We present a new digital phase lock technology to achieve the frequency control and transformation through high precision multi-cycle group synchronization between signals without the frequency transformation circuit....We present a new digital phase lock technology to achieve the frequency control and transformation through high precision multi-cycle group synchronization between signals without the frequency transformation circuit. In the case of digital sampling, the passing zero point of the phase of the controlled signal has the phase step characteristic, the phase step of the passing zero point is monotonic continuous with high resolution in the phase lock process, and using the border effect of digital fuzzy area, the gate can synchronize with the two signals, the quantization error is reduced. This technique is quite different from the existing methods of frequency transformation and frequency synthesis, the phase change characteristic between the periodic signals with different nominal is used. The phase change has the periodic phenomenon, and it has the high resolution step value. With the application of the physical law, the noise is reduced because of simplifying frequency transformation circuits, and the phase is locked with high precision. The regular phase change between frequency signals is only used for frequency measurement, and the change has evident randomness, but this randomness is greatly reduced in frequency control, and the certainty of the process result is clear. The experiment shows that the short term frequency stability can reach 10-12/s orders of magnitude.展开更多
Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are imp...Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are important because acquisition speed, scanning mode, image quality, and radiation dose depend on them. Phase-stepping （PS） is a widely used method to retrieve information, while angular signal radiography （ASR） is a newly established method. In this manuscript, signal-to-noise ratios （SNRs） of ASR are compared with that of PS. Numerical experiments are performed to validate theoretical results. SNRs comparison shows that for refraction and scattering images ASR has higher SNR than PS method, while for absorption image both methods have same SNR. Therefore, our conclusions would have guideline in future preclinical and clinical applications.展开更多
Two phase extraction methods which are based separately on phase-stepping and shifting curve are mainly used in phase-sensitive imaging in gating interferometry to determine the x-ray phase shift induced by an object ...Two phase extraction methods which are based separately on phase-stepping and shifting curve are mainly used in phase-sensitive imaging in gating interferometry to determine the x-ray phase shift induced by an object in the beam. In this paper, the authors perform a full comparative analysis and present the main virtues and limitations of these two methods according to the theoretical analysis of the grating interferometry.展开更多
A multiple-image encryption method based on two-step phase-shifting interferometry （PSI） and spatial multiplexing of a smooth compressed signal is proposed. In the encoding and encryption process, with the help of f...A multiple-image encryption method based on two-step phase-shifting interferometry （PSI） and spatial multiplexing of a smooth compressed signal is proposed. In the encoding and encryption process, with the help of four index matrices to store original pixel positions, all the pixels of four secret images are firstly reordered in an ascending order; then, the four reordered images are transformed by five-order Haar wavelet transform and performed sparseness operation. After Arnold transform and pixels sampling operation, one combined image can be grouped with the aid of compressive sensing （CS） and spatial multiplexing techniques. Finally, putting the combined image at the input plane of the PSI encryption scheme, only two interferograms ciphertexts can be obtained. During the decoding and decryption, utilizing all the secret key groups and index matrices keys, all the original secret images can be successfully decrypted by a wave-front retrieval algorithm of two-step PSI, spatial de-multiplexing, inverse Arnold transform, inverse discrete wavelet transform, and pixels reordering operation.展开更多
In this study, a two-step heating process is introduced for transient liquid phase ( TLP) diffusion bonding fo r sound joints with T91 heat resistant steels. At first, a short-time higher temperature heating ...In this study, a two-step heating process is introduced for transient liquid phase ( TLP) diffusion bonding fo r sound joints with T91 heat resistant steels. At first, a short-time higher temperature heating step is addressed to melt the interlayer, followed by the second step to complete isothermal solidification at a low temperature. The most critical feature of our new method is producing a non-planar interface at the T9/ heat resistant steels joint. We propose a transitional liquid phase bonding of T91 heat resistant steels by this approach. Since joint microstructures have been studied, we tested the tensile strength to assess joint mechanical property. The result indicates that the solidified bond may contain a primary solid-solution, similar composition to the parent metal and free from precipitates. Joint tensile strength of the joint is not lower than parent materials. Joint bend's strengths are enhanced due to the higher metal-to-metal junction producing a non-planar bond lines. Nevertheless, the traditional transient liquid phase diffusion bonding produces planar ones. Bonding parameters of new process are 1 260 °C for 0. 5 min and 1 230 °C fo r 4 min.展开更多
