradation,resulting in the increase of soluble sugar content.These results provide new insights into the importance of the withering process to the characteristic taste of white tea.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31600549).
文摘To explore the potential utilization of Elaeagnus mollis,we conducted a comprehensive assessment of its phytochemical composition,antioxidant properties,cholinesterase inhibition,and anti-HepG2 cell proliferation activity across different plant parts(branch wood,branch bark,and pericarp)using various solvents(water,methanol,ethanol,and n-hexane).Our findings revealed that water extracts displayed superior antioxidant activities in ABTS and RP assays,while methanol extracts exhibited better performance in DPPH and FRAP assays.Moreover,methanol extracts demonstrated the highest effectiveness against anti-HepG2 cell proliferation,whereas n-hexane extracts showed greater efficiency in cholinesterase inhibition.Notably,branch bark extracts exhibited the highest levels of phytochemical compounds,with both branch bark and pericarp extracts demonstrating significant effects in cholinesterase inhibition and anti-HepG2 cell proliferation.Correlation analysis indicated that phytochemical compounds were primarily responsible for the observed biological activities.Overall,extracts from the branch bark and pericarp of E.mollis showed promising potential for antioxidant and anticancer activities,suggesting their suitability for applications in the pharmaceutical industry as health-promoting products.
基金United Arab Emirates University,Grant/Award Number:12R104 and 12R121。
文摘Cardiac injury initiates repair mechanisms and results in cardiac remodeling and fi-brosis,which appears to be a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases.Cardiac fi-brosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins,mainly collagen in the cardiac interstitium.Many experimental studies have demonstrated that fibrotic injury in the heart is reversible;therefore,it is vital to understand differ-ent molecular mechanisms that are involved in the initiation,progression,and resolu-tion of cardiac fibrosis to enable the development of antifibrotic agents.Of the many experimental models,one of the recent models that has gained renewed interest is isoproterenol(ISP)-induced cardiac fibrosis.ISP is a synthetic catecholamine,sympa-thomimetic,and nonselectiveβ-adrenergic receptor agonist.The overstimulated and sustained activation ofβ-adrenergic receptors has been reported to induce biochemi-cal and physiological alterations and ultimately result in cardiac remodeling.ISP has been used for decades to induce acute myocardial infarction.However,the use of low doses and chronic administration of ISP have been shown to induce cardiac fibrosis;this practice has increased in recent years.Intraperitoneal or subcutaneous ISP has been widely used in preclinical studies to induce cardiac remodeling manifested by fibrosis and hypertrophy.The induced oxidative stress with subsequent perturbations in cellular signaling cascades through triggering the release of free radicals is consid-ered the initiating mechanism of myocardial fibrosis.ISP is consistently used to induce fibrosis in laboratory animals and in cardiomyocytes isolated from animals.In recent years,numerous phytochemicals and synthetic molecules have been evaluated in ISP-induced cardiac fibrosis.The present review exclusively provides a comprehensive summary of the pathological biochemical,histological,and molecular mechanisms of ISP in inducing cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy.It also summarizes the application of this experimental model in the therapeutic evaluation of natural as well as syn-thetic compounds to demonstrate their potential in mitigating myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy.
文摘Skin,the largest organ in the human body,consists of three distinct layers and is a barrier against hazardous environmental exposures to safeguard overall body health.While the superficial layers of skin and their appendages,like hair,are constantly diminished,skin stem cells continuously regenerate new hair and skin cells to replace them.As we age,the regenerative capacity of skin stem cells is reduced,and skin wound healing and hair generation efficiency is compromised.At the same time,the production of collagen that supports the skin's structure,elasticity,texture,and appearance is reduced,leading to signs of skin aging such as wrinkles,sagging,and loss of skin firmness,which make skin vulnerable to hazardous environmental perturbations.In addition to a sophisticated local neuroendocrine system,several genes such as SOX9,NOTCH,TGFBs,CTGF,AGR3,DSTYK,TPCN2,and collagen,play vital roles in skin integrity and health.Environmental factors such as contaminants,toxins,sun or UV radiation,infections,and skin microbiome dysbiosis negatively impact skin health,primarily by affecting skin stem cells and/or critical genes supporting skin health.Conversely,various nutritional elements,phytochemicals(e.g.,curcumin,quercetin,rosemary,phenolic acids,and sesamin),as well as skin and gut microbiome parameters,help support skin health and prevent skin diseases or premature skin aging.This narrative review explores these topics and introduces potential remedies to promote skin health and mitigate skin aging and diseases.
