Myo-inositol phosphates (phytates) are important biological molecules produced largely by plants to store phosphorus. Phytate is very abundant in many different soils making up a large portion of all soil phosphorus. ...Myo-inositol phosphates (phytates) are important biological molecules produced largely by plants to store phosphorus. Phytate is very abundant in many different soils making up a large portion of all soil phosphorus. This review assesses current phytase science from the perspective of its substrate, phytate, by examining the intricate relationship between the phytate-hydrolyzing enzymes and phytate as their substrate. Specifically, we examine available data on phytate’s structural features, distribution in nature and functional roles. The role of phytases and their localization in soil and plant tissues are evaluated. We provide a summary of the current biotechnological advances in using industrial or recombinant phytases to improve plant growth and animal nutrition. The prospects of future discovery of novel phytases with improved biochemical properties and bioengineering of existing enzymes are also discussed. Two alternative but complementary directions to increase phosphorus bioavailability through the more efficient utilization of soil phytate are currently being developed. These approaches take advantage of microbial phytases secreted into rhizosphere either by phytase-producing microbes (biofertilizers) or by genetically engineered plants. More research on phytate metabolism in soils and plants is needed to promote environmentally friendly, more productive and sustainable agriculture.展开更多
Proteomic assessment of low-abundance leaf proteins is hindered by the large quantity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase （Rubisco） present within plant leaf tissues. In the present study, total prote...Proteomic assessment of low-abundance leaf proteins is hindered by the large quantity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase （Rubisco） present within plant leaf tissues. In the present study, total proteins were extracted from wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） leaves by a conventional trichloroacetic acid （TCA）/acetone method and a protocol first developed in this work. Phytate/Ca2＋ fractionation and TCA/acetone precipitation were combined to design an improved TCA/acetone method. The extracted proteins were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE）. The resulting 2-DE images were compared to reveal major differences. The results showed that large quantities of Rubisco were deleted from wheat leaf proteins prepared by the improved method. As many as （758±4） protein spots were detected from 2-DE images of protein extracts obtained by the improved method, 130 more than those detected by the TCA/acetone method. Further analysis indicated that more protein spots could be detected at regions of pI 4.00-4.99 and 6.50-7.00 in the improved method-based 2-DE images. Our findings indicated that the improved method is an efficient protein preparation protocol for separating low-abundance proteins in wheat leaf tissues by 2-DE analysis. The proposed protocol is simple, fast, inexpensive and also applicable to protein preparations of other plants.展开更多
The grain-filling characteristics of six rice varieties (combinations) and the relationships between their relative biochemistry composition during phytate synthesizing and grain plumpness were studied. Regarding resu...The grain-filling characteristics of six rice varieties (combinations) and the relationships between their relative biochemistry composition during phytate synthesizing and grain plumpness were studied. Regarding results for ISHR1, ISHR2, R198 and JW21, with good grain plumpness, the two-step-filling in superior spikelets and inferior spikelets was not clear, while for ISHR3 and 559, with poor grain plumpness, it was very clear. From booting stage to flowering stage, the contents of phytate and inositol in varieties with good grain plumpness was obviously higher than those in varieties with poor grain plumpness. While at grain filling stage, the content of inorganic phosphorus in varieties with poor grain plumpness was obviously higher than that in varieties with good grain plumpness. The contents of phytate and inositol from booting stage to flowering stage was highly significantly correlated with the initial filling power (R_0), the mean filling rate (R_M) and grain filling percentage (P_(GF)), and the content of inorganic phosphorus at grain filling stage was negatively significantly correlated with R_0, F_M and P_(GF). Furthermore, effective approach to improving grain filling was put forward.展开更多
Phytate of three concentrations was sprayed on the leaves of an indica rice Yuanfengzao in heading stage, full heading stage, filling stage and wax ripeness stage respectively. The effects of phytate on the enzyme act...Phytate of three concentrations was sprayed on the leaves of an indica rice Yuanfengzao in heading stage, full heading stage, filling stage and wax ripeness stage respectively. The effects of phytate on the enzyme activity in endosperm and rice grain quality were determinated. Plants sprayed with distilled water were used as control. It was showed that spraying solutions in full heading stage had the most manifest effect. The activity of amylosynthetase between the 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg phytate treatment was identical, which was 7.4% higher than that of 50mg/kg treatment. On the other hand, amylase activity on the 50mg/kg treatment was 12.5% and 8.7% lower than those展开更多
Natural organic compounds are desirable for encapsulation of probiotics to increase their viability while retain their safety as the food supplement.Using natural compounds as the coating agents for probiotics encapsu...Natural organic compounds are desirable for encapsulation of probiotics to increase their viability while retain their safety as the food supplement.Using natural compounds as the coating agents for probiotics encapsulation is the safe and alternative way to more grantee the supplementary safety.In the present study,we used double layer protection composed of sodium phytate and gelatin as the natural and biocompatible components to develop the gut microbiota with superior resistance.The effectiveness of our proposed approach was determined using Bacillus subtilis as the probiotic model.Successful entrapment of probiotics was confirmed through spectroscopic and microscopic analysis.Encapsulated probiotics exhibited high performance with 70% viability in simulated gastrointestinal condition including 7.7 and 7.8 log CFU/mL in enteric phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ respectively.Moreover,the protective layers and their synergic effect after encapsulation have been investigated for the first time to evaluate their antioxidant capacity and showed high radical scavenging activity(RSA)to 85.12%and ferric reducing antioxidant potential(FRAP)results which possessed contribution of constitutes and reached to 31.45%increase in antioxidant capacity of probiotics.This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate combination of layers to obtain the efficient encapsulation of probiotics.展开更多
