Eutrophication is one of the primary factors causing harmful cyanobacteria blooms in freshwater lakes.This study investigated the long-term changes in water quality and summer phytoplankton assemblages in Oswego Lake,...Eutrophication is one of the primary factors causing harmful cyanobacteria blooms in freshwater lakes.This study investigated the long-term changes in water quality and summer phytoplankton assemblages in Oswego Lake,OR,USA,in relation to phosphorus reduction through hypolimnetic aeration and alum applications.Both water quality and phytoplankton assemblages were sampled biweekly during the summers from 2001 to 2013.The concentrations of total phosphorus,soluble reactive phosphorus,and total nitrogen decreased 66%,93%and 31%,respectively,in response to the hypolimnetic aeration and alum treatments since 2005.Summer phytoplankton assemblages showed a 62%reduction of cyanobacteria biovolume and a shift from cyanobacteria dominance(2001–2005)to diatom and chlorophyte dominance(2006–2013).Cluster analysis identified four statistically different groups of summer phytoplankton assemblages(denoted Groups 1–4).Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis indicated that the four groups were associated with different water quality conditions.Group 1 occurred prior to hypolimnetic aeration and was primarily comprised of cyanobacteria,associated with water conditions of high nutrients and high primary production.Group 2,dominated by cyanobacteria and chlorophytes,occurred between hypolimnetic aeration and alum surface application.Group 3 was dominated by diatoms and occurred after alum surface application.Group 4 included R-strategist phytoplankton that quickly respond to environmental changes and occurred in the years following alum injection,drawdown,and inflow alum treatment.Both Group 3 and 4 were associated with reduced nutrients in the lake.We conclude that these lake management practices had strong effects on both production and community compositions of phytoplankton,and advocate for future studies on large-scale climate impacts on lake ecosystems and to identify corresponding best management practices.展开更多
The effect of coal levels on phosphorus removal from a high phosphorus oolitic hematite ore after direct reduction roasting have been investigated. Raw ore, coal, and a dephosphorizatiou agent were mixed and the mixtu...The effect of coal levels on phosphorus removal from a high phosphorus oolitic hematite ore after direct reduction roasting have been investigated. Raw ore, coal, and a dephosphorizatiou agent were mixed and the mixture was then roasted in a tunnel kiln. The roasted products were treated by two stages of grind- ing followed by magnetic separation. XRD and SEM-EDS examination of the products was used to analyze differences in the roasted products. The results show that coal is one of the most important factors affect- ing the direct reduction roasting process. When the inner coal levels increased from 0% to 15% the iron grade decreased linearly from 94.94%to 88.81% and the iron recovery increased from 55.94% to 92.94%. At the same time the phosphorus content increased from 0.045% to 0.231%. Increasing the inner coal levels also caused more hematite to be reduced to metallic iron but the oolitic structure of the roasted product was preserved in the presence of high coal loading. The phase of the phosphorus in raw ore was not changed after direct reduction roasting. The effect of coal on the phosphorus content in the H-concentrate arises from changes in the difficulty of mechanically liberating the metallic iron from the phosphorus bearing minerals.展开更多
In this study,the wine grapes balanced nutrient fertilizer(BNF)was designed according to the wine grape nutritional requirements in different growth stages,and objected to reduce fertilizer application rate of wine gr...In this study,the wine grapes balanced nutrient fertilizer(BNF)was designed according to the wine grape nutritional requirements in different growth stages,and objected to reduce fertilizer application rate of wine grape cultivation,improve fertilizer utilization rate,achieve stable yield and improve the quality of wine grapes.The experiment was carried out at the Great Wall Sanggan Winery,and the Aristocratic Winery.The experiment was designed with two treatments:Namely BNF treatment,and the traditional fertilization(CK).We investigated the effects of BNF on the quality of wine grapes by examining the plant traits of wine grapes in different experimental areas during the growing season,the fruit traits at maturity,and determined the contents of VC,organic acids,amino acids,flavonoids,soluble total sugars,soluble solids,tannins,total phenols and catechins.The results show that:①The application of grape BNF greatly reduced the application amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,while the vine had no fertilizer deficiency phenomenon;②It increased the single fruit weight,the ear weight and yield to varying degrees,and the yield increase range was between 12% and 41%;③The wine grapes with BNF had the following characteristics:tight infructescence,even color,small fruit less,no fruit dropped,strong fruit colloid feeling,better aroma and taste;④It greatly improved the quality of wine grapes,and increased the content of soluble solids,soluble total sugar,organic acids,VC,total phenols,flavonoids,amino acids and tannins in fruits;⑤It greatly increased the total catechin content of"Riesling"and"Syrah",and had no significant effects on the catechin content of"Merlot"and"Cabernet Sauvignon".In summary,the application of grape BNF has certain practical significance for guiding the production of local wine grapes,ensuring the yield while improving the quality,increasing the income and reducing the environmental pollution caused by excessive fertilization.展开更多