文摘Cornus capitata,commonly known as the Himalayan strawberry,is a dogwood species from the family Cornaceae.Dogwood plants have been used extensively to practice conventional medicine due to their biological activities;however,the mechanisms behind these activities,particularly in C.capitata,remain largely unexplored.This study focuses on the preliminary phytochemical screening,antioxidant activity,anti-diabetic potential,and antimicrobial profiling of different extracts(i.e.,leaves,bark,and fruit)from C.capitata to evaluate its potential pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.The in-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)scavenging assay,Ferric-reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)assay,and Superoxide Anion Scavenging assay.The anti-diabetic potential was assessed usingα-Glucosidase,α-Amylase,and Pancreatic lipase inhibition assay.The anti-microbial activity was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer method and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC).According to the quantitative investigation,the most substantial quantities of flavonoids and phenolic compounds were identified in the leaves of C.capitata.Antioxidant activity results corroborated this conclusion,demonstrating that methanolic leaf extract had strong antioxidant activity,with the lowest IC_(50) values recorded for the DPPH(32.4±0.19µg/mL)and Superoxide Radical Scavenging(37.10±0.21µg/mL)assays.Furthermore,the methanolic leaf extract displayed the highestα-Glucosidase inhibitory potential(IC_(50)=6.09±0.52µg/mL),while the methanolic bark extract exhibited the highestα-Amylase inhibitory activity(IC_(50)=49.10±0.38µg/mL).Regarding antimicrobial potential,the paper disc diffusion assay showed that none of the extracts demonstrated antibacterial effects against E.coli.However,the MIC assay revealed that the leaves and bark extracts exhibited antibacterial properties with MIC values of 80 and 500µg/mL against E.coli,respectively.The paper disc diffusion assay against C.albicans indicated the antimicrobial potency of all three extracts.The crude methanolic extract of C.capitata shows strong antioxidant and antidiabetic potential,highlighting its therapeutic value.This is the first comparative investigation of leaf,bark,and fruit extracts of C.capitata to orchestrate the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antioxidant,antidiabetic,and antimicrobial activities.Nevertheless,further studies are needed to understand its biological implications.
文摘The integration of phytochemistry into forensic science has emerged as a groundbreaking frontier,providing unprecedented insights into nature's secrets through the precise application of phytochemical fingerprinting of phytotoxins as a cutting-edge approach.This study explores the dynamic intersection of phytochemistry and forensic science,highlighting how the unique phytochemical profiles of toxic plants and their secondary metabolites,serve as distinctive markers for forensic investigations.By utilizing advanced techniques such as Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography(UHPLC)and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry(HRMS),the detection and quantification of plant-derived are made more accurate in forensic contexts.Real-world case studies are presented to demonstrate the critical role of plant toxins in forensic outcomes and legal proceedings.The challenges,potential,and future prospects of integrating phytochemical fingerprinting of plant toxins into forensic science were discussed.This review aims to illuminate phytochemical fingerprinting of plant toxins as a promising tool to enhance the precision and depth of forensic analyses,offering new insights into the complex stories embedded in plant toxins.
基金supported by the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory IRADS(2022B1212010006,R0400001-22)。
文摘Obesity has become a significant global public health issue.Previous studies have found that the Chenpi has the anti-obesity activity.However,the anti-obesity phytochemicals and their mechanisms are still unclear.This study investigated the anti-obesity phytochemicals and molecular mechanisms involved in treating obesity by Chenpi through network pharmacology and molecular docking.A total of 17 bioactive phytochemicals from Chenpi and its 475 related anti-obesity targets have been identified.The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway,MAPK signaling pathway,AMPK signaling pathway,and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway are the main signaling pathways involved in the anti-obesity effect of Chenpi.According to molecular docking analysis,the phytochemicals of Chenpi can bind to central anti-obesity targets.Based on the ADMET analysis and network pharmacology results,tangeretin exhibited the lowest predicted toxicity and potential for anti-obesity effects.In the in vitro lipid accumulation model,tangeretin effectively suppressed the free fatty acid-induced lipid in Hep G2 cells by upregulating the PI3K/Akt/GSK3βsignaling pathway based on the result of q-PCR and Western blotting.The outcomes of this research give insights for future research on the anti-obesity phytochemicals and molecular mechanisms derived from Chenpi,also providing the theoretical basis for developing anti-obesity functional foods based on Chenpi.