For the efficient and low-cost utilization of clean energy sources,the preparation of robust catalytic electrodes for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER,the key half-reaction in new energy conversion and storage syste...For the efficient and low-cost utilization of clean energy sources,the preparation of robust catalytic electrodes for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER,the key half-reaction in new energy conversion and storage systems) via a simple and time-saving preparation strategy is important. In this work,bimetallic Ni–Fe phytates are rapidly in situ grown on the surface of nickel foam (Ni–Fe-phy@NF) based on the robust complexation ability of the phytate ion. The phytate ion with multiple complexation sites promotes the formation of large cross-linking networks,which enhances the synergistic effect between Ni,Fe and P and the interaction between active materials and the nickel foam substrate. Besides,the partial dissolution of the phosphorus in the cross-linking networks induces the formation of abundant porous structures during the OER process. This process is accompanied by the transformation from metal phytates to amorphous Ni–Fe-based oxides and hydroxides with a high valence state as efficient active sites for the OER. Therefore,the Ni–Fe-phy@NF electrode shows robust OER catalytic activity and enduring stability. Note that the synthetic strategy based on ligands with multiple complexation sites can be further used to rapidly design and prepare other novel three-dimensional electrode materials with improved catalytic performance.展开更多
Nickel(Ni)-based materials are promising electrocatalysts for the urea electrooxidation reaction, as the in situ formed NiOOH species on their surface during operation are catalytically active sites. In this work, phy...Nickel(Ni)-based materials are promising electrocatalysts for the urea electrooxidation reaction, as the in situ formed NiOOH species on their surface during operation are catalytically active sites. In this work, phytate-coordinated Ni foam(PA-NF)is shown to deliver a high catalytic performance, with a potential as low as 1.38 V at 10m A/cm2, a Tafel slope as low as 64.1 mV/dec, and superior catalytic stability. Characterizations revealed that such a high performance was ascribed to the kinetic acceleration of surface reconstruction and the enriched NiOOH active species on the PA-NF surface owing to PA-coordination induced upshift of d-band center of Ni sites.Overall, a novel and simple strategy is provided for designing the efficient as well as universal Ni-based catalyst for the electrooxidation of urea, which can also be extended to other transition-metal-based systems.展开更多
Maize grain is primarily used as an energy source for poultry and other animals.Maize has relatively high phytate-P content and very low intrinsic phytase activity.Given that feed phosphates are produced from finite r...Maize grain is primarily used as an energy source for poultry and other animals.Maize has relatively high phytate-P content and very low intrinsic phytase activity.Given that feed phosphates are produced from finite rock phosphate resources,a reduction in the use of feed phosphates in maize-based diets by increasing the utilization of plant P sources by animals is necessary to make poultry meat and egg production more sustainable.The utilization of P by poultry is affected by two intrinsic characteristics of maize:the concentration of inositol phosphates and the activity of the intrinsic phytase of the grain in the digestive tract.The objective of this review is to present data on the variation that exists in composition of maize relevant for P use and to address factors that influence P utilization in maize-based diets of poultry.Broiler chickens and laying hens have the potential to degrade phytate in the gastrointestinal tract,but this is depressed by high dietary Ca and P concentrations.Published values of phytate degradation in broilers are overall higher than those in laying hens.Differences also exist between broiler chickens and growing turkeys and Pekin ducks.The exogenous supplementation of microbial phytases and the introduction of transgenic high phytase maize in poultry diets are efficient not only for the improvement of phytate-P digestibility,production performance,egg quality and bone mineralization,but also for the reduction of P excreta to control environmental impact.展开更多
Measurements of total phytate phosphorus content of diets may be deceptive as they do not indicate substrate availability for phytase; it may be that measurements of phytate susceptible to phytase effects are a more a...Measurements of total phytate phosphorus content of diets may be deceptive as they do not indicate substrate availability for phytase; it may be that measurements of phytate susceptible to phytase effects are a more accurate measure of phosphorus(P) availability to the bird. To verify this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted to compare diets formulated to contain either high or low susceptible phytate, supplemented with either 0 or 500 FTU/kg phytase. Susceptible phytate was determined by exposing the feed samples to conditions that mimicked the average pH of the proximal gastrointestinal tract(pH 4.5) and the optimum temperature for phytase activity(37℃) and then measuring phytate dissolved. Ross 308 birds(n = 240) were fed one of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design; 2 diets with high(8.54 g/kg, 57.90% of total phytate) or low(5.77 g/kg, 46.33% of total phytate) susceptible phytate, containing 0 or 500 FTU/kg phytase. Diets were fed to broilers(12 replicate pens of 5 birds per pen) from d 0 to 28 post hatch. Birds fed diets high in susceptible phytate had greater phytate hydrolysis in the gizzard(P < 0.001), jejunum(P < 0.001) and ileum(P < 0.001) and resulting greater body weight gain(BWG)(P = 0.015) and lower FCR(P = 0.003) than birds fed the low susceptible phytate diets,irrespective of phytase presence. Birds fed the high susceptible diets also had greater P solubility in the gizzard and Ca and P solubility in the jejunum and ileum(P < 0.05) and resulting greater tibia and femur Ca and P(P < 0.05) content than those fed the low susceptible diets. All the susceptible phytate was fully degraded in the tract in the absence of added phytase, suggesting the assay used in this study was able to successfully estimate the amount of total dietary phytate that was susceptible to the effects of phytase when used at standard levels. No interactions were observed between susceptible phytate and phytase on phytate hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of phytate was greater(P < 0.05) in the gizzard of birds fed the diets supplemented with phytase, regardless of the concentration of susceptible phytate in the diet. Phytase supplementation resulted in improved BWG(P < 0.001) and FCR(P = 0.001), increased P solubility(P < 0.001) in the gizzard, Ca and P solubility(P < 0.001) in the jejunum and ileum and Ca and P concentration(P < 0.001) and strength(P < 0.001) in the tibia and femur. Pepsin activity was higher in birds fed the diets supplemented with phytase(P < 0.001) and was greater(P = 0.031) in birds fed the high susceptible phytate diets compared with the low susceptible phytate diets. Findings from this study suggest that there may be a measure more meaningful to animal nutritionists than measurements of total phytate.展开更多
Fertilizer phosphorus(P)is a finite resource,necessitating the development of innovative solutions for P fertilizer efficiency in agricultural systems.Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate(phytate)constitutes the majority of ...Fertilizer phosphorus(P)is a finite resource,necessitating the development of innovative solutions for P fertilizer efficiency in agricultural systems.Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate(phytate)constitutes the majority of identified organic P in many soil types and is poorly available to plants.Incorporating phytase-producing biofertilizers into soil presents a viable and environmentally acceptable way of utilizing P from phytate,while reducing the need for mineral P application.A deeper understanding of the microbial ecology in relation to degradation of phytate under natural soil conditions is however needed to obtain successful biofertilizer candidates able to compete in complex soil environments.Here we present the development of a microcosm for studying microbial communities able to colonize and utilize Ca-phytate hotspots in solum.Our results provide evidence that the recruited microbial population mineralizes Ca-phytate.Furthermore,quantification of bacterial genes associated with organic P cycling in alkaline soils indicated that the phosphatases PhoX and PhoD may play a larger role in phytate mineralization in soil than previously recognized.Amplicon sequencing and BioLog®catabolism studies show that hotspots containing Ca-phytate,recruited a different set of microorganisms when compared to those containing an addition of C source alone,with the genus Streptomyces specifically enriched.We propose that Streptomyces represents an hitherto unexplored resource as P biofertilizer with competitive advantage for utilizing CaPhy in an inherently competitive soil environment.We further conclude that the use of our newly designed microcosm presents an innovative approach for isolating soil microorganisms with the potential to degrade precipitated phytate in solum.展开更多
