This paper examines the phonemes of Chinese and Italian,conducting a statistical analysis and comparing their distinctive feature oppositions to identify challenges in phonetic learning,thereby offering suggestions fo...This paper examines the phonemes of Chinese and Italian,conducting a statistical analysis and comparing their distinctive feature oppositions to identify challenges in phonetic learning,thereby offering suggestions for teaching Chinese and Italian pronunciation.The study is divided into four parts:the first introduces the phonological definition of phonemes and delineates their scope in this context;the second compares the vowel and consonant systems of both languages,presenting foundational data on their similarities;the third analyzes the phonemic oppositions unique to each language,highlighting key differences;and the fourth proposes methods and recommendations for mastering the phonetic systems of both languages based on these differences.展开更多
“[ã^(44) kã^(44) paʔ^(5) lã44 tã^(53)]”(Chinese characters transcription“昂更八冷打”)is an colloquial expression in Tongxiang dialect of Suzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Sub-branch,Taihu Branch,Wu.It describes an awkward...“[ã^(44) kã^(44) paʔ^(5) lã44 tã^(53)]”(Chinese characters transcription“昂更八冷打”)is an colloquial expression in Tongxiang dialect of Suzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Sub-branch,Taihu Branch,Wu.It describes an awkward state with unfinished tasks.Its similar expressions can be found in other regions of Taihu Branch,including Yixing,Changzhou,Shaoxing and Ningbo,usually serving as“all”,while the expression“[hÃɲ^(33) paʔ^(3) lÃɲ^(33) tÃɲ^(31)]”(“亨八冷打”)in Shanghai Sub-branch indicates“the remaining parts”when used alone.“[hÃɲ^(33) paʔ^(3) lÃɲ^(33) tÃɲ^(31)]”stands for“all”only when followed by a word with meaning of“adding together”.In this paper,it is concluded and deduced from other similar morphemes that the contradictory connotations are related to an“inner split”process of an original word.Considering similar morphemes in other Chinese dialects(including Cantonese,Hakka,Jianghuai and Min),the following analysis proposes three possible original expressions and correlating trajectories of this inner phonetic-semantic split process,and selects a most credible way based on the rhyming dictionary and previous reconstructive models of ancient Chinese phonology.This presumptive analysis indicates that a broader“split and derivate”process generating new morphemes exists widely in Sinitic dialects as a natural company of phonetic features in Chinese language flow.展开更多
Through the discussion and comparative research on theories, types and uses of English intonation, it is found that intonation is an indispensable part of oral communications. Proper use of intonation lies in knowing ...Through the discussion and comparative research on theories, types and uses of English intonation, it is found that intonation is an indispensable part of oral communications. Proper use of intonation lies in knowing their functions and in the ability to correctly utter the patterns. Therefore, intonation theoretical knowledge is crucial and helpful to the English phonology teaching; and teachers need to properly incorporate intonation knowledge into teaching practice.展开更多
The paper analyses aesthetic message at phonological level of Zhu Ziqing's lyric prose Transient Days and explores how such message is represented in English versions respectively translated by Zhang Peiji and Zhu...The paper analyses aesthetic message at phonological level of Zhu Ziqing's lyric prose Transient Days and explores how such message is represented in English versions respectively translated by Zhang Peiji and Zhu Chunshen.展开更多
Dalian dialect is one kind of Northern dialect.Its formation is due to many factors including history,geographical location,Shandong dialect and influence from Russia and Japan.This paper analyzes the main difference ...Dalian dialect is one kind of Northern dialect.Its formation is due to many factors including history,geographical location,Shandong dialect and influence from Russia and Japan.This paper analyzes the main difference between Dalian dialect and Standard Chinese,also presents the characteristics of Dalian dialect in four aspects: phonology,morphology,syntax and slangs.展开更多
Pronunciation often gets ignored over grammar and vocabulary in EFL programs.However,words stressed incorrectly or with inappropriate pitch or intonation will impede the learner in getting the intended message across....Pronunciation often gets ignored over grammar and vocabulary in EFL programs.However,words stressed incorrectly or with inappropriate pitch or intonation will impede the learner in getting the intended message across.Phonology,then,should be an integral part of any EFL lesson.This paper examines the current situation of English pronunciation of Chinese students and aiming to present a procedural approach for incorporating phonological elements into an EFL syllabus.展开更多