In this paper, we propose an instantaneous phase-stepping method for determining phase distribution of interference fringes utilizing a camera that is equipped with a micro-polarizer array on the sensor plane. An opti...In this paper, we propose an instantaneous phase-stepping method for determining phase distribution of interference fringes utilizing a camera that is equipped with a micro-polarizer array on the sensor plane. An optical setup of polarization interferometry using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with two polarizers is constructed. Light emerging from the interferometer is recorded using a camera that has a micro-polarizer array. This micro-polarizer array has four different optical axes. That is, an image obtained by the camera contains four types of information corresponding to four different optical axes of the polarizer. The four images separated from the image recorded by the camera are reconstructed using gray level interpolation. Subsequently, the distributions of the Stokes parameters that represent the state of polarization are calculated from the four images. The phase distribution of the interference fringe pattern produced by the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is then obtained from these Stokes parameters, The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by measuring a static carrier pattern and time-variant fringe patterns. It is emphasized that this method is applicable to time-variant phenomena because multiple exposures are unnecessary for sufficient data acquisition in the completion of the phase analysis.展开更多
Dissociations in the gas phase of small molecules have been intensively studied and dissociation energies of various gases are available in reference works. Configurations of compounds before and after the dissociatio...Dissociations in the gas phase of small molecules have been intensively studied and dissociation energies of various gases are available in reference works. Configurations of compounds before and after the dissociation are usually known</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">but local charges are not defined. Building on the even-odd rule, the topic of a series of previous articles by the same author, the objective of this paper is to show how it can be used to give electronic rules for dissociations in gases. To this end, a specific periodic table is created and used. The rules are applied to a selection of more than 30 common molecules, showing that the even-odd rule and its consequences are useful in explaining the phenomenon of dissociation in gases.展开更多
This paper presents a very simple scheme for generating quantum controlled phase-shift gate with only one step by using the two vibrational modes of a trapped ion as the two qubits. The scheme couples two vibration de...This paper presents a very simple scheme for generating quantum controlled phase-shift gate with only one step by using the two vibrational modes of a trapped ion as the two qubits. The scheme couples two vibration degrees of freedom coupled with a suitable chosen laser excitation via the ionic states.展开更多
A deterministic phase-encoded encryption system is proposed. A lenticular lens array (LLA) sheet with a particular LPI (lenticular per inch) number is chosen as a modulator (key) instead of the random phase molator. T...A deterministic phase-encoded encryption system is proposed. A lenticular lens array (LLA) sheet with a particular LPI (lenticular per inch) number is chosen as a modulator (key) instead of the random phase molator. The suggested encryption scheme is based on arbitrary two-step phase-shift interferometry (PSI), using an unknown phase step. The encryption and decryption principle is based on an LLA in arbitrary unknown two-step PSI. Right key holograms can be used to theoretically show that the object wavefront is the only one left in the hologram plane and that all accompanying undesired terms are eliminated. The encrypted image can therefore be numerically and successfully decrypted with the right key in the image plane. The number of degrees of freedom of the encryption scheme increases with the distance from the object and the LLA to the CCD, and also with the unknown phase-step and the LLA LPI number. Computer simulations are performed to verify the encryption and decryption principles without a key, with the wrong key and with the right key. Optical experiments are also performed to validate them.展开更多