Mixtures of multiple grains at varied ratios can provide multiple and higher micronutrients than a single grain. Thus, this research was aimed at examining the effect of blending ratios variation on micro-compositions...Mixtures of multiple grains at varied ratios can provide multiple and higher micronutrients than a single grain. Thus, this research was aimed at examining the effect of blending ratios variation on micro-compositions and phytate/ minerals molar ratios of pre-processed local dabi teff-field pea based novel composite complementary flours. Induc-tively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry was used to determine dietary minerals. Nutrisurvey software was employed to define ranges of the mixture components and they were constrained at 20-35% for dabi teff, 0-30% field pea and 5-20% maize, while the remaining were set constant at 25% barley, 15% oats and 5% linseed. Design-Expert^(®) software version 11, D-optimal was used to generate eleven experimental blends and to examine the effects of blending ratio variation on the responses. Mean mineral contents were significantly different (P < 0.05) among the blends (as affected by component ratios variation) and ranged from 24.01-31.58 mg/100 g for iron, 73.46 -78.81 mg/100 g for calcium, and 2.33-2.61 mg/100 g for zinc contents. The phytate/minerals molar ratios were significantly different among the blends except phytate/calcium molar ratio (Ph:Ca), ranged from 0.232-0.344 for phytate/iron molar ratio (Ph:Fe), 0.067-0.085 for (Ph:Ca), 3.356-4.18 for phytate/zinc molar ratio (Ph:Zn) and 6.457- 7.943 for phytate by calcium to zinc molar ratio (Ph*Ca:Zn). A linear model was significant (P < 0.05) and adequate to describe variations in iron, zinc, Ph:Fe, Ph:Zn and Ph*Ca:Zn. There was a remarkably linear increase in iron and calcium contents with an increased dabi teff ratio in the blends accompanied by a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in phytate/minerals molar ratios. The findings showed that increasing dabi teff ratio in the blends notably increased iron content with reduced Ph:Fe molar ratio, providing the bases for developing iron-dense novel composite complementary flour with improved iron bioavailability to combat iron deficiency anemia among children.展开更多
Animal manure consists of predominantly urine and feces, but also may contain bedding materials, dropped feed, scurf, and other farming wastes. Manure is typically applied to soils as fertilizer for agricultural produ...Animal manure consists of predominantly urine and feces, but also may contain bedding materials, dropped feed, scurf, and other farming wastes. Manure is typically applied to soils as fertilizer for agricultural production. The estimated amount of manure produced in 12 major livestock-producing countries is 9 × 10^9 Mg of manure annually. Manure is rich in plant nutrients. However, manure is also considered as an environmental pollutant when it is over-applied to cropland or following runoff into surface water. Manure can also influence global climate change via emissions of methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O）. Thus, increased and updated knowledge of applied and environmental chemistry of animal manure is needed to shed light on the research and development of animal manure utilization and minimization of its adverse environmental concerns. The advances in basic and applied studies of manure major components, organic matter, phosphorus, and nitrogen, primarily related to US livestock production are summarized in this review. Detailed focus was placed on three notable challenges for future manure research： 1） soil application of animal manure, 2） manure phytate phosphorus, and 3） manure nitrogen availability. This review may contribute to the global effort in sustainable and environmentally sound agriculture by stimulating new ideas and directions in animal manure research, and promoting application of knowledge and insight derived from manure research into improved manure management strategies.展开更多
AIM： To test the effect of the dephytinization of three different commercial infant cereals on iron, calcium, and zinc bioavailability by estimating the uptake, retention, and transport by Caco-2 cells. METHODS： Bot...AIM： To test the effect of the dephytinization of three different commercial infant cereals on iron, calcium, and zinc bioavailability by estimating the uptake, retention, and transport by Caco-2 cells. METHODS： Both dephytinized （by adding an exogenous phytase） and non-dephytinized infant cereals were digested using an in vitro digestion protocol adapted to the gastrointestinal conditions of infants younger than 6 too. Mineral cell retention, transport, and uptake from infant cereals were measured using the soluble fraction of the simulated digestion and the Caco-2 cells. RESULTS： Dephytinization of infant cereals significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） the cell uptake efficiency （from 0.66%-6.05% to 3.93%-13%）, retention （from 6.04%-16.68% to 14.75%-20.14%） and transport efficiency （from 0.14%-2.21% to 1.47%-6.02%）, of iron, and the uptake efficiency （from 5.0%-35.4% to 7.3%-41.6%） and retention （from 4.05%-20.53% to 14.45%-61.3%） of zinc, whereas calcium only cell uptake showed a significant increase （P 〈 0.05） after removing phytate from most of the samples analyzed. A positive relationship （P 〈 0.05） between mineral solubility and the cell uptake and transport efficiencies was observed. CONCLUSION： Removing phytate from infant cereals had a beneficial effect on iron and zinc bioavailability when infant cereals were reconstituted with water. Since in developing countries cereal-based complementary foods for infants are usually consumed mixed with water, exogenous phytase additions could improve the nutritional value of this weaning food.展开更多
Phytases belong to the class of phosphohydrolases that begin the step-wise hydrolysis of phosphates from phytates. Phytates are a derivative of myo-inositol, which is the primary storage form of organic phosphorus in ...Phytases belong to the class of phosphohydrolases that begin the step-wise hydrolysis of phosphates from phytates. Phytates are a derivative of myo-inositol, which is the primary storage form of organic phosphorus in plant cells. Phytase has been used globally to diminish phosphorus pollution and to enhance nutrition in monogastrics. In this review, the classification, sources, and diversity of microbial phytases, and their practical applications, as well as supplementation of the soil with transgenic and wild types of microbial strains, which can release phytase to enhance phosphorus availability for plant uptake and reduce the need for fertilizers, are discussed. The overexpressed microbial phytases in transgenic plants enhance the growth capacity of co-cultivated plants and can therefore be employed in agricultural and biotechnological practices, such as intercropping. The introduction of phytases into the soil for improved plant growth and enhanced crop yield can be accomplished without extra cost. A diverse group of photoautotrophic microalgae can synthesize phytase and will likely be useful in many human food and animal industries.展开更多