Advertising constitutes an indispensable part of modern life, promoting sales and channeling consumption. Furthermore, the daily conversation is also strongly influenced by advertising language. In this research, sche...Advertising constitutes an indispensable part of modern life, promoting sales and channeling consumption. Furthermore, the daily conversation is also strongly influenced by advertising language. In this research, schema theory is employed to analyze the graphological, phonological, lexical, grammatical and discoursal features of the advertising language and the cognitive change they bring about among the audience, aiming at helping the consumers have a better understanding of advertisements and helping the designers produce better works.展开更多
It studies William Blake’s poem The Tyger on a basis of the theories of modern stylistics and discusses the meaning realization of the poem from the phonological features, the lexical and syntactic features, and the ...It studies William Blake’s poem The Tyger on a basis of the theories of modern stylistics and discusses the meaning realization of the poem from the phonological features, the lexical and syntactic features, and the semantic features.展开更多
The poem O Captain! My Captain! is a good poem written by the great American poet, Walt Whitman. It is a eulogy written on the death of Abraham Lincoln. In this poem the poet expresses his sadness at the death of the ...The poem O Captain! My Captain! is a good poem written by the great American poet, Walt Whitman. It is a eulogy written on the death of Abraham Lincoln. In this poem the poet expresses his sadness at the death of the great leader and expresses his great love of his beloved leader. This paper is to have a stylistic analysis of the poem by observing its phonological, lexical, semantic and syntactic features.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Dyslexic children exhibit reading ability unmatched to age, although they possess normal intelligence and are well educated. OBJECTIVE： To examine the performance of dyslexic children in Chinese charac...BACKGROUND： Dyslexic children exhibit reading ability unmatched to age, although they possess normal intelligence and are well educated. OBJECTIVE： To examine the performance of dyslexic children in Chinese characters visual recognition tasks and to investigate the relationship between priming effect in character recognition and dyslexia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A case-control study was performed at the Department of Children and Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between March and June 2007. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 75 primary school students in grades 3 and 5 were selected from two primary schools in Wuhan City, Hubei province, China, and were assigned to three groups. （1） Reading disability （RD, n = 25）; （2） chronological age （CA） group （n = 25 normal readers that were intelligence quotient and age-matched to the RD group）; （3） reading level （RL） group （n = 25 normal readers that were intelligence quotient and RL-matched to the RD group）. All children were right-handed and had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. METHODS： Recognition of target characters was performed in each child using a masked prime paradigm. Recognition speed and accuracy of graphic, phonological, and semantic characters were examined. Simultaneously, data, with respect to response time for each target character and error rate, were recorded to calculate facilitation values （unrelated RT-related RT）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Response time, facilitation, and error rate in Chinese character recognition task were calculated. RESULTS： The baseline-adjusted facilitation of graphic, phonological, and semantic priming for dyslexic children was -0.010, -0.010, and 0.001, respectively. Dyslexic children displayed inhibition in graphic and phonological prime conditions. Facilitations under the three prime conditions were 0.026, 0.026, and 0.022 for the CA group. In the RL group, results were 0.062, 0.058, and 0.031 respectively. The differences of baseline-adjusted facilitation across the three groups were significant [F （2, 216） = 17.91, P 〈 0.01 ], whereas the main effect of prime condition IF （2, 216） = 0.49, P 〉 0.05] and the interaction of group x prime condition [F （4, 216） = 0.91, P 〉 0.05] were not significant. The error rate under the three prime conditions was 0.066, 0.077, and 0.079 for the RD group. As for the CA group, the results were 0.057, 0.071, and 0.074 accordingly, and in the RL group, the results were 0.119, 0.111, and 0.121, respectively. The difference of error rate across the three groups was significant （F = 6.61, P = 0.002）. The error rate was significantly greater in the RL group, compared with the CA and RD groups, while no significant difference existed between the RD and CA groups. CONCLUSION： Dyslexic children were slower to recognize target characters than normal readers, and did not exhibit significant prime effects in graphic and phonological primer condition. These results suggested that dyslexic children exhibited general deficits in phonological and graphic processing, and presented a different pattern in character recognition. These results could be interpreted by parallel-distributed processing models.展开更多