文摘The increasing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases(NDs)and the constraints of existing treatment methods have spurred a keen interest in investigating alternative therapies.Medicinal plants,renowned for their long-standing use in traditional medicine,offer a hopeful avenue for discovering new neuroprotective agents.This study emphasizes the potential neuroprotective characteristics of edible fruit plants in Bangladesh,specifically focusing on their traditional folk medicine uses for neurological disorders.This study provides an in-depth overview of the different types of edible fruit trees in Bangladesh and their phytochemicals,including flavonoids,terpenoids,and phenolic acids.This work examines the scientific data supporting the neuroprotective properties of bioactive chemicals from plants.It further explores the mechanisms by which these compounds work to counteract oxidative stress,decrease inflammation,and stimulate neurogenesis.Moreover,the study investigates toxicological characteristics and bioactive components of some fruits,emphasizing the importance of further investigation to measure their safety profile comprehensively.This thorough study highlights the potential benefits of Bangladesh's edible fruit trees as a rich source of neuroprotective chemicals.It also shows that additional research might lead to novel approaches for improving brain functioning and preventing NDs.
基金Research Grants of Senior Research Fellowship in favor of first author(Gloak Majumdar)from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR,New Delhi,Government of India)(CSIR-SRF)with Award No.09/1151/(0008)2020-EMR-I.
文摘Objective To evaluate the antibacterial potential of bioactive compounds from Persicaria hydropiper(L.)(P.hydropiper)against bacterial virulence proteins through molecular docking(MD)and experimental validation.Methods Six bioactive compounds from P.hydropiper were investigated:catechin(CAT1),hyperin(HYP1),ombuin(OMB1),pinosylvin(PSV1),quercetin 3-sulfate(QSF1),and scutellarein(SCR1).Their binding affinities and potential binding pockets were assessed through MD against four bacterial target proteins with Protein Data Bank identifiers(PDB IDs):topoisomerase IV from Escherichia coli(E.coli)(PDB ID:3FV5),Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)gyrase ATPase binding domain(PDB ID:3U2K),CviR from Chromobacterium violaceum(C.violaceum)(PDB ID:3QP1),and glycosyl hydrolase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)(PDB ID:5BX9).Molecular dynamics simulations(MDS)were performed on the most promising compound-protein complexes for 50 nanoseconds(ns).Drug-likeness was evaluated using Lipinski's Rule of Five(RO5),followed by absorption,distribution,metabolism,excretion,and toxicity(ADMET)analysis using SwissADME and pkCSM web servers.Antibacterial activity was evaluated through disc diffusion assays,testing both individual compounds and combinations with conventional antibiotics[cefotaxime(CTX1,30μg/disc),ceftazidime(CAZ1,30μg/disc),and piperacillin(PIP1,100μg/disc)].Results MD revealed strong binding affinity(ranging from-9.3 to-5.9 kcal/mol)for all compounds,with CAT1 showing exceptional binding to 3QP1(-9.3 kcal/mol)and 5BX9(-8.4 kcal/mol).MDS confirmed the stability of CAT1-protein complexes with binding free energies of-84.71 kJ/mol(5BX9-CAT1)and-95.59 kJ/mol(3QP1-CAT1).Five compounds(CAT1,SCR1,PSV1,OMB1,and QSF1)complied with Lipinski's RO5 and showed favorable ADMET profiles.All compounds were non-carcinogenic,with CAT1 classified in the lowest toxicity class(VI).In antibacterial assays,CAT1 demonstrated significant activity against both gram-positive bacteria[Streptococcus pneumoniae(S.pneumoniae),S.aureus,and Bacillus cereus(B.cereus)][zone diameter of inhibition(ZDI):10-22 mm]and gram-negative bacteria[Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii),E.coli,and P.aeruginosa](ZDI:14-27 mm).Synergistic effects were observed when CAT1 was combined with antibiotics and the growth inhibitory indices(GII)was 0.69-1.00.Conclusion P.hydropiper bioactive compounds,particularly CAT1,show promising antibacterial potential through multiple mechanisms,including direct inhibition of bacterial virulence proteins and synergistic activity with conventional antibiotics.The favorable pharmacological properties and low toxicity profiles support their potential development as therapeutic agents against bacterial infections.