Based on the microscopic phase-field model, the pre-aging temperature effects on the precipitation mechanism and microstructure evolution during two-step aging for Ni75Al9Cr16 alloy were simulated. The results show th...Based on the microscopic phase-field model, the pre-aging temperature effects on the precipitation mechanism and microstructure evolution during two-step aging for Ni75Al9Cr16 alloy were simulated. The results show that the early precipitation mechanism of L12 phase is the mixed mechanism of spinodal decomposition and non-classical nucleation growth, whereas the early precipitation mechanism of DO22 phase is spinodal decomposition when the pre-aging temperature is 873 K. The early precipitation mechanism of L12 phase is non-classical nucleation growth, whereas the early precipitation mechanism of DO22 phase is spinodal decomposition when the pre-aging temperature is 973 K. Under the effects of elastic strain energy, the cubic particles exhibit directional alignment along [100] and [010] directions during the late precipitation, which is more obvious at lower pre-temperature. DO22 phases appear earlier than L12 phases under these two kinds of precipitation processes; and the nucleation incubation time becomes long with the increase of pre-temperature.展开更多
An aperture design technique using multi-step amplitude quantization for two-dimensional solid-state active phased arrays to achieve low sidelobe is described. It can be applied to antennas with arbitrary complex aper...An aperture design technique using multi-step amplitude quantization for two-dimensional solid-state active phased arrays to achieve low sidelobe is described. It can be applied to antennas with arbitrary complex aperture. Also, the gain drop and sidelobe degradation due to random amplitude and phase errors and element (or T/R module) failures are investigated.展开更多
To date, it is still a great challenge for highly efficient perovskite devices to realize the high quality per- ovskite films with high purity, high coverage ratio and good crystallization by two-step scalable solutio...To date, it is still a great challenge for highly efficient perovskite devices to realize the high quality per- ovskite films with high purity, high coverage ratio and good crystallization by two-step scalable solution method. In this study, a series PbI2 films with tunable micro-architecture of Pbl2 crystals are prepared via solution processable crystal engineering. The perovskite film, prepared by optimized pit spacing in gas pumped PbI2 film at 1000 Pa, shows the highest film quality, including no residual Pbl2 phase, compact morphology, and improved photoluminescence intensity. A transformation kinetics shows that the pit spacing strongly influences both the mass transfer and the sequential intercalation reaction between CH3NH31 and PbI2 crystals, which ultimately determines the full reaction state of the perovskite film. The perovskite solar cells assembled by the perovskite film show both high power-conversion efficiency and good reproducibility of photovoltaic performance due to the restrained charge recombination arising from the high quality perovskite film.展开更多
A new technology, the two-step transient liquid phase diffusion bonding （TLP-DB） technology for cobalt-based K640 superalloy, was investigated. The method consists of a short-time high temperature heating to melt in...A new technology, the two-step transient liquid phase diffusion bonding （TLP-DB） technology for cobalt-based K640 superalloy, was investigated. The method consists of a short-time high temperature heating to melt interlayer followed by isothermal solidification of liquid phase at a lower temperature than that of the conventional TLP-DB. The result indicates that the two-step TLP-DB can reliably produce an ideal joint with uniform chemical composition, which is superior to the joint welded by conventional TLP-DB in microstructure and mechanical properties. Bonding parameters of new process are 1 250℃ for 0. 5 h and 1 180℃ for 3 h. The high-temperature tensile strength of the joint by two-step TLP-DB reaches 74% of that of the base material on an equal basis, but the high-temperature tensile strength of the joint by conventional TLP-DB is only 58% of that of the base material.展开更多
Poly（vinylidene fluoride）（PVDF） exhibits pronounced polymorphs. Its γ phase is attractive due to the electroactive properties. The γ-PVDF is however difficult to obtain under normal crystallization condition. In...Poly（vinylidene fluoride）（PVDF） exhibits pronounced polymorphs. Its γ phase is attractive due to the electroactive properties. The γ-PVDF is however difficult to obtain under normal crystallization condition. In a previous work, we reported a simple melt-recrystallization approach for producing γ-phase rich PVDF thin films through selective melting and subsequent recrystallization. We reported here another approach for promoting the αγ′ phase transition to prepare γ-phase rich PVDF thin films. To this end, a stepwise crystallization and subsequent annealing process was used. The idea is based on a quick generation of a large amount of α-PVDF crystals with some of their γ-PVDF counterparts at suitable crystallization temperature and then annealing at a temperature above the crystallization temperature for enhancing the molecular chain mobility to overcome the energy barrier of phase transition. It was found that crystallizing the PVDF melt first at 152 °C for 4 h, then quenching to room temperature and finally annealing the sample at 160 °C for 100 h was the most efficient to produce γ-PVDF rich films. This is related to the melting and recrystallization of the α-PVDF crystals produced during quenching in the annealing process at 160 °C, which favors the formation of γ-PVDF crystals for triggering the αγ′ phase transition.展开更多
