Magnesium potassium phosphate cement(MKPC)coatings exhibit potential for carbon steel protection but face challenges in practical application due to the preparation process and properties.This study develops flake gra...Magnesium potassium phosphate cement(MKPC)coatings exhibit potential for carbon steel protection but face challenges in practical application due to the preparation process and properties.This study develops flake graphite(FG)-modified MKPC coatings via spraying process,investigating the effects of FG size and dosage on phase composition,microstructure,mechanical properties,corrosion protection,and thermal conductivity.Results show that a low FG dosage(5 wt%)synergistically optimizes multifunctional performance.Compared to unmodified MKPC,FG2-1 exhibited exceptional impact resistance,associated with a 57%reduction in corrosion current density(icorr),a 356.3% increase in low-frequency impedance modulus(Z_(0.01 Hz))and a 37% increase in thermal conductivity.However,the coating with a high FG dosage(15 wt%)degraded performance due to defect accumulation and reduced crystallinity of KMgPO_(4)·6H_(2)O.This work advances the rational design of multifunctional inorganic coatings for extreme service environments requiring coupled corrosion protection and thermal management.展开更多
Graphite,encompassing both natural graphite and synthetic graphite,and graphene,have been extensively utilized and investigated as anode materials and additives in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In the pursuit of carbon ...Graphite,encompassing both natural graphite and synthetic graphite,and graphene,have been extensively utilized and investigated as anode materials and additives in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In the pursuit of carbon neutrality,LIBs are expected to play a pivotal role in reducing CO_(2)emissions by decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and enabling the integration of renewable energy sources.Owing to their technological maturity and exceptional electrochemical performance,the global production of graphite and graphene for LIBs is projected to continue expanding.Over the past decades,numerous researchers have concentrated on reducing the material and energy input whilst optimising the electrochemical performance of graphite and graphene,through novel synthesis methods and various modifications at the laboratory scale.This review provides a comprehensive examination of the manufacturing methods,environmental impact,research progress,and challenges associated with graphite and graphene in LIBs from an industrial perspective,with a particular focus on the carbon footprint of production processes.Additionally,it considers emerging challenges and future development directions of graphite and graphene,offering significant insights for ongoing and future research in the field of green LIBs.展开更多
Fine-grained nuclear graphite is a key material in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors(HTGRs).During air ingress accidents,core graphite components undergo severe oxidation,threatening structural integrity.Therefore,...Fine-grained nuclear graphite is a key material in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors(HTGRs).During air ingress accidents,core graphite components undergo severe oxidation,threatening structural integrity.Therefore,understanding the oxidation behavior of nuclear graphite is essential for reactor safety.The influence of oxidation involves multiple factors,including temperature,sample size,oxidant,impurities,filler type and size,etc.The size of the filler particles plays a crucial role in this study.Five ultrafine-and superfine-grained nuclear graphite samples(5.9-34.4μm)are manufactured using identical raw materials and manufacturing processes.Isothermal oxidation tests conducted at 650℃-750℃ are used to study the oxidation behavior.Additionally,comprehensive characterization is performed to analyze the crystal structure,surface morphology,and nanoscale to microscale pore structure of the samples.Results indicate that oxidation behavior cannot be predicted solely based on filler grain size.Reactive site concentration,characterized by active surface area,dominates the chemical reaction kinetics,whereas pore tortuosity,quantified by the structural parameterΨ,plays a key role in regulating oxidant diffusion.These findings clarify the dual role of microstructure in oxidation mechanisms and establish a theoretical and experimental basis for the design of high-performance nuclear graphite capable of long-term service in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors.展开更多
A novel macroparticle magnesium-modified biochar/yttrium alginate(Mg-BC/SA-Y)hybrid biogel composite was successfully developed through a facile solution reaction of magnesium-modified BC and yttrium alginate polymer,...A novel macroparticle magnesium-modified biochar/yttrium alginate(Mg-BC/SA-Y)hybrid biogel composite was successfully developed through a facile solution reaction of magnesium-modified BC and yttrium alginate polymer,and its properties were characterized.The obtained Mg-BC/SA-Y biogel beads have a particle size of approximately 1.5 mm,featuring abundant network pores and an uneven,distinctive surface.The performance and mechanisms of Mg-BC/SA-Y for phosphate adsorption were thoroughly investigated.The findings indicate that Mg-BC/SA-Y removes up to 95.7%of phosphate at pH4.0 and 298 K,and also achieves a phosphate removal efficiency of over 80%within a pH range of3.0-11.0.The adsorption capacity of Mg-BC/SA-Y for phosphate is nearly four times that of BC.The spontaneous adsorption processes and endothermic adsorption behavior can be elucidated by the pseudo-second-order rate and Langmuir equations,respectively.Phosphate adsorption is almost unaffected by water ionic strength and common coexisting ions,except for the influence of highconcentration F-ions.The recyclable biogel beads can be reused after adsorbing phosphate,and represent excellent stability and practicability in real water.The mechanisms of ligand exchange,innersphere complexation and electrostatic attraction are involved in phosphate removal.Mg-BC/SA-Y biogel polymer is a desirable and sustainable biosorbent for treating water with excessive phosphate levels and reducing pollution and carbon emissions.展开更多
The extensive application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles has led to a torrential surge of endof-life batteries.As the dominant anode material,graphite's environmental and resource costs in productio...The extensive application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles has led to a torrential surge of endof-life batteries.As the dominant anode material,graphite's environmental and resource costs in production highlight the necessity of recycling spent graphite(SG).However,SG recycling technologies remain markedly underdeveloped compared to the cathode recovery status,due to perceived lower economic value.This review provides an in-depth analysis of the current SG growth trend and highlights the cost accounting for graphite recycling and the significant importance of advanced recycling technologies.By examining the failure mechanisms of graphite,various recycling and upcycling technologies in both practical application and fundamental research are fully discussed,in terms of the regeneration principle,recycling effect,strengths,and limitations of each method.Furthermore,the multi-purpose applications of recycled graphite beyond LIB anodes are explored to enhance its high-value properties.Finally,the prospects of SG recycling and large-scale application challenges are presented,including economic feasibility,process optimization,and regulatory restrictions.This review provides a comprehensive overview of developments in SG recycling strategies,offering valuable insights for narrowing the gap between fundamental research and practical applications.展开更多