文摘Phytosomes(phytophospholipid complex) are dosage forms that have recently been introduced to increase the stability and therapeutic effect of herbal medicine. Currently, bioactive herbs and the phytochemicals they contain are considered to be the best remedies for chronic diseases. One promising approach to increase the efficacy of plant-based therapies is to improve the stability and bioavailability of their bio-active ingredients. Phytosomes employ phospholipids as their active ingredients, and use their amphiphilic properties to solubilize and protect herbal extracts. The unique properties of phospholipids in drug delivery and their use in herbal medicines to improve bioavailability results in significantly enhanced health benefits. The introduction of phytosome nanotechnology can alter and revolutionize the current state of drug delivery. The goal of this review is to explain the application of phytosomes, their future prospects in drug delivery, and their advantages over conventional formulations.
基金the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan(HECPAK)(No:20-5082/NRPU/R&D/HEC)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Hippeastrum hybridum(HH)as a free radical scavenger,and an inhibitor of the two enzymes i-e Alpha-amylase(α-amylase)and acetylcholinesterase(AChE).METHODS:In this study,HH plant was preliminary analyzed for phytochemical screening and then tested for its antioxidant,anti-α-amylase,and anti-AChE efficiency via standard procedures.RESULTS:Phytochemical analysis shows the existence of different compounds;while Coumarins and quinones were absent.The total phenolic,flavonoid,and tannins content were found to be(78.52±0.69)mg GAE/g,(2.01±0.04)mg RUE/g,and(58.12±0.23)mg TAE/g of plant extract respectively.28.02%±0.02%alkaloid and 2.02%±0.05%saponins were present in the HH extract.The HH extract showed the anti-oxidant property with IC50(50%inhibition)of(151.01±0.13)(HH),(79.01±0.04)(Ascorbic acid)for ferric reducing,(91.48±0.13)(HH),(48.02±0.11)(Ascorbic acid)against Ammonium molybdenum,(156.02±0.31)(HH),(52.38±0.21)(Ascorbic acid)against DPPH,136.01±0.21(HH),52.02±0.31(Ascorbic acid)against H_(2)O_(2),and 154.12±0.03(HH),(40.05±0.15)(Ascorbic acid)μg/mL against ABTS respectively.Statistical analysis indicated that HH caused a competitive type of inhibition ofα-amylase(V_(max)remained constant and Km increases from 10.65 to84.37%)while Glucophage caused the un-competitive type of inhibition i-e both Km and V_(max)decreased from40.49 to 69.15%and 38.86 to 69.61%respectively.The K_(i),(inhibition constant);K_(I),(dissociation constant),K_(m),(Michaelis-Menten constant),and IC50 were found to be62,364,68.1,and 38.08±0.22 for HH and 12,101.05,195,34.01±0.21 for Glucophage.Similarly,HH causes an anon-competitive type of inhibition of AChE i-e Km remains constant while V_(max)decreases from 60.5%to74.1%.The calculated K_(i),K_(I),K_(m),and IC50 were found to be 32,36.2,0.05,and 18.117±0.018.CONCLUSION:From the current results,it is concluded that HH extract contains bioactive compounds,and could be a good alternative to controlling oxidants,Alzheimer‘s and Type-Ⅱdiabetic diseases.