Bio-inspired hierarchical self-assembly provides elegant and powerful bottom-up strategies for the creation of complex materials.However,the current self-assembly approaches for natural bio-compounds often result in m...Bio-inspired hierarchical self-assembly provides elegant and powerful bottom-up strategies for the creation of complex materials.However,the current self-assembly approaches for natural bio-compounds often result in materials with limited diversity and complexity in architecture as well as microstructure.Here,we develop a novel coordination polymerization-driven hierarchical assembly of micelle strategy,using phytic acid-based natural compounds as an example,for the spatially controlled fabrication of metal coordination bio-derived polymers.The resultant ferric phytate polymer nanospheres feature hollow architecture,ordered meso-channels of^12 nm,high surface area of 401 m2 g−1,and large pore volume of 0.53 cm3 g−1.As an advanced anode material,this bio-derivative polymer delivers a remarkable reversible capacity of 540 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1,good rate capability,and cycling stability for sodium-ion batteries.This study holds great potential of the design of new complex bio-materials with supramolecular chemistry.展开更多
Zinc(Zn) deficiency in animals became of interest until the 1950s.In this paper,progresses in researches on physiology of Zn deficiency in animals,phytate effect on bioavailability of Zn,and role of phytase in healing...Zinc(Zn) deficiency in animals became of interest until the 1950s.In this paper,progresses in researches on physiology of Zn deficiency in animals,phytate effect on bioavailability of Zn,and role of phytase in healing Zn deficiency of animals were reviewed.Several studies demonstrated that Zn is recycled via the pancreas;the problem of Zn deficiency was controlled by Zn homeostasis.The endogenous secretion of Zn is considered as an important factor influencing Zn deficiency,and the critical molar ratio is 10.Phytate(inositol hexaphosphate) constituted up to 90% of the organically bound phosphorus in seeds.Great improvement has been made in recent years on isolating and measuring phytate,and its structure is clear.Phytate is considered to reduce Zn bioavailability in animal.Phytase is the enzyme that hydrolyzes phytate and is present in yeast,rye bran,wheat bran,barley,triticale,and many bacteria and fungi.Zinc nutrition and bioavailability can be enhanced by addition of phytase to animal feeds.Therefore,using phytase as supplements,the most prevalent Zn deficiency in animals may be effectively corrected without the mining and smelting of several tons of zinc daily needed to correct this deficiency by fortification worldwide.展开更多
Obesity is now present worldwide, including China, India and developing countries. It now seems no longer acceptable to argue that obesity can simply be explained in terms of caloric consumption only using simple conc...Obesity is now present worldwide, including China, India and developing countries. It now seems no longer acceptable to argue that obesity can simply be explained in terms of caloric consumption only using simple concept of energy in and energy out. There may be specific causes of altered metabolism that produce nutritional imbalances. Individual variation in response to food intake may also be considered. Specific substances in the food chain can influence meta-bolism towards an increase in fat deposits. Xenoestrogens have been suggested to have such an influence. Soy contains phytoestrogens plus phytates, protease inhibitors and other anti-nutrients which block or compromise the body’s uptake of essential vitamins and minerals. This may contribute to nutritional anomalies. We analyzed data from WHO and FAO for 167 countries. These contained percentage of obese individuals (BMI > 30 kg/m2), GDP, caloric consump-tion per capita, and sugar and soy consumption per capita. Regressions and partial correlations were used. Soy con-sumption correlates significantly with levels of obesity, irrespective of GDP and caloric intake. For instance, poor Latin America with soy consumption of 28.9 kg/person/year has more obesity (18.4%) than better off European Union (14.1%) consuming 16.1 kg/person/year of soy. Soy consumption seems to contribute approximately 10% - 21% to the worldwide variation in obesity, depending on the method of statistical analysis. The ubiquitous presence of unfermented soy products in mass produced foods seems to be an important contributor to the obesity epidemic.展开更多
Engineering polyamide 6(PA6)is preferred for its superior mechanical properties,yet the intrinsic flammability restricts its industrial applications.As one of the biomass phosphorus-containing chemicals,phytic acid(PA...Engineering polyamide 6(PA6)is preferred for its superior mechanical properties,yet the intrinsic flammability restricts its industrial applications.As one of the biomass phosphorus-containing chemicals,phytic acid(PA)is favorable for its high phosphorus content and aggregation ability,making it expected to enhance the fire retardancy of PA6.Herein,a melamine-phytate aggregate(MPA)is prepared by electrostatic interaction in aqueous solution,and applied as a synergist for aluminum diethylphosphinate(ADP)in PA6.The strong synergistic effect exists between ADP and MPA towards PA6,especially when their mass ratio is 3:1 and the total loading is 18 wt%.Compared to the neat PA6,this formula allows for remarkable decreases in peak heat release rate(PHRR),total heat release(THR),and maximum average heat release rate(MARHE)by∼48%,∼27%,and∼30%,respectively,as well as a high synergistic efficiency of∼43%in PHRR.This PA6 composite also presents a V-0 rating in the vertical burning(UL-94)test and a high limiting oxygen index(LOI)of 29.7%.This work offers an eco-friendly strategy for developing bio-based P/N fire-retardant aggregates for fabricating PA6 materials with high fire safety.展开更多
This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of indigenous phytase producing live yeast cultures on growth performance, phytate degradation and blood biochemical parameters of weanling rabbits. Fifty...This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of indigenous phytase producing live yeast cultures on growth performance, phytate degradation and blood biochemical parameters of weanling rabbits. Fifty-six rabbits (28 males and 28 females) were allotted randomly into four groups containing a control and three groups administrated each with the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADR1B1, Hanseniaspora jakobsenii ADR3E1, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii RD31 during 8 weeks. The results showed that the administration of the three yeast strains accelerated the weight gain and improved rabbits growth performance in comparison to the control group, but did not affect the serum biochemical and hematological parameters. The highest weight gain (1715.95 ± 236 g), and phytate degradation rate (73.82% ± 0.92%) and the lowest biochemical parameters (triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL and LDL) were observed on rabbits fed with the yeast Hanseniaspora jakobsenii ADR3E1. This indigenous yeast species, which is used for the first time in animal feeding provided the best beneficial effects in rabbit breeding. Therefore, based on this finding, Hanseniaspora jakobsenii ADR3E1 can be recommended to supplement rabbit diets for growth performance and profitability enhancement.展开更多