This work reports a one-pot procedure of laser ablation on a graphite target in a liquid medium, based on the variation of different parameters such as target type, laser wavelength, and ablation medium,to obtain high...This work reports a one-pot procedure of laser ablation on a graphite target in a liquid medium, based on the variation of different parameters such as target type, laser wavelength, and ablation medium,to obtain high-quality graphene nanosheets. The morphology of derived products was characterized by the field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM). Then, the morphology and structure of the optimized sample were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), ultraviolet-visible-near infrared(UV–vis-NIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). By controlling the laser ablation parameters, we were able to prepare micrometer-sized few-layer graphene nanosheets with mainly less than ten layers. Such synthesized graphene nanosheets were grown at the surface of a flexible graphite target, indicating many potential applications in fundamental research, electrochemical and as hydrophobic surfaces.展开更多
Gold in cyanide tailings from Shandong Province is mainly encapsulated by hematite and magnetite at distribution rates of 76.49 % and 10.88 %, respectively.Chlorination-reduction one-step roasting of cyanide tailings ...Gold in cyanide tailings from Shandong Province is mainly encapsulated by hematite and magnetite at distribution rates of 76.49 % and 10.88 %, respectively.Chlorination-reduction one-step roasting of cyanide tailings was conducted under the following conditions： calcium chloride dosage of 6 %, bituminous coal dosage of 30 %, calcium oxide dosage of 10 %（all dosages are vs.the mass of cyanide tailings） at 1000 ℃ of roasting temperature. X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and chemical-phase analysis were performed to investigate the effects of iron phase transformation on the high-temperature chlorination of gold.Results indicate that the lattice structure of hematite undergoes expansion, pulverization, and reorganization when hematite is reduced to magnetite, which leads to42.03 % gold exposure, and the high-temperature chlorination rate of gold is 41.17 % at the same time. The structure of wustite formed by the reduction in magnetite is porous and loose, and thus 44.02 % of gold is exposed. The high-temperature chlorination rate of gold is increased by41.98 percentage points. When wustite is reduced to metallic iron, 4.42 % of gold is exposed, and the hightemperature chlorination rate of gold is increased by3.38 percentage points. Accordingly, the high-temperature chlorination of gold mainly occurs in two stages, in which Fe_2O_3 is reduced to Fe_3O_4, and Fe_3O_4 is reduced to Fe_xO finally.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11173026the International GNSS Monitoring and Assessment System(iGMAS)of National Time Service Centre
文摘We present a new digital phase lock technology to achieve the frequency control and transformation through high precision multi-cycle group synchronization between signals without the frequency transformation circuit. In the case of digital sampling, the passing zero point of the phase of the controlled signal has the phase step characteristic, the phase step of the passing zero point is monotonic continuous with high resolution in the phase lock process, and using the border effect of digital fuzzy area, the gate can synchronize with the two signals, the quantization error is reduced. This technique is quite different from the existing methods of frequency transformation and frequency synthesis, the phase change characteristic between the periodic signals with different nominal is used. The phase change has the periodic phenomenon, and it has the high resolution step value. With the application of the physical law, the noise is reduced because of simplifying frequency transformation circuits, and the phase is locked with high precision. The regular phase change between frequency signals is only used for frequency measurement, and the change has evident randomness, but this randomness is greatly reduced in frequency control, and the certainty of the process result is clear. The experiment shows that the short term frequency stability can reach 10-12/s orders of magnitude.