文摘Lawsonia inermis is a hairless plant growing in various regions of North Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East. It possesses many medicinal attributes, including curative properties against infectious dermatoses. This study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical profile of the crude ethanolic extract of the plant leaves and its fractions as well as their antimicrobial activities. The phytochemical profile was performed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, the phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric and the aluminum trichloride methods. Antimicrobial activity was tested using disc diffusion and microdilution methods. The presence of flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and triterpenes was revealed. GC-MS detected twelve compounds main compounds consisting of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and phenolic and terpenoid compounds among twenty-seven components. HPLC also detected high contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The most abundant triterpene and sterols were ursolic acid (around 43.14 g/100g DW, 13.9 g/100g dry weight (DW), and 0.68 g/100g DW) in the crude ethanolic extract of leaves (FeLi), hexane fraction (FHLi) and dichloromethane fraction (FDLi), respectively and, β-sitosterol in FeLi (56.7 mg/100g DW), FHLi (10.55 g/100g DW), FDLi (106.1 mg/100g DW) and butanol fraction (FBLi) (357.4 mg/100g DW). Among the flavonoids, rutin = 3.24 g/100g and quercetin = 0.63 g/100g in the ethanolic extract, rutin = 15.73 g/100g in the dichloromethane fraction, and rutin = 0.23 g/100g) in the aqueous fraction;and among phenolic compounds, caffeic acid (37.65 g/100g DW) and vanillic acid (22.70 g/100g DW) were the most important in the ethyl acetate fraction (FAeLi). All organic fractions exhibited interesting antibacterial and antifungal activities against the tested strains, with the best activity recorded with the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions. The leaf extracts’ phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity support the use of Lawsonia inermis against infectious skin diseases.
文摘Various important medicines make use of secondary metabolites that are produced by plants.Medicinal plants,such as Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia,are rich sources of chemically active compounds and are reported to have numerous therapeutic applications.The therapeutic use of medicinal plants is widely mentioned in Ayurveda and has folkloric importance in different parts of the world.The aim of this review is to summarize the phytochemical profiles,folkloric importance,and primary pharmacological activity of W.somnifera and T.cordifolia with emphasis on their action against the novel coronavirus.
文摘Background:This research focuses on herbal medicine,an ancient healthcare practice,exploring the antibacterial attributes of fresh and dried leaf extracts from Momordica charantia(commonly known as Bitter melon)and Vernonia amygdalina(Bitter leaf).The study specifically investigates their effects on different bacterial strains associated with gastroenteritis.Methods:Four enteric bacterial isolates-Klebsiella pneumoniae,Salmonella typhi,Escherichia coli,and Proteus mirabilis-were obtained from the Medical Laboratory Unit at Babcock University Teaching Hospital in Ilishan-Remo,Ogun State.Phytochemical screening and antibacterial testing were conducted using standard biochemical techniques and the Punch-hole agar diffusion method,respectively.Results:Qualitative phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids,glycosides,and saponin in both plants,excluding terpenoids.Alkaloids were identified only in Vernonia amygdalina.Despite these phytochemicals,neither plant displayed inhibitory effects on the tested bacterial isolates(Escherichia coli,Proteus mirabilis,Klebsiella pneumoniae,and Salmonella typhi)when tested individually or in combination.Intriguingly,combining the fresh and dried leaf extracts of Momordica charantia and Vernonia amygdalina with a standard drug resulted in smaller mean zone diameters of inhibition(Escherichia coli range:14 mm–16 mm,Proteus mirabilis range:31 mm–35 mm,Klebsiella pneumoniae range:13 mm–22 mm,and Salmonella typhi range:35 mm–38 mm)compared to the drug tested alone(16 mm–45 mm).Conclusion:Despite previous indications of antibacterial properties in various extracts of V.amygdalina and M.charantia leaves,our study presents contradictory results,prompting the need for further investigation despite the presence of significant phytochemicals.
文摘Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common infections caused by normal skin or rectum bacteria that get into the urethra and infect the urinary tract. Although the infection can affect various parts of the tract, bladder infections are the most prevalent kind. Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli (UPEC) is the most common pathogen associated with UTI development. Therefore, inhibiting the UPEC protein target (PDB ID: 8BVD) appears to be a promising therapeutic strategy. Therefore, in this study, molecular docking and dynamics were conducted to examine the antibacterial activity of Aloe barbadensis miller against UPEC bacteria. The Aloe barbadensis miller natural compounds licochalcone A, palmidin B and palmidin C were downloaded from PubChem with amoxicillin, which was used as a control drug and studied against the target molecule. The potential parameters examined were the docking scores, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADMET), bioavailability, root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), hydrogen bonding, radius of gyration, and potential energy of the system. Docking scores showed that all ligands demonstrated an admirable candidature as an inhibitor to 8BVD molecule, and the score hierarchy is licochalcone A (-6.4 kcal/mol), palmidin C (-6.1 kcal/mol), palmidin B (-6.0 kcal/mol), and amoxicillin (-5.9 kcal/mol). All ligands appeared to have good drug-like properties and oral bioavailability. Molecular dynamic studies showed that all ligands exhibited an excellent nominee as inhibitors in their vicinity at 20 ns. However, there is a relatively high fluctuation of palmidin B compared with other compounds, which seems to be more stable. This work suggests that the selected phytoconstituents could be used as inhibitors of the 8BVD protein in the fight against UTIs. However, further investigation on the clinical and experimental validation of UTI treatment’s specific mechanisms and effects is still welcomed.