Background The effect of microbial phytase on amino acid and energy digestibility is not consistent in pigs,which may be related to the phytase dosage or the adaptation length to the diet.Therefore,an experiment was c...Background The effect of microbial phytase on amino acid and energy digestibility is not consistent in pigs,which may be related to the phytase dosage or the adaptation length to the diet.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to test the hypotheses that increasing dietary phytase after an 18-day adaptation period:1)increases nutrient and energy digestibility;2)increases plasma P,plasma inositol,and bone ash of young pigs;and 3)demonstrates that maximum phytate degradation requires more phytase than maximum P digestibility.Results Data indicated that increasing inclusion of phytase[0,250,500,1,000,2,000,and 4,000 phytase units(FTU)/kg feed]in corn-soybean meal-based diets increased apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of Trp(quadratic;P<0.05),and of Lys and Thr(linear;P<0.05),and tended to increase AID of Met(linear;P<0.10).Increasing dietary phytase also increased AID and apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD)of Ca and P(quadratic;P<0.05)and increased ATTD of K and Na(linear;P<0.05),but phytase did not influence the ATTD of Mg or gross energy.Concentrations of plasma P and bone ash increased(quadratic;P<0.05),and plasma inositol also increased(linear;P<0.05)with increasing inclusion of phytase.Reduced concentrations of inositol phosphate(IP)6 and IP5(quadratic;P<0.05),reduced IP4 and IP3(linear;P<0.05),but increased inositol concentrations(linear;P<0.05)were observed in ileal digesta as dietary phytase increased.The ATTD of P was maximized if at least 1,200 FTU/kg were used,whereas more than 4,000 FTU/kg were needed to maximize inositol release.Conclusions Increasing dietary levels of phytase after an 18-day adaptation period increased phytate and IP ester degradation and inositol release in the small intestine.Consequently,increasing dietary phytase resulted in improved digestibility of Ca,P,K,Na,and the first 4 limiting amino acids,and in increased concentrations of bone ash and plasma P and inositol.In a corn-soybean meal diet,maximum inositol release requires approximately 3,200 FTU/kg more phytase than that required for maximum P digestibility.展开更多
文摘Myo-inositol phosphates (phytates) are important biological molecules produced largely by plants to store phosphorus. Phytate is very abundant in many different soils making up a large portion of all soil phosphorus. This review assesses current phytase science from the perspective of its substrate, phytate, by examining the intricate relationship between the phytate-hydrolyzing enzymes and phytate as their substrate. Specifically, we examine available data on phytate’s structural features, distribution in nature and functional roles. The role of phytases and their localization in soil and plant tissues are evaluated. We provide a summary of the current biotechnological advances in using industrial or recombinant phytases to improve plant growth and animal nutrition. The prospects of future discovery of novel phytases with improved biochemical properties and bioengineering of existing enzymes are also discussed. Two alternative but complementary directions to increase phosphorus bioavailability through the more efficient utilization of soil phytate are currently being developed. These approaches take advantage of microbial phytases secreted into rhizosphere either by phytase-producing microbes (biofertilizers) or by genetically engineered plants. More research on phytate metabolism in soils and plants is needed to promote environmentally friendly, more productive and sustainable agriculture.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30871578)the Key Project of National Plant Transgenic Genes of China(2008ZX08002004,2011ZX08002004)
文摘Proteomic assessment of low-abundance leaf proteins is hindered by the large quantity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase （Rubisco） present within plant leaf tissues. In the present study, total proteins were extracted from wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） leaves by a conventional trichloroacetic acid （TCA）/acetone method and a protocol first developed in this work. Phytate/Ca2＋ fractionation and TCA/acetone precipitation were combined to design an improved TCA/acetone method. The extracted proteins were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE）. The resulting 2-DE images were compared to reveal major differences. The results showed that large quantities of Rubisco were deleted from wheat leaf proteins prepared by the improved method. As many as （758±4） protein spots were detected from 2-DE images of protein extracts obtained by the improved method, 130 more than those detected by the TCA/acetone method. Further analysis indicated that more protein spots could be detected at regions of pI 4.00-4.99 and 6.50-7.00 in the improved method-based 2-DE images. Our findings indicated that the improved method is an efficient protein preparation protocol for separating low-abundance proteins in wheat leaf tissues by 2-DE analysis. The proposed protocol is simple, fast, inexpensive and also applicable to protein preparations of other plants.
文摘The grain-filling characteristics of six rice varieties (combinations) and the relationships between their relative biochemistry composition during phytate synthesizing and grain plumpness were studied. Regarding results for ISHR1, ISHR2, R198 and JW21, with good grain plumpness, the two-step-filling in superior spikelets and inferior spikelets was not clear, while for ISHR3 and 559, with poor grain plumpness, it was very clear. From booting stage to flowering stage, the contents of phytate and inositol in varieties with good grain plumpness was obviously higher than those in varieties with poor grain plumpness. While at grain filling stage, the content of inorganic phosphorus in varieties with poor grain plumpness was obviously higher than that in varieties with good grain plumpness. The contents of phytate and inositol from booting stage to flowering stage was highly significantly correlated with the initial filling power (R_0), the mean filling rate (R_M) and grain filling percentage (P_(GF)), and the content of inorganic phosphorus at grain filling stage was negatively significantly correlated with R_0, F_M and P_(GF). Furthermore, effective approach to improving grain filling was put forward.
文摘Phytate of three concentrations was sprayed on the leaves of an indica rice Yuanfengzao in heading stage, full heading stage, filling stage and wax ripeness stage respectively. The effects of phytate on the enzyme activity in endosperm and rice grain quality were determinated. Plants sprayed with distilled water were used as control. It was showed that spraying solutions in full heading stage had the most manifest effect. The activity of amylosynthetase between the 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg phytate treatment was identical, which was 7.4% higher than that of 50mg/kg treatment. On the other hand, amylase activity on the 50mg/kg treatment was 12.5% and 8.7% lower than those
文摘Natural organic compounds are desirable for encapsulation of probiotics to increase their viability while retain their safety as the food supplement.Using natural compounds as the coating agents for probiotics encapsulation is the safe and alternative way to more grantee the supplementary safety.In the present study,we used double layer protection composed of sodium phytate and gelatin as the natural and biocompatible components to develop the gut microbiota with superior resistance.The effectiveness of our proposed approach was determined using Bacillus subtilis as the probiotic model.Successful entrapment of probiotics was confirmed through spectroscopic and microscopic analysis.Encapsulated probiotics exhibited high performance with 70% viability in simulated gastrointestinal condition including 7.7 and 7.8 log CFU/mL in enteric phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ respectively.Moreover,the protective layers and their synergic effect after encapsulation have been investigated for the first time to evaluate their antioxidant capacity and showed high radical scavenging activity(RSA)to 85.12%and ferric reducing antioxidant potential(FRAP)results which possessed contribution of constitutes and reached to 31.45%increase in antioxidant capacity of probiotics.This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate combination of layers to obtain the efficient encapsulation of probiotics.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.81927809)Chengdu University New Faculty Start-up Funding(No.2081920074).