基金Project supported by the National Research and Development Project for Key Scientific Instruments(Grant No.CZBZDYZ20140002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11535015,11305173,and 11375225)+2 种基金the project supported by Institute of High Energy Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.Y4545320Y2)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.WK2310000065)Wali Faiz,acknowledges and wishes to thank the Chinese Academy of Sciences and The World Academy of Sciences(CAS-TWAS)President’s Fellowship Program for generous financial support
文摘Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are important because acquisition speed, scanning mode, image quality, and radiation dose depend on them. Phase-stepping （PS） is a widely used method to retrieve information, while angular signal radiography （ASR） is a newly established method. In this manuscript, signal-to-noise ratios （SNRs） of ASR are compared with that of PS. Numerical experiments are performed to validate theoretical results. SNRs comparison shows that for refraction and scattering images ASR has higher SNR than PS method, while for absorption image both methods have same SNR. Therefore, our conclusions would have guideline in future preclinical and clinical applications.
基金Project supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10490194 and 10734070) the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10504033,10774144 and 10979055)+2 种基金the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KJCX2-YW-N42)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2009CB930804)the National Outstanding Youth Fund(Grant No.10125523)
文摘Two phase extraction methods which are based separately on phase-stepping and shifting curve are mainly used in phase-sensitive imaging in gating interferometry to determine the x-ray phase shift induced by an object in the beam. In this paper, the authors perform a full comparative analysis and present the main virtues and limitations of these two methods according to the theoretical analysis of the grating interferometry.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61775121,61307003,61405122,and 11574311)Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.2018GGX101002)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.R2016FM03)the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University,China(Grant No.2015GN031)
文摘A multiple-image encryption method based on two-step phase-shifting interferometry （PSI） and spatial multiplexing of a smooth compressed signal is proposed. In the encoding and encryption process, with the help of four index matrices to store original pixel positions, all the pixels of four secret images are firstly reordered in an ascending order; then, the four reordered images are transformed by five-order Haar wavelet transform and performed sparseness operation. After Arnold transform and pixels sampling operation, one combined image can be grouped with the aid of compressive sensing （CS） and spatial multiplexing techniques. Finally, putting the combined image at the input plane of the PSI encryption scheme, only two interferograms ciphertexts can be obtained. During the decoding and decryption, utilizing all the secret key groups and index matrices keys, all the original secret images can be successfully decrypted by a wave-front retrieval algorithm of two-step PSI, spatial de-multiplexing, inverse Arnold transform, inverse discrete wavelet transform, and pixels reordering operation.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(Grant No.152107000047)
文摘In this study, a two-step heating process is introduced for transient liquid phase ( TLP) diffusion bonding fo r sound joints with T91 heat resistant steels. At first, a short-time higher temperature heating step is addressed to melt the interlayer, followed by the second step to complete isothermal solidification at a low temperature. The most critical feature of our new method is producing a non-planar interface at the T9/ heat resistant steels joint. We propose a transitional liquid phase bonding of T91 heat resistant steels by this approach. Since joint microstructures have been studied, we tested the tensile strength to assess joint mechanical property. The result indicates that the solidified bond may contain a primary solid-solution, similar composition to the parent metal and free from precipitates. Joint tensile strength of the joint is not lower than parent materials. Joint bend's strengths are enhanced due to the higher metal-to-metal junction producing a non-planar bond lines. Nevertheless, the traditional transient liquid phase diffusion bonding produces planar ones. Bonding parameters of new process are 1 260 °C for 0. 5 min and 1 230 °C fo r 4 min.
文摘In this paper, we propose an instantaneous phase-stepping method for determining phase distribution of interference fringes utilizing a camera that is equipped with a micro-polarizer array on the sensor plane. An optical setup of polarization interferometry using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with two polarizers is constructed. Light emerging from the interferometer is recorded using a camera that has a micro-polarizer array. This micro-polarizer array has four different optical axes. That is, an image obtained by the camera contains four types of information corresponding to four different optical axes of the polarizer. The four images separated from the image recorded by the camera are reconstructed using gray level interpolation. Subsequently, the distributions of the Stokes parameters that represent the state of polarization are calculated from the four images. The phase distribution of the interference fringe pattern produced by the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is then obtained from these Stokes parameters, The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by measuring a static carrier pattern and time-variant fringe patterns. It is emphasized that this method is applicable to time-variant phenomena because multiple exposures are unnecessary for sufficient data acquisition in the completion of the phase analysis.