Excessive phosphorus and arsenic in water bodies not only destroy ecosystems but also pose a serious threat to human health.In this study,a series of Al-doped modified metal-organic frameworks(Zr-Al-MOF)were prepared ...Excessive phosphorus and arsenic in water bodies not only destroy ecosystems but also pose a serious threat to human health.In this study,a series of Al-doped modified metal-organic frameworks(Zr-Al-MOF)were prepared by solvothermal method,which achieved efficient removal of phosphate and arsenate in water.Due to the use of inexpensive Al salts,the material has a lower cost and is more economical.The molar ratio of metal salts,adsorption time,solution pH,initial concentration,temperature and coexisting anions were studied,and it was found that when the molar ratio of Zr:Al was 2,Zr-Al-MOF had the best adsorption performance for phosphate and arsenate,and the maximum adsorption capacity was 93.04 mg P/g and 173.83 mg As/g,respectively.It traps phosphate and arsenate at a fast reaction rate and can be recycled repeatedly.In addition,0.15 g/L of 2Zr-Al-MOF can effectively reduce the phosphate and arsenate content in the contaminated spring water samples of Yangzonghai Lake to the standard range of drinking water,which further confirms the application potential of 2Zr-Al-MOF.By FT-IR and XPS analysis,it was found that the adsorption mechanism was ligand exchange,electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bond formation.The theoretical calculation shows that the adsorption energy is negative,which indicates that 2Zr-Al-MOF is attractive to phosphate and arsenate,and the adsorption state is stable.The results show that 2Zr-Al-MOF is an effective phosphate and arsenate adsorbent and has broad application prospects in eutrophication water treatment.展开更多
Laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS)have gained increasing attention in the field of micro/nano fabrication,although achieving sub-100-nm period LIPSS with high uniformity remains a significant challenge.I...Laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS)have gained increasing attention in the field of micro/nano fabrication,although achieving sub-100-nm period LIPSS with high uniformity remains a significant challenge.In this work,towards deep-subwavelength LIPSS on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite(HOPG),we demonstrate that ultra-uniform nanogratings of sub-50-nm periods and near-10-nm groove widths can be stably prepared via 800-nm femtosecond laser scanning irradiation with a high-NA objective lens under water immersion.The resulting nanogratings of strong polarization dependence,exhibiting exceptional surface flatness,period stability,and structural integrity,tend to appear at near-damage-threshold fluence regime with an appropriate effective pulse number.It turns out that the water immersion condition can significantly reduce the thermal effects of femtosecond laser ablation on HOPG,and thus via a mild,incubation-like scanning ablation process occurring in the nanogrooves with a continuous or jumping manner,this deep-subwavelength grating can achieve robust elongation growth,ensuring its long-range uniformity as well as minimal deposited debris and structural defects.Interestingly,the different incubation extension mechanisms for the mutually perpendicular and parallel settings between scanning direction and laser polarization bring not only distinct effective-pulse-number windows and somewhat different grating qualities,but also different extension stabilities in nanograting stitching via overlapping scanning lines and thus the optimal scanning strategy of parallel setting for large-area processing.In short,this study presents a convenient laser-processing approach for high precision fabrication of sub-50-nm gratings on HOPG,which would provide new insights into micro/nano-fabrication for optoelectronic metasurfaces and physics of the interaction between ultrafast laser and graphite.展开更多
While nuclear energy represents a low-carbon and high-efficiency energy source that plays a vital role in the global energy mix,the limitations of spent fuel reprocessing technology pose a major challenge to its susta...While nuclear energy represents a low-carbon and high-efficiency energy source that plays a vital role in the global energy mix,the limitations of spent fuel reprocessing technology pose a major challenge to its sustainable development.The PUREX(plutonium uranium redox extraction)process is currently the dominant nuclear fuel reprocessing technology in the world.However,the key extractant in this process is tributyl phosphate(TBP),which degrades under intense radiation,high temperatures,and strong acidity.This leads to the production of dibutyl phosphate,monobutyl phosphate,and other degradation byproducts,which may reduce the extraction efficiency and trigger third-phase formation and equipment corrosion.This paper systematically reviews the degradation mechanisms of TBP and its diluents,the analytical technique suitable for characterizing degradation products,and the impact of degradation products on the post-treatment process.Additionally,optimization strategies employed for suppressing third-phase formation are discussed.This study offers a theoretical foundation and technical insights in optimizing the PUREX process and ensuring the safe operation of the post-treatment process.展开更多
The impurities and structural cracks within spent graphite(SG)in lithium-ion battery anodes hamper lithium-ion intercalation and extraction after successive charge-discharge operations,thereby yielding poor lithium st...The impurities and structural cracks within spent graphite(SG)in lithium-ion battery anodes hamper lithium-ion intercalation and extraction after successive charge-discharge operations,thereby yielding poor lithium storage behavior.Herein,low-viscosity natural deep eutectic solvent(NDES)composed of citric acid(CA)and betaine hydrochloride was employed to remove the organic impurities in SG via a one-step benign process involving hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions at mild conditions of 80℃ for only 30 min.After NDES leaching under optimal conditions(molar ratio of CA to betaine hydrochloride=3:1,80℃,30 min),the as-obtained sample(denoted as BG-3)exhibited an extremely clean surface,moderately enlarged interlayer distance,and more structural defects at the edge of graphite lamellae.These features facilitated lithium-ion intercalation and withdrawal,bestowing BG-3 with remarkable activity in lithium-ion battery(LIB)recycling.For instance,BG-3 delivered a capacity of 438.6 mAh g^(-1) at a current density of 0.1 A g^(-1).Its capacity retention reached 97.9%,accompanied by a Coulombic efficiency of 99.1%,upon completing 100 cycles.A molecular dynamics simulation was employed to illuminate the regeneration mechanism for anode graphite from a theoretical perspective.It revealed that NDES exhibits lower binding energy with all contaminants compared to graphite,which is favorable for NDES to eliminate impurities from graphite surfaces.This study unveils a method of recycling SG from retired LIBs by a short eco-friendly process,providing a competitive blueprint to address the shortage of battery-grade anode graphite and to achieve carbon neutrality.展开更多
To enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes with higher silicon content,it is essential to engineer their microstructure for better lithium-ion transport and mitigated volume change as wel...To enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes with higher silicon content,it is essential to engineer their microstructure for better lithium-ion transport and mitigated volume change as well.Herein,we suggest an effective approach to control the micropore structure of silicon oxide(SiO_(x))/artificial graphite(AG)composite electrodes using a perforated current collector.The electrode features a unique pore structure,where alternating high-porosity domains and low-porosity domains markedly reduce overall electrode resistance,leading to a 20%improvement in rate capability at a 5C-rate discharge condition.Using microstructure-resolved modeling and simulations,we demonstrate that the patterned micropore structure enhances lithium-ion transport,mitigating the electrolyte concentration gradient of lithium-ion.Additionally,perforating current collector with a chemical etching process increases the number of hydrogen bonding sites and enlarges the interface with the SiO_(x)/AG composite electrode,significantly improving adhesion strength.This,in turn,suppresses mechanical degradation and leads to a 50%higher capacity retention.Thus,regularly arranged micropore structure enabled by the perforated current collector successfully improves both rate capability and cycle life in SiO_(x)/AG composite electrodes,providing valuable insights into electrode engineering.展开更多