文摘Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic content in the extracts of proso and barnyard millets was quantified.Alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were identified in all solvent extracts of both millets.Anthraquinone and glycosides yielded negative results in all solvent extracts of both millets.Among all the solvent extracts,methanol extracts of proso and barnyard millets showed the presence of major compounds such as flavonoids,terpenoids,amino acids,tannins,and phenolics compounds.The maximum amount of phenols was found in methanolic extracts of proso and barnyard millets(0.669±0.003 and 0.625±0.003),followed by the chloroform extract of proso and barnyard millets(0.284±0.002 and 0.257±0.003).The minimum amount of phenolics was found in the acetone extract of proso and barnyard millets.The methanol extract of both millets showed the presence of major compounds with high phenolic content.
文摘The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiradical properties of extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of Phyllanthus muellerianus, a plant used in traditional Togolese medicine. Agar well-diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to assess the antimicrobial potential of hydroethanolic extracts from plant organs. Phytochemical compounds, total phenol and condensed tannin content, and free radical scavenging activity were determined in the three extracts. The results of the antimicrobial tests showed that the extract of P. muellerianus leaves was the most active on Staphylococcus strains, with inhibition diameters of 17 to 23 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of between 2.5 and 10 mg/mL. Tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids were found in all extracts. The P. muellerianus leaf extract has 4.23 ± 0.25 mgAGE/g of total phenols, the stem extract has 2.96 ± 0.05 mgCE/g of condensed tannins and the root extract expressed a higher antiradical compounds content (0.125 ± 0.003 mgAAE/g). The results of this study demonstrate the antimicrobial and free radical scavenging potential of the plant and contribute to justify its use in traditional medicine.
文摘BACKGROUND The hepatoprotective effects of phytochemicals are controversial.A dietary phytochemical index(DPI)has been suggested as an alternative method for quantifying the phytochemical content of foods.AIM To assess the DPI in relation to liver function tests among a representative sample of Iranian adults.METHODS A total of 5111 participants aged 35-70 years old were included in this cross-sectional study by a multistage cluster random sampling method.Dietary intakes were collected by a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire with 121 items.DPI was calculated by the percent of daily energy intake taken from phytochemical-rich foods.Fasting serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alkaline phosphatase(ALP)and gamma glutamyl transferase(GGT)were determined.Linear regression was used to investigate the association between DPI and levels of liver enzymes using crude and adjusted models.RESULTS There was an inverse association between DPI score and serum ALP in the crude model(β=-0.05;P<0.001).This association remained significant after adjustment for body mass index,age,smoking,energy intake,history of diabetes,and education(β=-0.03;P=0.01).No significant associations were found between DPI score and serum levels of AST,ALT,and GGT.The individuals with the highest DPI scores consumed significantly higher amounts of fruits,vegetables,legumes,nuts,and cereals,yet were shown to have significantly higher serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,as well as several other metabolic abnormalities.CONCLUSION Higher adherence to phytochemical-rich foods was associated with lower levels of ALP,but no change in other liver enzymes.Those with higher DPI scores also consumed food items associated with a healthier overall dietary pattern;however,they also presented several unexpected metabolic derangements.Additional randomised trials are needed to better determine the effects of phytochemical-rich foods on liver function.