文摘Dissociations in the gas phase of small molecules have been intensively studied and dissociation energies of various gases are available in reference works. Configurations of compounds before and after the dissociation are usually known</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">but local charges are not defined. Building on the even-odd rule, the topic of a series of previous articles by the same author, the objective of this paper is to show how it can be used to give electronic rules for dissociations in gases. To this end, a specific periodic table is created and used. The rules are applied to a selection of more than 30 common molecules, showing that the even-odd rule and its consequences are useful in explaining the phenomenon of dissociation in gases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10574001)the Program of the Education Department of Anhui Province (2004kj029) of China+1 种基金the Talent Foundation of Anhui University of Chinathe Youth Program of Fuyang Teachers College of China (Grant Nos 2005LQ03 and 2005LQ04)
文摘This paper presents a very simple scheme for generating quantum controlled phase-shift gate with only one step by using the two vibrational modes of a trapped ion as the two qubits. The scheme couples two vibration degrees of freedom coupled with a suitable chosen laser excitation via the ionic states.
文摘A deterministic phase-encoded encryption system is proposed. A lenticular lens array (LLA) sheet with a particular LPI (lenticular per inch) number is chosen as a modulator (key) instead of the random phase molator. The suggested encryption scheme is based on arbitrary two-step phase-shift interferometry (PSI), using an unknown phase step. The encryption and decryption principle is based on an LLA in arbitrary unknown two-step PSI. Right key holograms can be used to theoretically show that the object wavefront is the only one left in the hologram plane and that all accompanying undesired terms are eliminated. The encrypted image can therefore be numerically and successfully decrypted with the right key in the image plane. The number of degrees of freedom of the encryption scheme increases with the distance from the object and the LLA to the CCD, and also with the unknown phase-step and the LLA LPI number. Computer simulations are performed to verify the encryption and decryption principles without a key, with the wrong key and with the right key. Optical experiments are also performed to validate them.
基金Project(50671084) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(Z200714) supported by the Postgraduate Foundation of Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
文摘Based on the microscopic phase-field model, the pre-aging temperature effects on the precipitation mechanism and microstructure evolution during two-step aging for Ni75Al9Cr16 alloy were simulated. The results show that the early precipitation mechanism of L12 phase is the mixed mechanism of spinodal decomposition and non-classical nucleation growth, whereas the early precipitation mechanism of DO22 phase is spinodal decomposition when the pre-aging temperature is 873 K. The early precipitation mechanism of L12 phase is non-classical nucleation growth, whereas the early precipitation mechanism of DO22 phase is spinodal decomposition when the pre-aging temperature is 973 K. Under the effects of elastic strain energy, the cubic particles exhibit directional alignment along [100] and [010] directions during the late precipitation, which is more obvious at lower pre-temperature. DO22 phases appear earlier than L12 phases under these two kinds of precipitation processes; and the nucleation incubation time becomes long with the increase of pre-temperature.
文摘An aperture design technique using multi-step amplitude quantization for two-dimensional solid-state active phased arrays to achieve low sidelobe is described. It can be applied to antennas with arbitrary complex aperture. Also, the gain drop and sidelobe degradation due to random amplitude and phase errors and element (or T/R module) failures are investigated.
基金financial support from the National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionals
文摘To date, it is still a great challenge for highly efficient perovskite devices to realize the high quality per- ovskite films with high purity, high coverage ratio and good crystallization by two-step scalable solution method. In this study, a series PbI2 films with tunable micro-architecture of Pbl2 crystals are prepared via solution processable crystal engineering. The perovskite film, prepared by optimized pit spacing in gas pumped PbI2 film at 1000 Pa, shows the highest film quality, including no residual Pbl2 phase, compact morphology, and improved photoluminescence intensity. A transformation kinetics shows that the pit spacing strongly influences both the mass transfer and the sequential intercalation reaction between CH3NH31 and PbI2 crystals, which ultimately determines the full reaction state of the perovskite film. The perovskite solar cells assembled by the perovskite film show both high power-conversion efficiency and good reproducibility of photovoltaic performance due to the restrained charge recombination arising from the high quality perovskite film.