Studies concerning phonological processing mainly use written stimuli.Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the brain regions related to the phonological processing under the picture stimulus i...Studies concerning phonological processing mainly use written stimuli.Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the brain regions related to the phonological processing under the picture stimulus in the rhyme task of Chinese language.Results of the test in 13 healthy college students whose native language is Chinese showed the extensive activation in the frontal lobe,parietal lobe and the occipitotemporal cortex,including the inferior frontal gyrus,middle frontal gyrus,supramarginal gyrus and medial occipitotemporal gyrus under the picture stimuli.Moreover,phonological processing induced activation in the superior temporal gyrus(BA 22)under the picture stimuli,but activation was not found in the middle temporal gyrus.展开更多
Based on the analysis of phenological variation characters of Populus simonii in spring and autumn in Liaohe River Delta during 1989-2009,the relationship model between phenophase difference and temperature variation ...Based on the analysis of phenological variation characters of Populus simonii in spring and autumn in Liaohe River Delta during 1989-2009,the relationship model between phenophase difference and temperature variation was constructed,and the responses of phenophase to the changes of temperature and critical temperature duration were analyzed under the background of climate change.The results showed that spring phenophase in Liaohe River Delta in recent 21 years occurred a little earlier without obvious trend feature,and spring phenophase change was mainly affected by temperature fluctuation,with the nonlinear relationship between them.Meanwhile,autumn phenophase was significantly delayed and mainly determined by the time of temperature dropped to a certain index.展开更多
This essay elaborates as thoroughly as possible the theory of internal compensation of the natural language system, and proves that the general distinctive function, which vanishes because of the loss or decrease of o...This essay elaborates as thoroughly as possible the theory of internal compensation of the natural language system, and proves that the general distinctive function, which vanishes because of the loss or decrease of one or more sub-systems or units with their distinctive function, will be compensated with the increase of others or something new to guarantee the general balance of the whole system and fulfill the need of communication. By just discussing some phenomena of internal compensation at the phonological level here, this essay reveals some interesting rules and gives new explanations to some phenomena that have not been explained or not explained properly, then prove the theory’s function of explanation.展开更多
Spelling error corpora can be collected from students＇ written essays, homework, dictations, translations, tests and lecture notes. Spelling errors can be classified into whole word errors, faulty graphemes and fault...Spelling error corpora can be collected from students＇ written essays, homework, dictations, translations, tests and lecture notes. Spelling errors can be classified into whole word errors, faulty graphemes and faulty phonemes in which graphemes are deleted, added, reversed or substituted. They can be used for identifying phonological and orthographic problems; spelling strategies that EFL students use in spelling English; spelling error causes or sources and relationship between spelling and decoding weaknesses. The paper gives examples of spelling errors and shows how spelling errors are quantified. Recommendations for remediation are also given.展开更多
文摘This paper examines the phonemes of Chinese and Italian,conducting a statistical analysis and comparing their distinctive feature oppositions to identify challenges in phonetic learning,thereby offering suggestions for teaching Chinese and Italian pronunciation.The study is divided into four parts:the first introduces the phonological definition of phonemes and delineates their scope in this context;the second compares the vowel and consonant systems of both languages,presenting foundational data on their similarities;the third analyzes the phonemic oppositions unique to each language,highlighting key differences;and the fourth proposes methods and recommendations for mastering the phonetic systems of both languages based on these differences.