文摘Objective:To study the morphology,biochemistry and bioactivity of the epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of Christella parasitica(C.parasitica)(L.) H.Lev.Methods: Morphological studies on epidermal glands were earned out by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope.To prepare the extract,the shade-dried fronds of glandular morphotype were soaked in acetone.For antibacterial studies paper disc method was followed by using various pathogenic bacteria.Results:Detailed micromorphological,phytochemical and bioactivity studies on a medicinal fern C.parasitica(L.) H.Lev.showed its inlraspecific variation in antibacterial activity.The presence or absence of the epidermal glands was the key factor for antibacterial activity in the morphovariants of this species.The epidermal glands were orange-coloured,stalked and elongated ones of about 84.2μm×45μm,and distributed on the undersurface of cosla,coslules and veins in croziers,young and mature leaves.Frequency of glands varied from 15/cm on costa in mature leaves to 140/cm on costules in croziers.The acetone extract of the glands showed antibacterial activities and also toxic effect against mosquito larvae and tadpoles of frog.Preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPLC studies of the gland extract showed the presence of various kinds of terpenoids,alkaloids,tannins,saponins and flavonoids in it.Conclusions:The present study shows that epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of C. parasitica(L.) H.Lev.have several bioactive compounds and such rare moiphovariant should be conserved in nature.The next step is to isolate the pure compounds and to screen the bioactivity of individual compounds of the epidermal glands.
基金supported by Govan Mbeki Research Development Centre of the University of Fort Hare
文摘Objective:To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Scholia latifolia(S.latifolia)bark locally used for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced ailments in South Africa.Methods:The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of aqueous extract of the plant was assessed against 1,1-diphenyl-2-pierylhydrazyl(DPPH),nitric oxide(NO),2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt(ABTS)and the ferric reducing agent.Total phenolics,flavonoids,flavonols and proanthocyanidins were also determined to assess their corresponding effect on the antioxidant activity of this plant.Results:The activities of plant extract against DPPH,ABTS and NO radicals were concentration dependent with IC_(50)value of 0.06,0.05 and 0.05 mg/mL,respectively.The reducing power of the extract was greater than that of butylated hydroxyl toluene(BHT)and ascorbic acid which were used as standard drugs in a concentration dependent manner.The total phenolics content of the aqueous bark extract was(193.33±0.03 TE/g),followed by flavonoids(72.70±0.01 QE/g),proanthocyanidins|48.76±0.00 CE/g)and flavonols(47.76±0.21 QE/g).Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of percentage tannin(11.40±0.02),alkaloid(9.80±0.01),steroids(18.20±0.01),glycosides(29.80±0.01)and saponins(6.80±0.00).The results exhibited a positive linear correlation between these polyphenols and the free radical scavenging activities.Conclusions:Our findings provide evidence that the crude aqueous extract of S.latifolia is a potential source of natural antioxidants and this justifies its uses in folkloric medicines.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-19)the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (102–1122YS010)+6 种基金the Rural Revitalization Tea Industry Technical Service Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (11899170145)the “Double First-class” Scientific and Technological Innovation Capacity and Enhancement Cultivation Plan of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (KSYLP004)6.18 Tea Industry Technology Branch of Collaborative Innovation Institute, China (K1520001A)the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Construction Project for Technological Innovation and Service System of Tea Industry Chain, China (K1520005A01)the Construction of Plateau Discipline of Fujian Province, China (102/71201801101)the Biochemical Analysis and Biological Study of Tea Plant Germplasm Resources of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (K1518023A)the Innovation Training Program for College Students of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (102–111ZC20061)。
文摘In the postharvest processing of tea leaves,withering is the first indispensable manufacturing process which produces the mellow,umami and sweet taste of white tea.In this study,we aimed to determine the dynamic changes of the main metabolites and clarify the key differentially expressed genes(DEGs) involved in forming the characteristic taste of white tea during withering.Phytochemical analyses revealed that the contents of total catechins and starch decreased continuously,whereas the contents of theaflavin,γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),maltose,and soluble sugars increased significantly during withering(from 0–48 h).Meanwhile,the elevation of α-amylase(AMY),β-amylase(BAM),total amylase,and glutamate decarboxylase(GAD) activities may be correlated with the accumulation of GABA and maltose.By transcriptome sequencing,we detected 9 707,15 921,17 353,and 17 538 DEGs at 12,24,36,and 48 h of the withering process,respectively,compared with 0 h sample(fresh leaves).The transcript levels of most of the DEGs involved in catechin biosynthesis were significantly inhibited,whereas those involved in catechin oxidation were significantly up-regulated,which could be correlated to a decrease in catechin content and an increase in theaflavin content.The DEGs involved in GABA biosynthesis were considerably up-regulated,and the down-regulation of SPMS could reduce the competition for converting spermidine to GABA.The up-regulation of the AMY and BAM genes could trigger starch degradation,resulting in the increase of soluble sugar content.These results provide new insights into the importance of the withering process to the characteristic taste of white tea.