For India to achieve elimination by 2030,the challenges posed by Plasmodium(P.)vivax cannot be overlooked owing to its burden and unique biology.In 2023,in India,about 224000 malaria cases were reported,and a signific...For India to achieve elimination by 2030,the challenges posed by Plasmodium(P.)vivax cannot be overlooked owing to its burden and unique biology.In 2023,in India,about 224000 malaria cases were reported,and a significant proportion(40%)were P.vivax cases.In P.vivax infection,the persistence of dormant liver stage of parasite,i.e.,hypnozoites,leading to relapses weeks or months later poses challenge in its elimination.展开更多
Waste graphitization cathode carbon blocks are a type of hazardous solid waste generated during the aluminum electrolysis process,and their proper disposal is a key step in the resource utilization of discarded graphi...Waste graphitization cathode carbon blocks are a type of hazardous solid waste generated during the aluminum electrolysis process,and their proper disposal is a key step in the resource utilization of discarded graphite.This study utilizes the porous“defect advantage”of a cathode carbon block matrix to prepare silicon-doped and asphalt-coated detoxified and purified waste graphitization cathode carbon blocks for use as high-performance silicon/carbon composite anode materials.The results show that the uniformly silicondoped silicon/carbon composite material features a unique amorphous carbon-encapsulated“locked silicon”structure,which effectively addresses issues such as cathode volume expansion,excessive growth of the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)film,and poor electrical contact between active materials.Consequently,electrochemical performance is enhanced.After assembly in a half-cell,the PSCC/10%Si@C(purified waste graphitization cathode carbon/10%Si@C)material exhibits optimal electrochemical stability,with an initial charging specific capacity of 514.5 mAh/g at 0.1 C(1 C=170 mA/g)and a capacity retention rate of 95.1%after 100 cycles.At a charge rate of 2.0 C,a specific capacity of 216.9 mAh/g is achieved.This technology provides a new pathway for the economical and high-value utilization of waste cathode carbon blocks and the development of low-cost,high-performance anode materials.展开更多
Graphite and hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN),despite their structural similarity,exhibit opposing electronic properties,namely,metallic conductivity and wide-bandgap insulation,respectively.In recent years,graphene-h-BN...Graphite and hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN),despite their structural similarity,exhibit opposing electronic properties,namely,metallic conductivity and wide-bandgap insulation,respectively.In recent years,graphene-h-BN heterostructures have attracted significant research interest,with the resulting hybrid B-C-N atomic-layer systems exhibiting distinctive electronic properties.Notably,interface effects play a decisive role in governing the performance of these heterostructures.Nevertheless,owing to the lack of high-quality composites,the interfacial structure in B-C-N materials and the correlation with critical properties such as charge transport and band structure modulation are not fully clear.Here,we report the direct synthesis of a millimeter-sized hexagonal B-C-N composite via a solvent method under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.Structural characterization reveals that the synthesized B-C-N composite contains isolated graphite and h-BN.Compared with pure h-BN,the B-C-N composite has a narrower bandgap and shows a pronounced photoelectric response in the visible light region.More interestingly,we find a graphite-like B-C compound with a thickness of about 30 nm at the graphite-h-BN interface,which forms Schottky junctions with graphite,thus realizing rectification properties.Our findings provide a method for synthesizing highquality B-C-N composites and offer new insights into the structure of the graphite-h-BN interface.展开更多
With the booming development of lithium-ion batteries,safety has become one of the most primary focuses of current researches.Although there are various approaches to enhance the safety of lithiumion batteries,phospha...With the booming development of lithium-ion batteries,safety has become one of the most primary focuses of current researches.Although there are various approaches to enhance the safety of lithiumion batteries,phosphate-based electrolyte holds the greatest potential for practical application due to their non-flammability.Nonetheless,its compatibility issue with the graphite anode remains a significant obstacle to its widespread use.Herein,an effective method is proposed to improve the compatibility of electrolyte with graphite(Gr)anode by rationally adjusting the proportion of lithium salt and solvent components to optimize the Li^(+)solvation structure.By slightly increasing the Li^(+)/triethyl phosphate(TEP)ratio,TEP alone cannot fully occupy the inner solvation sheath and therefore less polar ethylene carbonate(EC)has to be recruited,and the solvation structure gradually changes from Li^(+)–[TEP]_(4)to Li^(+)–[TEP]_(3)[EC]with the coexistence of EC and TEP.Simultaneously,EC molecules in the Li^(+)–[TEP]_(3)[EC]could be preferentially reduced on graphite compared to the TEP molecules,resulting in the formation of a uniform and durable solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI)layer.Benefiting from the optimized phosphate-based electrolyte,the Gr|Li battery exhibits a capacity retention rate of 96.8%after stable cycling at 0.5 C for 470 cycles which shows a longer cycle life than the battery with carbonate electrolyte(cycling at 0.5 C for 450 cycles).Therefore,this work provides the guidance for designing a non-flammable phosphate-based electrolyte for high-safety and long cycling-life lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
Since lithium-ion batteries have been put into use,the recession of work cycle efficiency at low temperatures has received widespread attention.In this paper,we investigated the effect of low temperature(−5℃,0℃,5℃)...Since lithium-ion batteries have been put into use,the recession of work cycle efficiency at low temperatures has received widespread attention.In this paper,we investigated the effect of low temperature(−5℃,0℃,5℃)environments on the performance of lithium-ion batteries,which are well-known for their excellent discharge performance,cycle life,and safety.However,lithium-ion batteries exhibit significant capacity degradation at low temperatures,especially at 0℃,losing availability after only 10 cycles.Therefore,we conducted cycle degradation tests at 1C discharge and 100% charge-discharge conditions.In this paper,we analyzed the surface morphology,structure,and elemental composition of the positive and negative electrodes before and after the aging process by disassembling theminto half-cells and using three physical characterization techniques:scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Our study identifies the temperature range for accelerated aging,which provides guidance for the optimal use of lithium-ion batteries in low temperature environments,thus contributing to the rational utilization and enhanced the performance of lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are an electrochemical energy storage technology that has been widely used for portable electrical devices,electric vehicles,and grid storage,etc.To satisfy the demand for user convenience e...Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are an electrochemical energy storage technology that has been widely used for portable electrical devices,electric vehicles,and grid storage,etc.To satisfy the demand for user convenience especially for electric vehicles,the development of a fast-charging technology for LIBs has become a critical focus.In commercial LIBs,the slow kinetics of Li+intercalation into the graphite anode from the electrolyte solution is known as the main restriction for fast-charging.We summarize the recent advances in obtaining fast-charging graphite-based anodes,mainly involving modifications of the electrolyte solution and graphite anode.Specifically,strategies for increasing the ionic conductivity and regulating the Li+solvation/desolvation state in the electrolyte solution,as well as optimizing the fabrication and the intrinsic activity of graphite-based anodes are discussed in detail.This review considers practical ways to obtain fast Li+intercalation kinetics into a graphite anode from the electrolyte as well as analysing progress in the commercialization of fast-charging LIBs.展开更多
Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))production is a promising strategy to replace the traditional production processes;however,the inefficient H_(2)O_(2) productivity limits its application.In this study,oxyge...Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))production is a promising strategy to replace the traditional production processes;however,the inefficient H_(2)O_(2) productivity limits its application.In this study,oxygen-rich g-C_(3)N_(4) with abundant nitrogen vacancies(OCN)was synthesized for photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2) production.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that oxygen-containing functional groups(–COOH and C–O–C)were obtained.Electron paramagnetic resonance confirmed the successful introduction of nitrogen vacancies.OCN exhibited efficient photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2) production performance of 1965μmol L^(−1) h^(−1) in air under visible-light irradiation.The high H_(2)O_(2) production was attributed to the enhanced adsorption of oxygen,enlarged specific surface area,and promoted carrier separation.An increased H_(2)O_(2) production rate(5781μmol L^(−1) h^(−1))was achieved in a Na_(3)PO_(4) solution.The improved performance was attributed to the changed reactive oxygen species.Specifically,the adsorbed PO_(4)^(3−) on the surface of the OCN promoted the transfer of holes to the catalyst surface.•O_(2)−obtained by O_(2) reduction reacted with adjacent holes to generate 1O_(2),which could efficiently generate H_(2)O_(2) with isopropanol.Additionally,PO_(4)^(3−),as a stabilizer,inhibited the decomposition of H_(2)O_(2).展开更多
The soaring demand for smart portable electronics and electric vehicles is propelling the advancements in high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries.Lithium manganese iron phosphate(LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4))has garnered...The soaring demand for smart portable electronics and electric vehicles is propelling the advancements in high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries.Lithium manganese iron phosphate(LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4))has garnered significant attention as a promising positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its advantages of low cost,high safety,long cycle life,high voltage,good high-temperature performance,and high energy density.Although LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4)has made significant breakthroughs in the past few decades,there are still facing great challenges in poor electronic conductivity and Li-ion diffusion,manganese dissolution affecting battery cycling performance,as well as low tap density.This review systematically summarizes the reaction mechanisms,various synthesis methods,and electrochemical properties of LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4)to analyze reaction processes accurately and guide material preparation.Later,the main challenges currently faced are concluded,and the corresponding various modification strategies are discussed to enhance the reaction kinetics and electrochemical performance of LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4),including multi-scale particle regulation,heteroatom doping,surface coating,as well as microscopic morphology design.Finally,in view of the current research challenges faced by intrinsic reaction processes,kinetics,and energy storage applications,the promising research directions are anticipated.More importantly,it is expected to provide key insights into the development of high-performance and stable LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4)materials,to achieve practical energy storage requirements.展开更多
Guided bone regeneration in the alveolar bone relies on the colonization and differentiation of immune cells within the defect area.The absence of osteoinductive and osteoimmune properties of currently available scaff...Guided bone regeneration in the alveolar bone relies on the colonization and differentiation of immune cells within the defect area.The absence of osteoinductive and osteoimmune properties of currently available scaffolds hinders to achieve optimal repair outcomes in clinical settings.Thus,we aimed to enhance the bone repair ability of polycaprolactone(PCL)scaffolds by incorporating osteoinductive amorphous calcium phosphate(ACP)with immune-regulating zinc ions(ACP(Zn),ACZP),to create a favorable immunomodulatory microenvironment.After one day of co-culture with PCL-ACZP,the spreading area of macrophage cells was significantly higher than that from the original PCL scaffold.Additionally,over 32.1%of macrophages exhibited M2 polarization within three days of co-culture.The PCLACZP/macrophage-conditioned medium significantly boosted osteogenic gene expression in MC3T3-E1 cells.After eight weeks of implantation in a rat femoral condyle defect,the BV/TV from the PCL-ACZP group reached 32.9%,1.4 times of that from the PCL group.Furthermore,the PCL-ACZP-GelMA biphasic module as prepared successfully achieved complete regeneration of three-walled alveolar bone defects in rabbits,resulting in arch-shaped alveolar bone repair and providing greater convenience in the clinical settings.This study showcased the effectiveness of PCL-ACZP-GelMA biphasic module as bioactive scaffolds in the morphological restoration of alveolar bone.展开更多
The efficient recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4),also referred to as LFP)should convert Fe(Ⅱ)to Fe(Ⅲ),which is key to the extraction of Li and separation of Fe and is not well understood.Herein,we ...The efficient recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4),also referred to as LFP)should convert Fe(Ⅱ)to Fe(Ⅲ),which is key to the extraction of Li and separation of Fe and is not well understood.Herein,we systematically study the oxidation of LiFePO_(4)in the air and in the solution containing oxidants such as H_(2)O_(2)and the effect of oxidation on the leaching behaviors of LFP.In the air,O_(2)breaks down the LFP olivine structure at 550℃for 1 h by oxidizing Fe(Ⅱ)to Fe(Ⅲ)in terms of converting LFP to Li_(3)Fe_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3).After that,Li is leached in 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution and is further recycled as Li_(3)PO_(4)with a Li recovery efficiency of 97.48%.Meanwhile,Fe is recovered as FePO_(4)and Fe_(2)O_(3).Compared with H_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O_(2),the air oxidation saves H_(2)O_(2)but increases the leaching efficiency of Fe and H_(2)SO_(4)consumption.The discrepancy of Fe leaching efficiency can be attributed to the different leaching mechanisms involving the solid-to-solid and solid-to-liquid-to-solid conversions.Furthermore,the results of the Everbatt model analysis show that the air roasting-H_(2)SO_(4)leaching method has low emission and potentially high income,which is simple and safe.Overall,this work will deepen the understanding of acid leaching of LFP and favorably stimulate the maturation of the LFP recycling technique.展开更多
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFB3714804)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52171277)+1 种基金Baima Lake Laboratory Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LBMHZ24E020001)Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering(2022SZ-TD006).