文摘A new technology, the two-step transient liquid phase diffusion bonding （TLP-DB） technology for cobalt-based K640 superalloy, was investigated. The method consists of a short-time high temperature heating to melt interlayer followed by isothermal solidification of liquid phase at a lower temperature than that of the conventional TLP-DB. The result indicates that the two-step TLP-DB can reliably produce an ideal joint with uniform chemical composition, which is superior to the joint welded by conventional TLP-DB in microstructure and mechanical properties. Bonding parameters of new process are 1 250℃ for 0. 5 h and 1 180℃ for 3 h. The high-temperature tensile strength of the joint by two-step TLP-DB reaches 74% of that of the base material on an equal basis, but the high-temperature tensile strength of the joint by conventional TLP-DB is only 58% of that of the base material.
文摘Poly（vinylidene fluoride）（PVDF） exhibits pronounced polymorphs. Its γ phase is attractive due to the electroactive properties. The γ-PVDF is however difficult to obtain under normal crystallization condition. In a previous work, we reported a simple melt-recrystallization approach for producing γ-phase rich PVDF thin films through selective melting and subsequent recrystallization. We reported here another approach for promoting the αγ′ phase transition to prepare γ-phase rich PVDF thin films. To this end, a stepwise crystallization and subsequent annealing process was used. The idea is based on a quick generation of a large amount of α-PVDF crystals with some of their γ-PVDF counterparts at suitable crystallization temperature and then annealing at a temperature above the crystallization temperature for enhancing the molecular chain mobility to overcome the energy barrier of phase transition. It was found that crystallizing the PVDF melt first at 152 °C for 4 h, then quenching to room temperature and finally annealing the sample at 160 °C for 100 h was the most efficient to produce γ-PVDF rich films. This is related to the melting and recrystallization of the α-PVDF crystals produced during quenching in the annealing process at 160 °C, which favors the formation of γ-PVDF crystals for triggering the αγ′ phase transition.
基金supported financially by the Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council (INIC) for experimental setup
文摘This work reports a one-pot procedure of laser ablation on a graphite target in a liquid medium, based on the variation of different parameters such as target type, laser wavelength, and ablation medium,to obtain high-quality graphene nanosheets. The morphology of derived products was characterized by the field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM). Then, the morphology and structure of the optimized sample were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), ultraviolet-visible-near infrared(UV–vis-NIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). By controlling the laser ablation parameters, we were able to prepare micrometer-sized few-layer graphene nanosheets with mainly less than ten layers. Such synthesized graphene nanosheets were grown at the surface of a flexible graphite target, indicating many potential applications in fundamental research, electrochemical and as hydrophobic surfaces.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51474018)
文摘Gold in cyanide tailings from Shandong Province is mainly encapsulated by hematite and magnetite at distribution rates of 76.49 % and 10.88 %, respectively.Chlorination-reduction one-step roasting of cyanide tailings was conducted under the following conditions： calcium chloride dosage of 6 %, bituminous coal dosage of 30 %, calcium oxide dosage of 10 %（all dosages are vs.the mass of cyanide tailings） at 1000 ℃ of roasting temperature. X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and chemical-phase analysis were performed to investigate the effects of iron phase transformation on the high-temperature chlorination of gold.Results indicate that the lattice structure of hematite undergoes expansion, pulverization, and reorganization when hematite is reduced to magnetite, which leads to42.03 % gold exposure, and the high-temperature chlorination rate of gold is 41.17 % at the same time. The structure of wustite formed by the reduction in magnetite is porous and loose, and thus 44.02 % of gold is exposed. The high-temperature chlorination rate of gold is increased by41.98 percentage points. When wustite is reduced to metallic iron, 4.42 % of gold is exposed, and the hightemperature chlorination rate of gold is increased by3.38 percentage points. Accordingly, the high-temperature chlorination of gold mainly occurs in two stages, in which Fe_2O_3 is reduced to Fe_3O_4, and Fe_3O_4 is reduced to Fe_xO finally.