文摘For the efficient and low-cost utilization of clean energy sources,the preparation of robust catalytic electrodes for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER,the key half-reaction in new energy conversion and storage systems) via a simple and time-saving preparation strategy is important. In this work,bimetallic Ni–Fe phytates are rapidly in situ grown on the surface of nickel foam (Ni–Fe-phy@NF) based on the robust complexation ability of the phytate ion. The phytate ion with multiple complexation sites promotes the formation of large cross-linking networks,which enhances the synergistic effect between Ni,Fe and P and the interaction between active materials and the nickel foam substrate. Besides,the partial dissolution of the phosphorus in the cross-linking networks induces the formation of abundant porous structures during the OER process. This process is accompanied by the transformation from metal phytates to amorphous Ni–Fe-based oxides and hydroxides with a high valence state as efficient active sites for the OER. Therefore,the Ni–Fe-phy@NF electrode shows robust OER catalytic activity and enduring stability. Note that the synthetic strategy based on ligands with multiple complexation sites can be further used to rapidly design and prepare other novel three-dimensional electrode materials with improved catalytic performance.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi province,China (2019JQ-486)the Young Talent Support Project of Shaanxi (20200601)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. D5000210651)。
文摘Nickel(Ni)-based materials are promising electrocatalysts for the urea electrooxidation reaction, as the in situ formed NiOOH species on their surface during operation are catalytically active sites. In this work, phytate-coordinated Ni foam(PA-NF)is shown to deliver a high catalytic performance, with a potential as low as 1.38 V at 10m A/cm2, a Tafel slope as low as 64.1 mV/dec, and superior catalytic stability. Characterizations revealed that such a high performance was ascribed to the kinetic acceleration of surface reconstruction and the enriched NiOOH active species on the PA-NF surface owing to PA-coordination induced upshift of d-band center of Ni sites.Overall, a novel and simple strategy is provided for designing the efficient as well as universal Ni-based catalyst for the electrooxidation of urea, which can also be extended to other transition-metal-based systems.
基金undertaken within the framework of the International Research Training Group “Adaptation of maize-based food-feed-energy systems to limited phosphate resources” funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 328017493/GRK 2366financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772621)+1 种基金China Agricultural Research System program (CARS-40-K08)partly founded by Postgraduate International Training and Promotion Project of China Agricultural University
文摘Maize grain is primarily used as an energy source for poultry and other animals.Maize has relatively high phytate-P content and very low intrinsic phytase activity.Given that feed phosphates are produced from finite rock phosphate resources,a reduction in the use of feed phosphates in maize-based diets by increasing the utilization of plant P sources by animals is necessary to make poultry meat and egg production more sustainable.The utilization of P by poultry is affected by two intrinsic characteristics of maize:the concentration of inositol phosphates and the activity of the intrinsic phytase of the grain in the digestive tract.The objective of this review is to present data on the variation that exists in composition of maize relevant for P use and to address factors that influence P utilization in maize-based diets of poultry.Broiler chickens and laying hens have the potential to degrade phytate in the gastrointestinal tract,but this is depressed by high dietary Ca and P concentrations.Published values of phytate degradation in broilers are overall higher than those in laying hens.Differences also exist between broiler chickens and growing turkeys and Pekin ducks.The exogenous supplementation of microbial phytases and the introduction of transgenic high phytase maize in poultry diets are efficient not only for the improvement of phytate-P digestibility,production performance,egg quality and bone mineralization,but also for the reduction of P excreta to control environmental impact.
文摘Measurements of total phytate phosphorus content of diets may be deceptive as they do not indicate substrate availability for phytase; it may be that measurements of phytate susceptible to phytase effects are a more accurate measure of phosphorus(P) availability to the bird. To verify this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted to compare diets formulated to contain either high or low susceptible phytate, supplemented with either 0 or 500 FTU/kg phytase. Susceptible phytate was determined by exposing the feed samples to conditions that mimicked the average pH of the proximal gastrointestinal tract(pH 4.5) and the optimum temperature for phytase activity(37℃) and then measuring phytate dissolved. Ross 308 birds(n = 240) were fed one of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design; 2 diets with high(8.54 g/kg, 57.90% of total phytate) or low(5.77 g/kg, 46.33% of total phytate) susceptible phytate, containing 0 or 500 FTU/kg phytase. Diets were fed to broilers(12 replicate pens of 5 birds per pen) from d 0 to 28 post hatch. Birds fed diets high in susceptible phytate had greater phytate hydrolysis in the gizzard(P < 0.001), jejunum(P < 0.001) and ileum(P < 0.001) and resulting greater body weight gain(BWG)(P = 0.015) and lower FCR(P = 0.003) than birds fed the low susceptible phytate diets,irrespective of phytase presence. Birds fed the high susceptible diets also had greater P solubility in the gizzard and Ca and P solubility in the jejunum and ileum(P < 0.05) and resulting greater tibia and femur Ca and P(P < 0.05) content than those fed the low susceptible diets. All the susceptible phytate was fully degraded in the tract in the absence of added phytase, suggesting the assay used in this study was able to successfully estimate the amount of total dietary phytate that was susceptible to the effects of phytase when used at standard levels. No interactions were observed between susceptible phytate and phytase on phytate hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of phytate was greater(P < 0.05) in the gizzard of birds fed the diets supplemented with phytase, regardless of the concentration of susceptible phytate in the diet. Phytase supplementation resulted in improved BWG(P < 0.001) and FCR(P = 0.001), increased P solubility(P < 0.001) in the gizzard, Ca and P solubility(P < 0.001) in the jejunum and ileum and Ca and P concentration(P < 0.001) and strength(P < 0.001) in the tibia and femur. Pepsin activity was higher in birds fed the diets supplemented with phytase(P < 0.001) and was greater(P = 0.031) in birds fed the high susceptible phytate diets compared with the low susceptible phytate diets. Findings from this study suggest that there may be a measure more meaningful to animal nutritionists than measurements of total phytate.
基金innovation foundation Denmark,grant number 1308-00016B under the project Microbial biofertilizers for enhanced Crop availability of P pools in soil and waste(MiCroP).
文摘Fertilizer phosphorus(P)is a finite resource,necessitating the development of innovative solutions for P fertilizer efficiency in agricultural systems.Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate(phytate)constitutes the majority of identified organic P in many soil types and is poorly available to plants.Incorporating phytase-producing biofertilizers into soil presents a viable and environmentally acceptable way of utilizing P from phytate,while reducing the need for mineral P application.A deeper understanding of the microbial ecology in relation to degradation of phytate under natural soil conditions is however needed to obtain successful biofertilizer candidates able to compete in complex soil environments.Here we present the development of a microcosm for studying microbial communities able to colonize and utilize Ca-phytate hotspots in solum.Our results provide evidence that the recruited microbial population mineralizes Ca-phytate.Furthermore,quantification of bacterial genes associated with organic P cycling in alkaline soils indicated that the phosphatases PhoX and PhoD may play a larger role in phytate mineralization in soil than previously recognized.Amplicon sequencing and BioLog®catabolism studies show that hotspots containing Ca-phytate,recruited a different set of microorganisms when compared to those containing an addition of C source alone,with the genus Streptomyces specifically enriched.We propose that Streptomyces represents an hitherto unexplored resource as P biofertilizer with competitive advantage for utilizing CaPhy in an inherently competitive soil environment.We further conclude that the use of our newly designed microcosm presents an innovative approach for isolating soil microorganisms with the potential to degrade precipitated phytate in solum.