文摘Magnesium potassium phosphate cement(MKPC)coatings exhibit potential for carbon steel protection but face challenges in practical application due to the preparation process and properties.This study develops flake graphite(FG)-modified MKPC coatings via spraying process,investigating the effects of FG size and dosage on phase composition,microstructure,mechanical properties,corrosion protection,and thermal conductivity.Results show that a low FG dosage(5 wt%)synergistically optimizes multifunctional performance.Compared to unmodified MKPC,FG2-1 exhibited exceptional impact resistance,associated with a 57%reduction in corrosion current density(icorr),a 356.3% increase in low-frequency impedance modulus(Z_(0.01 Hz))and a 37% increase in thermal conductivity.However,the coating with a high FG dosage(15 wt%)degraded performance due to defect accumulation and reduced crystallinity of KMgPO_(4)·6H_(2)O.This work advances the rational design of multifunctional inorganic coatings for extreme service environments requiring coupled corrosion protection and thermal management.
基金supported by European Union's Horizon Europe,UK Research and Innovation(UKRI).
文摘Graphite,encompassing both natural graphite and synthetic graphite,and graphene,have been extensively utilized and investigated as anode materials and additives in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In the pursuit of carbon neutrality,LIBs are expected to play a pivotal role in reducing CO_(2)emissions by decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and enabling the integration of renewable energy sources.Owing to their technological maturity and exceptional electrochemical performance,the global production of graphite and graphene for LIBs is projected to continue expanding.Over the past decades,numerous researchers have concentrated on reducing the material and energy input whilst optimising the electrochemical performance of graphite and graphene,through novel synthesis methods and various modifications at the laboratory scale.This review provides a comprehensive examination of the manufacturing methods,environmental impact,research progress,and challenges associated with graphite and graphene in LIBs from an industrial perspective,with a particular focus on the carbon footprint of production processes.Additionally,it considers emerging challenges and future development directions of graphite and graphene,offering significant insights for ongoing and future research in the field of green LIBs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFA1612900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52103365 and No.12375270)the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program,China(Grant No.2021ZT09L227).
文摘Fine-grained nuclear graphite is a key material in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors(HTGRs).During air ingress accidents,core graphite components undergo severe oxidation,threatening structural integrity.Therefore,understanding the oxidation behavior of nuclear graphite is essential for reactor safety.The influence of oxidation involves multiple factors,including temperature,sample size,oxidant,impurities,filler type and size,etc.The size of the filler particles plays a crucial role in this study.Five ultrafine-and superfine-grained nuclear graphite samples(5.9-34.4μm)are manufactured using identical raw materials and manufacturing processes.Isothermal oxidation tests conducted at 650℃-750℃ are used to study the oxidation behavior.Additionally,comprehensive characterization is performed to analyze the crystal structure,surface morphology,and nanoscale to microscale pore structure of the samples.Results indicate that oxidation behavior cannot be predicted solely based on filler grain size.Reactive site concentration,characterized by active surface area,dominates the chemical reaction kinetics,whereas pore tortuosity,quantified by the structural parameterΨ,plays a key role in regulating oxidant diffusion.These findings clarify the dual role of microstructure in oxidation mechanisms and establish a theoretical and experimental basis for the design of high-performance nuclear graphite capable of long-term service in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21167011)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China(2020LH02009)the Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Environment Security of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China(XTCX003)。
文摘A novel macroparticle magnesium-modified biochar/yttrium alginate(Mg-BC/SA-Y)hybrid biogel composite was successfully developed through a facile solution reaction of magnesium-modified BC and yttrium alginate polymer,and its properties were characterized.The obtained Mg-BC/SA-Y biogel beads have a particle size of approximately 1.5 mm,featuring abundant network pores and an uneven,distinctive surface.The performance and mechanisms of Mg-BC/SA-Y for phosphate adsorption were thoroughly investigated.The findings indicate that Mg-BC/SA-Y removes up to 95.7%of phosphate at pH4.0 and 298 K,and also achieves a phosphate removal efficiency of over 80%within a pH range of3.0-11.0.The adsorption capacity of Mg-BC/SA-Y for phosphate is nearly four times that of BC.The spontaneous adsorption processes and endothermic adsorption behavior can be elucidated by the pseudo-second-order rate and Langmuir equations,respectively.Phosphate adsorption is almost unaffected by water ionic strength and common coexisting ions,except for the influence of highconcentration F-ions.The recyclable biogel beads can be reused after adsorbing phosphate,and represent excellent stability and practicability in real water.The mechanisms of ligand exchange,innersphere complexation and electrostatic attraction are involved in phosphate removal.Mg-BC/SA-Y biogel polymer is a desirable and sustainable biosorbent for treating water with excessive phosphate levels and reducing pollution and carbon emissions.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2023YFB3809300)Longzhong Laboratory Research Project(grant no.2024KF-20)+4 种基金the National Science Foundation of China(grant no.52373306)the Key Research and Development Program Project of Hubei Province(grant no.2023BAB140,2024BAA013)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(grant no.2023AFA053)the Key Research and Development Program of Henan Province(grant no.251111240100)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(grant no.GZB20230553)。
文摘The extensive application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles has led to a torrential surge of endof-life batteries.As the dominant anode material,graphite's environmental and resource costs in production highlight the necessity of recycling spent graphite(SG).However,SG recycling technologies remain markedly underdeveloped compared to the cathode recovery status,due to perceived lower economic value.This review provides an in-depth analysis of the current SG growth trend and highlights the cost accounting for graphite recycling and the significant importance of advanced recycling technologies.By examining the failure mechanisms of graphite,various recycling and upcycling technologies in both practical application and fundamental research are fully discussed,in terms of the regeneration principle,recycling effect,strengths,and limitations of each method.Furthermore,the multi-purpose applications of recycled graphite beyond LIB anodes are explored to enhance its high-value properties.Finally,the prospects of SG recycling and large-scale application challenges are presented,including economic feasibility,process optimization,and regulatory restrictions.This review provides a comprehensive overview of developments in SG recycling strategies,offering valuable insights for narrowing the gap between fundamental research and practical applications.