文摘“[ã^(44) kã^(44) paʔ^(5) lã44 tã^(53)]”(Chinese characters transcription“昂更八冷打”)is an colloquial expression in Tongxiang dialect of Suzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Sub-branch,Taihu Branch,Wu.It describes an awkward state with unfinished tasks.Its similar expressions can be found in other regions of Taihu Branch,including Yixing,Changzhou,Shaoxing and Ningbo,usually serving as“all”,while the expression“[hÃɲ^(33) paʔ^(3) lÃɲ^(33) tÃɲ^(31)]”(“亨八冷打”)in Shanghai Sub-branch indicates“the remaining parts”when used alone.“[hÃɲ^(33) paʔ^(3) lÃɲ^(33) tÃɲ^(31)]”stands for“all”only when followed by a word with meaning of“adding together”.In this paper,it is concluded and deduced from other similar morphemes that the contradictory connotations are related to an“inner split”process of an original word.Considering similar morphemes in other Chinese dialects(including Cantonese,Hakka,Jianghuai and Min),the following analysis proposes three possible original expressions and correlating trajectories of this inner phonetic-semantic split process,and selects a most credible way based on the rhyming dictionary and previous reconstructive models of ancient Chinese phonology.This presumptive analysis indicates that a broader“split and derivate”process generating new morphemes exists widely in Sinitic dialects as a natural company of phonetic features in Chinese language flow.
文摘Through the discussion and comparative research on theories, types and uses of English intonation, it is found that intonation is an indispensable part of oral communications. Proper use of intonation lies in knowing their functions and in the ability to correctly utter the patterns. Therefore, intonation theoretical knowledge is crucial and helpful to the English phonology teaching; and teachers need to properly incorporate intonation knowledge into teaching practice.
文摘The paper analyses aesthetic message at phonological level of Zhu Ziqing's lyric prose Transient Days and explores how such message is represented in English versions respectively translated by Zhang Peiji and Zhu Chunshen.
文摘Dalian dialect is one kind of Northern dialect.Its formation is due to many factors including history,geographical location,Shandong dialect and influence from Russia and Japan.This paper analyzes the main difference between Dalian dialect and Standard Chinese,also presents the characteristics of Dalian dialect in four aspects: phonology,morphology,syntax and slangs.
文摘Pronunciation often gets ignored over grammar and vocabulary in EFL programs.However,words stressed incorrectly or with inappropriate pitch or intonation will impede the learner in getting the intended message across.Phonology,then,should be an integral part of any EFL lesson.This paper examines the current situation of English pronunciation of Chinese students and aiming to present a procedural approach for incorporating phonological elements into an EFL syllabus.
文摘Advertising constitutes an indispensable part of modern life, promoting sales and channeling consumption. Furthermore, the daily conversation is also strongly influenced by advertising language. In this research, schema theory is employed to analyze the graphological, phonological, lexical, grammatical and discoursal features of the advertising language and the cognitive change they bring about among the audience, aiming at helping the consumers have a better understanding of advertisements and helping the designers produce better works.
文摘It studies William Blake’s poem The Tyger on a basis of the theories of modern stylistics and discusses the meaning realization of the poem from the phonological features, the lexical and syntactic features, and the semantic features.
文摘The poem O Captain! My Captain! is a good poem written by the great American poet, Walt Whitman. It is a eulogy written on the death of Abraham Lincoln. In this poem the poet expresses his sadness at the death of the great leader and expresses his great love of his beloved leader. This paper is to have a stylistic analysis of the poem by observing its phonological, lexical, semantic and syntactic features.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30872132
文摘BACKGROUND： Dyslexic children exhibit reading ability unmatched to age, although they possess normal intelligence and are well educated. OBJECTIVE： To examine the performance of dyslexic children in Chinese characters visual recognition tasks and to investigate the relationship between priming effect in character recognition and dyslexia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A case-control study was performed at the Department of Children and Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between March and June 2007. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 75 primary school students in grades 3 and 5 were selected from two primary schools in Wuhan City, Hubei province, China, and were assigned to three groups. （1） Reading disability （RD, n = 25）; （2） chronological age （CA） group （n = 25 normal readers that were intelligence quotient and age-matched to the RD group）; （3） reading level （RL） group （n = 25 normal readers that were intelligence quotient and RL-matched to the RD group）. All children were right-handed and had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. METHODS： Recognition of target characters was performed in each child using a masked prime paradigm. Recognition speed and accuracy of graphic, phonological, and semantic characters were examined. Simultaneously, data, with respect to response time for each target character