文摘Mixtures of multiple grains at varied ratios can provide multiple and higher micronutrients than a single grain. Thus, this research was aimed at examining the effect of blending ratios variation on micro-compositions and phytate/ minerals molar ratios of pre-processed local dabi teff-field pea based novel composite complementary flours. Induc-tively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry was used to determine dietary minerals. Nutrisurvey software was employed to define ranges of the mixture components and they were constrained at 20-35% for dabi teff, 0-30% field pea and 5-20% maize, while the remaining were set constant at 25% barley, 15% oats and 5% linseed. Design-Expert^(®) software version 11, D-optimal was used to generate eleven experimental blends and to examine the effects of blending ratio variation on the responses. Mean mineral contents were significantly different (P < 0.05) among the blends (as affected by component ratios variation) and ranged from 24.01-31.58 mg/100 g for iron, 73.46 -78.81 mg/100 g for calcium, and 2.33-2.61 mg/100 g for zinc contents. The phytate/minerals molar ratios were significantly different among the blends except phytate/calcium molar ratio (Ph:Ca), ranged from 0.232-0.344 for phytate/iron molar ratio (Ph:Fe), 0.067-0.085 for (Ph:Ca), 3.356-4.18 for phytate/zinc molar ratio (Ph:Zn) and 6.457- 7.943 for phytate by calcium to zinc molar ratio (Ph*Ca:Zn). A linear model was significant (P < 0.05) and adequate to describe variations in iron, zinc, Ph:Fe, Ph:Zn and Ph*Ca:Zn. There was a remarkably linear increase in iron and calcium contents with an increased dabi teff ratio in the blends accompanied by a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in phytate/minerals molar ratios. The findings showed that increasing dabi teff ratio in the blends notably increased iron content with reduced Ph:Fe molar ratio, providing the bases for developing iron-dense novel composite complementary flour with improved iron bioavailability to combat iron deficiency anemia among children.
文摘Animal manure consists of predominantly urine and feces, but also may contain bedding materials, dropped feed, scurf, and other farming wastes. Manure is typically applied to soils as fertilizer for agricultural production. The estimated amount of manure produced in 12 major livestock-producing countries is 9 × 10^9 Mg of manure annually. Manure is rich in plant nutrients. However, manure is also considered as an environmental pollutant when it is over-applied to cropland or following runoff into surface water. Manure can also influence global climate change via emissions of methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O）. Thus, increased and updated knowledge of applied and environmental chemistry of animal manure is needed to shed light on the research and development of animal manure utilization and minimization of its adverse environmental concerns. The advances in basic and applied studies of manure major components, organic matter, phosphorus, and nitrogen, primarily related to US livestock production are summarized in this review. Detailed focus was placed on three notable challenges for future manure research： 1） soil application of animal manure, 2） manure phytate phosphorus, and 3） manure nitrogen availability. This review may contribute to the global effort in sustainable and environmentally sound agriculture by stimulating new ideas and directions in animal manure research, and promoting application of knowledge and insight derived from manure research into improved manure management strategies.
基金Supported by Fundación Séneca,0578/PI/07,Consejería de Educación, Ciencia a Investigación de la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia,CONSOLIDER FUN-C-FOOD.Nuevos ingredientes funcionales para mejorar la salud
文摘AIM： To test the effect of the dephytinization of three different commercial infant cereals on iron, calcium, and zinc bioavailability by estimating the uptake, retention, and transport by Caco-2 cells. METHODS： Both dephytinized （by adding an exogenous phytase） and non-dephytinized infant cereals were digested using an in vitro digestion protocol adapted to the gastrointestinal conditions of infants younger than 6 too. Mineral cell retention, transport, and uptake from infant cereals were measured using the soluble fraction of the simulated digestion and the Caco-2 cells. RESULTS： Dephytinization of infant cereals significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） the cell uptake efficiency （from 0.66%-6.05% to 3.93%-13%）, retention （from 6.04%-16.68% to 14.75%-20.14%） and transport efficiency （from 0.14%-2.21% to 1.47%-6.02%）, of iron, and the uptake efficiency （from 5.0%-35.4% to 7.3%-41.6%） and retention （from 4.05%-20.53% to 14.45%-61.3%） of zinc, whereas calcium only cell uptake showed a significant increase （P 〈 0.05） after removing phytate from most of the samples analyzed. A positive relationship （P 〈 0.05） between mineral solubility and the cell uptake and transport efficiencies was observed. CONCLUSION： Removing phytate from infant cereals had a beneficial effect on iron and zinc bioavailability when infant cereals were reconstituted with water. Since in developing countries cereal-based complementary foods for infants are usually consumed mixed with water, exogenous phytase additions could improve the nutritional value of this weaning food.
文摘Phytases belong to the class of phosphohydrolases that begin the step-wise hydrolysis of phosphates from phytates. Phytates are a derivative of myo-inositol, which is the primary storage form of organic phosphorus in plant cells. Phytase has been used globally to diminish phosphorus pollution and to enhance nutrition in monogastrics. In this review, the classification, sources, and diversity of microbial phytases, and their practical applications, as well as supplementation of the soil with transgenic and wild types of microbial strains, which can release phytase to enhance phosphorus availability for plant uptake and reduce the need for fertilizers, are discussed. The overexpressed microbial phytases in transgenic plants enhance the growth capacity of co-cultivated plants and can therefore be employed in agricultural and biotechnological practices, such as intercropping. The introduction of phytases into the soil for improved plant growth and enhanced crop yield can be accomplished without extra cost. A diverse group of photoautotrophic microalgae can synthesize phytase and will likely be useful in many human food and animal industries.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.51773062 and 61831021)
文摘Bio-inspired hierarchical self-assembly provides elegant and powerful bottom-up strategies for the creation of complex materials.However,the current self-assembly approaches for natural bio-compounds often result in materials with limited diversity and complexity in architecture as well as microstructure.Here,we develop a novel coordination polymerization-driven hierarchical assembly of micelle strategy,using phytic acid-based natural compounds as an example,for the spatially controlled fabrication of metal coordination bio-derived polymers.The resultant ferric phytate polymer nanospheres feature hollow architecture,ordered meso-channels of^12 nm,high surface area of 401 m2 g−1,and large pore volume of 0.53 cm3 g−1.As an advanced anode material,this bio-derivative polymer delivers a remarkable reversible capacity of 540 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1,good rate capability,and cycling stability for sodium-ion batteries.This study holds great potential of the design of new complex bio-materials with supramolecular chemistry.