文摘Eutrophication is one of the primary factors causing harmful cyanobacteria blooms in freshwater lakes.This study investigated the long-term changes in water quality and summer phytoplankton assemblages in Oswego Lake,OR,USA,in relation to phosphorus reduction through hypolimnetic aeration and alum applications.Both water quality and phytoplankton assemblages were sampled biweekly during the summers from 2001 to 2013.The concentrations of total phosphorus,soluble reactive phosphorus,and total nitrogen decreased 66%,93%and 31%,respectively,in response to the hypolimnetic aeration and alum treatments since 2005.Summer phytoplankton assemblages showed a 62%reduction of cyanobacteria biovolume and a shift from cyanobacteria dominance(2001–2005)to diatom and chlorophyte dominance(2006–2013).Cluster analysis identified four statistically different groups of summer phytoplankton assemblages(denoted Groups 1–4).Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis indicated that the four groups were associated with different water quality conditions.Group 1 occurred prior to hypolimnetic aeration and was primarily comprised of cyanobacteria,associated with water conditions of high nutrients and high primary production.Group 2,dominated by cyanobacteria and chlorophytes,occurred between hypolimnetic aeration and alum surface application.Group 3 was dominated by diatoms and occurred after alum surface application.Group 4 included R-strategist phytoplankton that quickly respond to environmental changes and occurred in the years following alum injection,drawdown,and inflow alum treatment.Both Group 3 and 4 were associated with reduced nutrients in the lake.We conclude that these lake management practices had strong effects on both production and community compositions of phytoplankton,and advocate for future studies on large-scale climate impacts on lake ecosystems and to identify corresponding best management practices.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51074016) for the financial support for this research
文摘The effect of coal levels on phosphorus removal from a high phosphorus oolitic hematite ore after direct reduction roasting have been investigated. Raw ore, coal, and a dephosphorizatiou agent were mixed and the mixture was then roasted in a tunnel kiln. The roasted products were treated by two stages of grind- ing followed by magnetic separation. XRD and SEM-EDS examination of the products was used to analyze differences in the roasted products. The results show that coal is one of the most important factors affect- ing the direct reduction roasting process. When the inner coal levels increased from 0% to 15% the iron grade decreased linearly from 94.94%to 88.81% and the iron recovery increased from 55.94% to 92.94%. At the same time the phosphorus content increased from 0.045% to 0.231%. Increasing the inner coal levels also caused more hematite to be reduced to metallic iron but the oolitic structure of the roasted product was preserved in the presence of high coal loading. The phase of the phosphorus in raw ore was not changed after direct reduction roasting. The effect of coal on the phosphorus content in the H-concentrate arises from changes in the difficulty of mechanically liberating the metallic iron from the phosphorus bearing minerals.
文摘In this study,the wine grapes balanced nutrient fertilizer(BNF)was designed according to the wine grape nutritional requirements in different growth stages,and objected to reduce fertilizer application rate of wine grape cultivation,improve fertilizer utilization rate,achieve stable yield and improve the quality of wine grapes.The experiment was carried out at the Great Wall Sanggan Winery,and the Aristocratic Winery.The experiment was designed with two treatments:Namely BNF treatment,and the traditional fertilization(CK).We investigated the effects of BNF on the quality of wine grapes by examining the plant traits of wine grapes in different experimental areas during the growing season,the fruit traits at maturity,and determined the contents of VC,organic acids,amino acids,flavonoids,soluble total sugars,soluble solids,tannins,total phenols and catechins.The results show that:①The application of grape BNF greatly reduced the application amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,while the vine had no fertilizer deficiency phenomenon;②It increased the single fruit weight,the ear weight and yield to varying degrees,and the yield increase range was between 12% and 41%;③The wine grapes with BNF had the following characteristics:tight infructescence,even color,small fruit less,no fruit dropped,strong fruit colloid feeling,better aroma and taste;④It greatly improved the quality of wine grapes,and increased the content of soluble solids,soluble total sugar,organic acids,VC,total phenols,flavonoids,amino acids and tannins in fruits;⑤It greatly increased the total catechin content of"Riesling"and"Syrah",and had no significant effects on the catechin content of"Merlot"and"Cabernet Sauvignon".In summary,the application of grape BNF has certain practical significance for guiding the production of local wine grapes,ensuring the yield while improving the quality,increasing the income and reducing the environmental pollution caused by excessive fertilization.