基金supported by the NSFC-Yunnan Joint Fund(No.U2102210)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22168044)+1 种基金Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology(No.202201BF070001-013)the Research Innovation Fund for Graduate Students of Yunnan University(No.KC-23234004).
文摘Excessive phosphorus and arsenic in water bodies not only destroy ecosystems but also pose a serious threat to human health.In this study,a series of Al-doped modified metal-organic frameworks(Zr-Al-MOF)were prepared by solvothermal method,which achieved efficient removal of phosphate and arsenate in water.Due to the use of inexpensive Al salts,the material has a lower cost and is more economical.The molar ratio of metal salts,adsorption time,solution pH,initial concentration,temperature and coexisting anions were studied,and it was found that when the molar ratio of Zr:Al was 2,Zr-Al-MOF had the best adsorption performance for phosphate and arsenate,and the maximum adsorption capacity was 93.04 mg P/g and 173.83 mg As/g,respectively.It traps phosphate and arsenate at a fast reaction rate and can be recycled repeatedly.In addition,0.15 g/L of 2Zr-Al-MOF can effectively reduce the phosphate and arsenate content in the contaminated spring water samples of Yangzonghai Lake to the standard range of drinking water,which further confirms the application potential of 2Zr-Al-MOF.By FT-IR and XPS analysis,it was found that the adsorption mechanism was ligand exchange,electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bond formation.The theoretical calculation shows that the adsorption energy is negative,which indicates that 2Zr-Al-MOF is attractive to phosphate and arsenate,and the adsorption state is stable.The results show that 2Zr-Al-MOF is an effective phosphate and arsenate adsorbent and has broad application prospects in eutrophication water treatment.
基金supported by grants from Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2021A1515012335)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.11274400)+2 种基金Pearl River S&T Nova Program of Guangzhou(Grant No.201506010059)State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies(Sun Yat-Sen University)(Grant No.OEMT-2024-ZTS-01)State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics(Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics)。
文摘Laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS)have gained increasing attention in the field of micro/nano fabrication,although achieving sub-100-nm period LIPSS with high uniformity remains a significant challenge.In this work,towards deep-subwavelength LIPSS on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite(HOPG),we demonstrate that ultra-uniform nanogratings of sub-50-nm periods and near-10-nm groove widths can be stably prepared via 800-nm femtosecond laser scanning irradiation with a high-NA objective lens under water immersion.The resulting nanogratings of strong polarization dependence,exhibiting exceptional surface flatness,period stability,and structural integrity,tend to appear at near-damage-threshold fluence regime with an appropriate effective pulse number.It turns out that the water immersion condition can significantly reduce the thermal effects of femtosecond laser ablation on HOPG,and thus via a mild,incubation-like scanning ablation process occurring in the nanogrooves with a continuous or jumping manner,this deep-subwavelength grating can achieve robust elongation growth,ensuring its long-range uniformity as well as minimal deposited debris and structural defects.Interestingly,the different incubation extension mechanisms for the mutually perpendicular and parallel settings between scanning direction and laser polarization bring not only distinct effective-pulse-number windows and somewhat different grating qualities,but also different extension stabilities in nanograting stitching via overlapping scanning lines and thus the optimal scanning strategy of parallel setting for large-area processing.In short,this study presents a convenient laser-processing approach for high precision fabrication of sub-50-nm gratings on HOPG,which would provide new insights into micro/nano-fabrication for optoelectronic metasurfaces and physics of the interaction between ultrafast laser and graphite.
基金supported by the Youth Talent Project of China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd.(KY24045).
文摘While nuclear energy represents a low-carbon and high-efficiency energy source that plays a vital role in the global energy mix,the limitations of spent fuel reprocessing technology pose a major challenge to its sustainable development.The PUREX(plutonium uranium redox extraction)process is currently the dominant nuclear fuel reprocessing technology in the world.However,the key extractant in this process is tributyl phosphate(TBP),which degrades under intense radiation,high temperatures,and strong acidity.This leads to the production of dibutyl phosphate,monobutyl phosphate,and other degradation byproducts,which may reduce the extraction efficiency and trigger third-phase formation and equipment corrosion.This paper systematically reviews the degradation mechanisms of TBP and its diluents,the analytical technique suitable for characterizing degradation products,and the impact of degradation products on the post-treatment process.Additionally,optimization strategies employed for suppressing third-phase formation are discussed.This study offers a theoretical foundation and technical insights in optimizing the PUREX process and ensuring the safe operation of the post-treatment process.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.22372051 and 21406044)Australian Research Council/Discovery Early Career Researcher Award(DECRA)funding scheme(DE230100180).
文摘The impurities and structural cracks within spent graphite(SG)in lithium-ion battery anodes hamper lithium-ion intercalation and extraction after successive charge-discharge operations,thereby yielding poor lithium storage behavior.Herein,low-viscosity natural deep eutectic solvent(NDES)composed of citric acid(CA)and betaine hydrochloride was employed to remove the organic impurities in SG via a one-step benign process involving hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions at mild conditions of 80℃ for only 30 min.After NDES leaching under optimal conditions(molar ratio of CA to betaine hydrochloride=3:1,80℃,30 min),the as-obtained sample(denoted as BG-3)exhibited an extremely clean surface,moderately enlarged interlayer distance,and more structural defects at the edge of graphite lamellae.These features facilitated lithium-ion intercalation and withdrawal,bestowing BG-3 with remarkable activity in lithium-ion battery(LIB)recycling.For instance,BG-3 delivered a capacity of 438.6 mAh g^(-1) at a current density of 0.1 A g^(-1).Its capacity retention reached 97.9%,accompanied by a Coulombic efficiency of 99.1%,upon completing 100 cycles.A molecular dynamics simulation was employed to illuminate the regeneration mechanism for anode graphite from a theoretical perspective.It revealed that NDES exhibits lower binding energy with all contaminants compared to graphite,which is favorable for NDES to eliminate impurities from graphite surfaces.This study unveils a method of recycling SG from retired LIBs by a short eco-friendly process,providing a competitive blueprint to address the shortage of battery-grade anode graphite and to achieve carbon neutrality.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.NRF-2021M3H4A1A02048529)the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(MOTIE)of the Korean government under grant No.RS-2022-00155854support from the DGIST Supercomputing and Big Data Center.