and error rate, were recorded to calculate facilitation values （unrelated RT-related RT）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Response time, facilitation, and error rate in Chinese character recognition task were calculated. RESULTS： The baseline-adjusted facilitation of graphic, phonological, and semantic priming for dyslexic children was -0.010, -0.010, and 0.001, respectively. Dyslexic children displayed inhibition in graphic and phonological prime conditions. Facilitations under the three prime conditions were 0.026, 0.026, and 0.022 for the CA group. In the RL group, results were 0.062, 0.058, and 0.031 respectively. The differences of baseline-adjusted facilitation across the three groups were significant [F （2, 216） = 17.91, P 〈 0.01 ], whereas the main effect of prime condition IF （2, 216） = 0.49, P 〉 0.05] and the interaction of group x prime condition [F （4, 216） = 0.91, P 〉 0.05] were not significant. The error rate under the three prime conditions was 0.066, 0.077, and 0.079 for the RD group. As for the CA group, the results were 0.057, 0.071, and 0.074 accordingly, and in the RL group, the results were 0.119, 0.111, and 0.121, respectively. The difference of error rate across the three groups was significant （F = 6.61, P = 0.002）. The error rate was significantly greater in the RL group, compared with the CA and RD groups, while no significant difference existed between the RD and CA groups. CONCLUSION： Dyslexic children were slower to recognize target characters than normal readers, and did not exhibit significant prime effects in graphic and phonological primer condition. These results suggested that dyslexic children exhibited general deficits in phonological and graphic processing, and presented a different pattern in character recognition. These results could be interpreted by parallel-distributed processing models.
基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the Key Program of National Social Science Foundation of China in 2010,No.10&ZD126+6 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30740040the National Social Science Foundation of China,No.09CYY016the Humanities and Social Sciences Project of Ministry of Education during the 11th"Five-Year"Plan Period,No.07JA740027the Major Basic Research Program of Natural Science Research of Higher Learning School of Jiangsu Province,No.10KJA180051the Scientific Research Innovation Program for Postgraduate from Higher Learning School of Jiangsu Province in 2009,No.CX09S_011Rthe Key Program of Postgraduate Innovation Engineering of Xuzhou Normal University,No.08YLA003the Key Humanities and Social Sciences Program of Xuzhou Normal University in 2010,No.10SWA06
文摘Studies concerning phonological processing mainly use written stimuli.Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the brain regions related to the phonological processing under the picture stimulus in the rhyme task of Chinese language.Results of the test in 13 healthy college students whose native language is Chinese showed the extensive activation in the frontal lobe,parietal lobe and the occipitotemporal cortex,including the inferior frontal gyrus,middle frontal gyrus,supramarginal gyrus and medial occipitotemporal gyrus under the picture stimuli.Moreover,phonological processing induced activation in the superior temporal gyrus(BA 22)under the picture stimuli,but activation was not found in the middle temporal gyrus.
文摘Based on the analysis of phenological variation characters of Populus simonii in spring and autumn in Liaohe River Delta during 1989-2009,the relationship model between phenophase difference and temperature variation was constructed,and the responses of phenophase to the changes of temperature and critical temperature duration were analyzed under the background of climate change.The results showed that spring phenophase in Liaohe River Delta in recent 21 years occurred a little earlier without obvious trend feature,and spring phenophase change was mainly affected by temperature fluctuation,with the nonlinear relationship between them.Meanwhile,autumn phenophase was significantly delayed and mainly determined by the time of temperature dropped to a certain index.
文摘This essay elaborates as thoroughly as possible the theory of internal compensation of the natural language system, and proves that the general distinctive function, which vanishes because of the loss or decrease of one or more sub-systems or units with their distinctive function, will be compensated with the increase of others or something new to guarantee the general balance of the whole system and fulfill the need of communication. By just discussing some phenomena of internal compensation at the phonological level here, this essay reveals some interesting rules and gives new explanations to some phenomena that have not been explained or not explained properly, then prove the theory’s function of explanation.
文摘Spelling error corpora can be collected from students＇ written essays, homework, dictations, translations, tests and lecture notes. Spelling errors can be classified into whole word errors, faulty graphemes and faulty phonemes in which graphemes are deleted, added, reversed or substituted. They can be used for identifying phonological and orthographic problems; spelling strategies that EFL students use in spelling English; spelling error causes or sources and relationship between spelling and decoding weaknesses. The paper gives examples of spelling errors and shows how spelling errors are quantified. Recommendations for remediation are also given.
