Peppers （Capsicum annuum L.） are an important horticultural crop and are used fresh and processed. Several physical and mechanical properties of five pepper varieties （Yellow Bell, Red Bell, Green Bell, Red Chilli ...Peppers （Capsicum annuum L.） are an important horticultural crop and are used fresh and processed. Several physical and mechanical properties of five pepper varieties （Yellow Bell, Red Bell, Green Bell, Red Chilli and Green Chilli） have been investigated. The results showed that there were important significant differences among the varieties in most of the parameters that were measured. The physical characteristics included moisture content, length, width, thickness, projected area, surface area, sphericity, aspect ratio, mass and volume. The coefficients of static and dynamic friction were obtained on stainless steel, galvanic iron, glass and plastic. The aim of this study was to measure some physical and mechanical attributes of five pepper fruit varieties. Among the varieties, Red Bell variety had the highest average fruit mass （217.99 g） and followed by Yellow Bell （122.28 g） and Green Bell （I 12.80 g）. The highest geometric, arithmetic, square, equivalent mean diameter values were observed for Red Bell. The projected and surface areas of varieties were between 52.47-108.29 cm2 and 103.56-227.42 cm2, respectively. In the current study, researchers investigated the mentioned attributes of peppers and then established a convenient reference table for pepper mechanization and processing.展开更多
Purpose Thoroughbred racing jockeys compete at maximum physiological capacity in a sport with a high risk of falls and injury.A greater understanding of the physical capacities determining jockey performance may lead ...Purpose Thoroughbred racing jockeys compete at maximum physiological capacity in a sport with a high risk of falls and injury.A greater understanding of the physical capacities determining jockey performance may lead to minimum physical performance parameters and corrective interventions to improve jockey fitness and performance and reduce jockey and horse injury.The aim of this study was to develop appropriate physical testing procedures for jockeys and a physical fitness profile for different licence levels.Methods Fifty-eight jockeys(n=24 females,n=34 males),representing all apprentice jockeys licenced in New Zealand in 2021(100%,n=8 probationers and n=39 apprentices)and eleven professional jockeys(14%)were assessed to determine baseline physiological and fitness data.Descriptive statistics and boxplots were used to compare aerobic fitness,abdominal(core),upper and lower body strength,muscular power,reaction time,flexibility and a novel‘saddle’test targeting lower body strength,balance,and endurance between licencing levels.Effect Size(ES)was used to determine magnitude of dif-ferences between groups.Results More experienced jockeys had greater relative lower body strength(ES=0.2-0.7)and better balance(ES=0.5-0.9)compared to the less experienced groups.Jockeys who were in the top 20 of the premiership table(jockey rankings)had faster reaction times(ES=0.7)and greater core extensor strength(ES=0.7)than other cohorts.Most tests showed little dif-ferentiation between jockey licence levels,however the‘saddle test’showed greater variability in the less experienced race riders.This test may be an effective measure of jockey baseline performance.Conclusions These data could be used to inform minimum jockey licencing requirements and future physical fitness training programmes to increase jockey physiological fitness,thereby minimising risk of falls or injury due to physiological deficits and performance.展开更多
基金Supported by Fund of Taif University,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
文摘Peppers （Capsicum annuum L.） are an important horticultural crop and are used fresh and processed. Several physical and mechanical properties of five pepper varieties （Yellow Bell, Red Bell, Green Bell, Red Chilli and Green Chilli） have been investigated. The results showed that there were important significant differences among the varieties in most of the parameters that were measured. The physical characteristics included moisture content, length, width, thickness, projected area, surface area, sphericity, aspect ratio, mass and volume. The coefficients of static and dynamic friction were obtained on stainless steel, galvanic iron, glass and plastic. The aim of this study was to measure some physical and mechanical attributes of five pepper fruit varieties. Among the varieties, Red Bell variety had the highest average fruit mass （217.99 g） and followed by Yellow Bell （122.28 g） and Green Bell （I 12.80 g）. The highest geometric, arithmetic, square, equivalent mean diameter values were observed for Red Bell. The projected and surface areas of varieties were between 52.47-108.29 cm2 and 103.56-227.42 cm2, respectively. In the current study, researchers investigated the mentioned attributes of peppers and then established a convenient reference table for pepper mechanization and processing.
基金funded by the New Zealand Equine Trust grant ET 2/2019.
文摘Purpose Thoroughbred racing jockeys compete at maximum physiological capacity in a sport with a high risk of falls and injury.A greater understanding of the physical capacities determining jockey performance may lead to minimum physical performance parameters and corrective interventions to improve jockey fitness and performance and reduce jockey and horse injury.The aim of this study was to develop appropriate physical testing procedures for jockeys and a physical fitness profile for different licence levels.Methods Fifty-eight jockeys(n=24 females,n=34 males),representing all apprentice jockeys licenced in New Zealand in 2021(100%,n=8 probationers and n=39 apprentices)and eleven professional jockeys(14%)were assessed to determine baseline physiological and fitness data.Descriptive statistics and boxplots were used to compare aerobic fitness,abdominal(core),upper and lower body strength,muscular power,reaction time,flexibility and a novel‘saddle’test targeting lower body strength,balance,and endurance between licencing levels.Effect Size(ES)was used to determine magnitude of dif-ferences between groups.Results More experienced jockeys had greater relative lower body strength(ES=0.2-0.7)and better balance(ES=0.5-0.9)compared to the less experienced groups.Jockeys who were in the top 20 of the premiership table(jockey rankings)had faster reaction times(ES=0.7)and greater core extensor strength(ES=0.7)than other cohorts.Most tests showed little dif-ferentiation between jockey licence levels,however the‘saddle test’showed greater variability in the less experienced race riders.This test may be an effective measure of jockey baseline performance.Conclusions These data could be used to inform minimum jockey licencing requirements and future physical fitness training programmes to increase jockey physiological fitness,thereby minimising risk of falls or injury due to physiological deficits and performance.