文摘To enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes with higher silicon content,it is essential to engineer their microstructure for better lithium-ion transport and mitigated volume change as well.Herein,we suggest an effective approach to control the micropore structure of silicon oxide(SiO_(x))/artificial graphite(AG)composite electrodes using a perforated current collector.The electrode features a unique pore structure,where alternating high-porosity domains and low-porosity domains markedly reduce overall electrode resistance,leading to a 20%improvement in rate capability at a 5C-rate discharge condition.Using microstructure-resolved modeling and simulations,we demonstrate that the patterned micropore structure enhances lithium-ion transport,mitigating the electrolyte concentration gradient of lithium-ion.Additionally,perforating current collector with a chemical etching process increases the number of hydrogen bonding sites and enlarges the interface with the SiO_(x)/AG composite electrode,significantly improving adhesion strength.This,in turn,suppresses mechanical degradation and leads to a 50%higher capacity retention.Thus,regularly arranged micropore structure enabled by the perforated current collector successfully improves both rate capability and cycle life in SiO_(x)/AG composite electrodes,providing valuable insights into electrode engineering.
文摘For India to achieve elimination by 2030,the challenges posed by Plasmodium(P.)vivax cannot be overlooked owing to its burden and unique biology.In 2023,in India,about 224000 malaria cases were reported,and a significant proportion(40%)were P.vivax cases.In P.vivax infection,the persistence of dormant liver stage of parasite,i.e.,hypnozoites,leading to relapses weeks or months later poses challenge in its elimination.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274346).
文摘Waste graphitization cathode carbon blocks are a type of hazardous solid waste generated during the aluminum electrolysis process,and their proper disposal is a key step in the resource utilization of discarded graphite.This study utilizes the porous“defect advantage”of a cathode carbon block matrix to prepare silicon-doped and asphalt-coated detoxified and purified waste graphitization cathode carbon blocks for use as high-performance silicon/carbon composite anode materials.The results show that the uniformly silicondoped silicon/carbon composite material features a unique amorphous carbon-encapsulated“locked silicon”structure,which effectively addresses issues such as cathode volume expansion,excessive growth of the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)film,and poor electrical contact between active materials.Consequently,electrochemical performance is enhanced.After assembly in a half-cell,the PSCC/10%Si@C(purified waste graphitization cathode carbon/10%Si@C)material exhibits optimal electrochemical stability,with an initial charging specific capacity of 514.5 mAh/g at 0.1 C(1 C=170 mA/g)and a capacity retention rate of 95.1%after 100 cycles.At a charge rate of 2.0 C,a specific capacity of 216.9 mAh/g is achieved.This technology provides a new pathway for the economical and high-value utilization of waste cathode carbon blocks and the development of low-cost,high-performance anode materials.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFA1406200)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2032215)+1 种基金Jilin Province Major Science and Technology Program,China(Grant No.20240211002GX)the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province(Grant No.SKL202402004).
文摘Graphite and hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN),despite their structural similarity,exhibit opposing electronic properties,namely,metallic conductivity and wide-bandgap insulation,respectively.In recent years,graphene-h-BN heterostructures have attracted significant research interest,with the resulting hybrid B-C-N atomic-layer systems exhibiting distinctive electronic properties.Notably,interface effects play a decisive role in governing the performance of these heterostructures.Nevertheless,owing to the lack of high-quality composites,the interfacial structure in B-C-N materials and the correlation with critical properties such as charge transport and band structure modulation are not fully clear.Here,we report the direct synthesis of a millimeter-sized hexagonal B-C-N composite via a solvent method under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.Structural characterization reveals that the synthesized B-C-N composite contains isolated graphite and h-BN.Compared with pure h-BN,the B-C-N composite has a narrower bandgap and shows a pronounced photoelectric response in the visible light region.More interestingly,we find a graphite-like B-C compound with a thickness of about 30 nm at the graphite-h-BN interface,which forms Schottky junctions with graphite,thus realizing rectification properties.Our findings provide a method for synthesizing highquality B-C-N composites and offer new insights into the structure of the graphite-h-BN interface.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52034011 and 52101278)the Central South University Research Programme of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies(2023QYJC005)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University(2022ZZTS0405)。
文摘With the booming development of lithium-ion batteries,safety has become one of the most primary focuses of current researches.Although there are various approaches to enhance the safety of lithiumion batteries,phosphate-based electrolyte holds the greatest potential for practical application due to their non-flammability.Nonetheless,its compatibility issue with the graphite anode remains a significant obstacle to its widespread use.Herein,an effective method is proposed to improve the compatibility of electrolyte with graphite(Gr)anode by rationally adjusting the proportion of lithium salt and solvent components to optimize the Li^(+)solvation structure.By slightly increasing the Li^(+)/triethyl phosphate(TEP)ratio,TEP alone cannot fully occupy the inner solvation sheath and therefore less polar ethylene carbonate(EC)has to be recruited,and the solvation structure gradually changes from Li^(+)–[TEP]_(4)to Li^(+)–[TEP]_(3)[EC]with the coexistence of EC and TEP.Simultaneously,EC molecules in the Li^(+)–[TEP]_(3)[EC]could be preferentially reduced on graphite compared to the TEP molecules,resulting in the formation of a uniform and durable solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI)layer.Benefiting from the optimized phosphate-based electrolyte,the Gr|Li battery exhibits a capacity retention rate of 96.8%after stable cycling at 0.5 C for 470 cycles which shows a longer cycle life than the battery with carbonate electrolyte(cycling at 0.5 C for 450 cycles).Therefore,this work provides the guidance for designing a non-flammable phosphate-based electrolyte for high-safety and long cycling-life lithium-ion batteries.
基金supported by the Zhuhai Science and Technology Program in the field of Social Development program of China under Grant ZH22036201210039PWC.
文摘Since lithium-ion batteries have been put into use,the recession of work cycle efficiency at low temperatures has received widespread attention.In this paper,we investigated the effect of low temperature(−5℃,0℃,5℃)environments on the performance of lithium-ion batteries,which are well-known for their excellent discharge performance,cycle life,and safety.However,lithium-ion batteries exhibit significant capacity degradation at low temperatures,especially at 0℃,losing availability after only 10 cycles.Therefore,we conducted cycle degradation tests at 1C discharge and 100% charge-discharge conditions.In this paper,we analyzed the surface morphology,structure,and elemental composition of the positive and negative electrodes before and after the aging process by disassembling theminto half-cells and using three physical characterization techniques:scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Our study identifies the temperature range for accelerated aging,which provides guidance for the optimal use of lithium-ion batteries in low temperature environments,thus contributing to the rational utilization and enhanced the performance of lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures.