文摘Zinc(Zn) deficiency in animals became of interest until the 1950s.In this paper,progresses in researches on physiology of Zn deficiency in animals,phytate effect on bioavailability of Zn,and role of phytase in healing Zn deficiency of animals were reviewed.Several studies demonstrated that Zn is recycled via the pancreas;the problem of Zn deficiency was controlled by Zn homeostasis.The endogenous secretion of Zn is considered as an important factor influencing Zn deficiency,and the critical molar ratio is 10.Phytate(inositol hexaphosphate) constituted up to 90% of the organically bound phosphorus in seeds.Great improvement has been made in recent years on isolating and measuring phytate,and its structure is clear.Phytate is considered to reduce Zn bioavailability in animal.Phytase is the enzyme that hydrolyzes phytate and is present in yeast,rye bran,wheat bran,barley,triticale,and many bacteria and fungi.Zinc nutrition and bioavailability can be enhanced by addition of phytase to animal feeds.Therefore,using phytase as supplements,the most prevalent Zn deficiency in animals may be effectively corrected without the mining and smelting of several tons of zinc daily needed to correct this deficiency by fortification worldwide.
文摘Obesity is now present worldwide, including China, India and developing countries. It now seems no longer acceptable to argue that obesity can simply be explained in terms of caloric consumption only using simple concept of energy in and energy out. There may be specific causes of altered metabolism that produce nutritional imbalances. Individual variation in response to food intake may also be considered. Specific substances in the food chain can influence meta-bolism towards an increase in fat deposits. Xenoestrogens have been suggested to have such an influence. Soy contains phytoestrogens plus phytates, protease inhibitors and other anti-nutrients which block or compromise the body’s uptake of essential vitamins and minerals. This may contribute to nutritional anomalies. We analyzed data from WHO and FAO for 167 countries. These contained percentage of obese individuals (BMI > 30 kg/m2), GDP, caloric consump-tion per capita, and sugar and soy consumption per capita. Regressions and partial correlations were used. Soy con-sumption correlates significantly with levels of obesity, irrespective of GDP and caloric intake. For instance, poor Latin America with soy consumption of 28.9 kg/person/year has more obesity (18.4%) than better off European Union (14.1%) consuming 16.1 kg/person/year of soy. Soy consumption seems to contribute approximately 10% - 21% to the worldwide variation in obesity, depending on the method of statistical analysis. The ubiquitous presence of unfermented soy products in mass produced foods seems to be an important contributor to the obesity epidemic.
基金supported by the Australian Research Council(Grant Nos.FT190100188,LP220100278,DP240102628,DP240102728).
文摘Engineering polyamide 6(PA6)is preferred for its superior mechanical properties,yet the intrinsic flammability restricts its industrial applications.As one of the biomass phosphorus-containing chemicals,phytic acid(PA)is favorable for its high phosphorus content and aggregation ability,making it expected to enhance the fire retardancy of PA6.Herein,a melamine-phytate aggregate(MPA)is prepared by electrostatic interaction in aqueous solution,and applied as a synergist for aluminum diethylphosphinate(ADP)in PA6.The strong synergistic effect exists between ADP and MPA towards PA6,especially when their mass ratio is 3:1 and the total loading is 18 wt%.Compared to the neat PA6,this formula allows for remarkable decreases in peak heat release rate(PHRR),total heat release(THR),and maximum average heat release rate(MARHE)by∼48%,∼27%,and∼30%,respectively,as well as a high synergistic efficiency of∼43%in PHRR.This PA6 composite also presents a V-0 rating in the vertical burning(UL-94)test and a high limiting oxygen index(LOI)of 29.7%.This work offers an eco-friendly strategy for developing bio-based P/N fire-retardant aggregates for fabricating PA6 materials with high fire safety.
文摘This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of indigenous phytase producing live yeast cultures on growth performance, phytate degradation and blood biochemical parameters of weanling rabbits. Fifty-six rabbits (28 males and 28 females) were allotted randomly into four groups containing a control and three groups administrated each with the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADR1B1, Hanseniaspora jakobsenii ADR3E1, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii RD31 during 8 weeks. The results showed that the administration of the three yeast strains accelerated the weight gain and improved rabbits growth performance in comparison to the control group, but did not affect the serum biochemical and hematological parameters. The highest weight gain (1715.95 ± 236 g), and phytate degradation rate (73.82% ± 0.92%) and the lowest biochemical parameters (triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL and LDL) were observed on rabbits fed with the yeast Hanseniaspora jakobsenii ADR3E1. This indigenous yeast species, which is used for the first time in animal feeding provided the best beneficial effects in rabbit breeding. Therefore, based on this finding, Hanseniaspora jakobsenii ADR3E1 can be recommended to supplement rabbit diets for growth performance and profitability enhancement.
基金support for this research from AB Vista,Marlborough,UK,is greatly appreciated。
文摘Background The effect of microbial phytase on amino acid and energy digestibility is not consistent in pigs,which may be related to the phytase dosage or the adaptation length to the diet.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to test the hypotheses that increasing dietary phytase after an 18-day adaptation period:1)increases nutrient and energy digestibility;2)increases plasma P,plasma inositol,and bone ash of young pigs;and 3)demonstrates that maximum phytate degradation requires more phytase than maximum P digestibility.Results Data indicated that increasing inclusion of phytase[0,250,500,1,000,2,000,and 4,000 phytase units(FTU)/kg feed]in corn-soybean meal-based diets increased apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of Trp(quadratic;P<0.05),and of Lys and Thr(linear;P<0.05),and tended to increase AID of Met(linear;P<0.10).Increasing dietary phytase also increased AID and apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD)of Ca and P(quadratic;P<0.05)and increased ATTD of K and Na(linear;P<0.05),but phytase did not influence the ATTD of Mg or gross energy.Concentrations of plasma P and bone ash increased(quadratic;P<0.05),and plasma inositol also increased(linear;P<0.05)with increasing inclusion of phytase.Reduced concentrations of inositol phosphate(IP)6 and IP5(quadratic;P<0.05),reduced IP4 and IP3(linear;P<0.05),but increased inositol concentrations(linear;P<0.05)were observed in ileal digesta as dietary phytase increased.The ATTD of P was maximized if at least 1,200 FTU/kg were used,whereas more than 4,000 FTU/kg were needed to maximize inositol release.Conclusions Increasing dietary levels of phytase after an 18-day adaptation period increased phytate and IP ester degradation and inositol release in the small intestine.Consequently,increasing dietary phytase resulted in improved digestibility of Ca,P,K,Na,and the first 4 limiting amino acids,and in increased concentrations of bone ash and plasma P and inositol.In a corn-soybean meal diet,maximum inositol release requires approximately 3,200 FTU/kg more phytase than that required for maximum P digestibility.