文摘Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are an electrochemical energy storage technology that has been widely used for portable electrical devices,electric vehicles,and grid storage,etc.To satisfy the demand for user convenience especially for electric vehicles,the development of a fast-charging technology for LIBs has become a critical focus.In commercial LIBs,the slow kinetics of Li+intercalation into the graphite anode from the electrolyte solution is known as the main restriction for fast-charging.We summarize the recent advances in obtaining fast-charging graphite-based anodes,mainly involving modifications of the electrolyte solution and graphite anode.Specifically,strategies for increasing the ionic conductivity and regulating the Li+solvation/desolvation state in the electrolyte solution,as well as optimizing the fabrication and the intrinsic activity of graphite-based anodes are discussed in detail.This review considers practical ways to obtain fast Li+intercalation kinetics into a graphite anode from the electrolyte as well as analysing progress in the commercialization of fast-charging LIBs.
文摘Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))production is a promising strategy to replace the traditional production processes;however,the inefficient H_(2)O_(2) productivity limits its application.In this study,oxygen-rich g-C_(3)N_(4) with abundant nitrogen vacancies(OCN)was synthesized for photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2) production.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that oxygen-containing functional groups(–COOH and C–O–C)were obtained.Electron paramagnetic resonance confirmed the successful introduction of nitrogen vacancies.OCN exhibited efficient photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2) production performance of 1965μmol L^(−1) h^(−1) in air under visible-light irradiation.The high H_(2)O_(2) production was attributed to the enhanced adsorption of oxygen,enlarged specific surface area,and promoted carrier separation.An increased H_(2)O_(2) production rate(5781μmol L^(−1) h^(−1))was achieved in a Na_(3)PO_(4) solution.The improved performance was attributed to the changed reactive oxygen species.Specifically,the adsorbed PO_(4)^(3−) on the surface of the OCN promoted the transfer of holes to the catalyst surface.•O_(2)−obtained by O_(2) reduction reacted with adjacent holes to generate 1O_(2),which could efficiently generate H_(2)O_(2) with isopropanol.Additionally,PO_(4)^(3−),as a stabilizer,inhibited the decomposition of H_(2)O_(2).
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52104294)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-TP-19-079A1)。
文摘The soaring demand for smart portable electronics and electric vehicles is propelling the advancements in high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries.Lithium manganese iron phosphate(LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4))has garnered significant attention as a promising positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its advantages of low cost,high safety,long cycle life,high voltage,good high-temperature performance,and high energy density.Although LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4)has made significant breakthroughs in the past few decades,there are still facing great challenges in poor electronic conductivity and Li-ion diffusion,manganese dissolution affecting battery cycling performance,as well as low tap density.This review systematically summarizes the reaction mechanisms,various synthesis methods,and electrochemical properties of LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4)to analyze reaction processes accurately and guide material preparation.Later,the main challenges currently faced are concluded,and the corresponding various modification strategies are discussed to enhance the reaction kinetics and electrochemical performance of LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4),including multi-scale particle regulation,heteroatom doping,surface coating,as well as microscopic morphology design.Finally,in view of the current research challenges faced by intrinsic reaction processes,kinetics,and energy storage applications,the promising research directions are anticipated.More importantly,it is expected to provide key insights into the development of high-performance and stable LiMn_(x)Fe_(1-x)PO_(4)materials,to achieve practical energy storage requirements.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82203680 and 52273278)the Natural Scientific Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.2021-MS-176)+1 种基金Shenyang Bureau of Science and Technology(No.RC230527)the Central Guidance Funding for Local Scientific and Techno-logical Development in Liaoning(No.2023JH6/100100029).
文摘Guided bone regeneration in the alveolar bone relies on the colonization and differentiation of immune cells within the defect area.The absence of osteoinductive and osteoimmune properties of currently available scaffolds hinders to achieve optimal repair outcomes in clinical settings.Thus,we aimed to enhance the bone repair ability of polycaprolactone(PCL)scaffolds by incorporating osteoinductive amorphous calcium phosphate(ACP)with immune-regulating zinc ions(ACP(Zn),ACZP),to create a favorable immunomodulatory microenvironment.After one day of co-culture with PCL-ACZP,the spreading area of macrophage cells was significantly higher than that from the original PCL scaffold.Additionally,over 32.1%of macrophages exhibited M2 polarization within three days of co-culture.The PCLACZP/macrophage-conditioned medium significantly boosted osteogenic gene expression in MC3T3-E1 cells.After eight weeks of implantation in a rat femoral condyle defect,the BV/TV from the PCL-ACZP group reached 32.9%,1.4 times of that from the PCL group.Furthermore,the PCL-ACZP-GelMA biphasic module as prepared successfully achieved complete regeneration of three-walled alveolar bone defects in rabbits,resulting in arch-shaped alveolar bone repair and providing greater convenience in the clinical settings.This study showcased the effectiveness of PCL-ACZP-GelMA biphasic module as bioactive scaffolds in the morphological restoration of alveolar bone.
基金supported by the Chilwee Group(No.CWDY-ZH-YJY-202101-001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2042023kf0214)the Starting Funding from Wuhan University.
文摘The efficient recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4),also referred to as LFP)should convert Fe(Ⅱ)to Fe(Ⅲ),which is key to the extraction of Li and separation of Fe and is not well understood.Herein,we systematically study the oxidation of LiFePO_(4)in the air and in the solution containing oxidants such as H_(2)O_(2)and the effect of oxidation on the leaching behaviors of LFP.In the air,O_(2)breaks down the LFP olivine structure at 550℃for 1 h by oxidizing Fe(Ⅱ)to Fe(Ⅲ)in terms of converting LFP to Li_(3)Fe_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3).After that,Li is leached in 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution and is further recycled as Li_(3)PO_(4)with a Li recovery efficiency of 97.48%.Meanwhile,Fe is recovered as FePO_(4)and Fe_(2)O_(3).Compared with H_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O_(2),the air oxidation saves H_(2)O_(2)but increases the leaching efficiency of Fe and H_(2)SO_(4)consumption.The discrepancy of Fe leaching efficiency can be attributed to the different leaching mechanisms involving the solid-to-solid and solid-to-liquid-to-solid conversions.Furthermore,the results of the Everbatt model analysis show that the air roasting-H_(2)SO_(4)leaching method has low emission and potentially high income,which is simple and safe.Overall,this work will deepen the understanding of acid leaching of LFP and favorably stimulate the maturation of the LFP recycling technique.
