The traditional vaccines against hepatitis have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of some types of viral hepatitis;however,the need for cost-effective,easily distributable,and needle-free vaccine alternative...The traditional vaccines against hepatitis have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of some types of viral hepatitis;however,the need for cost-effective,easily distributable,and needle-free vaccine alternatives has led to the exploration of plant-based vaccines.Plant-based techniques offer a promising avenue for producing viral hepatitis vaccines due to their low-cost cultivation,scalability,and the potential for oral administration.This review highlights the successful expression of hepatitis B surface antigens in plants and the subsequent formation of virus-like particles,which have shown immunogenicity in preclinical and clinical trials.The challenges such as achieving sufficient antigen expression levels,ensuring consistent dosing,and navigating regulatory frameworks,are addressed.The review considers the potential of plant-based vaccines to meet the demands of rapid vaccine deployment in response to outbreaks and their role in global immunization strategies,particularly in resource-limited settings.This review underscores the significant strides made in plant molecular farming and the potential of plant-based vaccines to complement existing immunization methods against viral hepatitis.展开更多
Dengue has been ranked as one of the top emerging diseases in Asia and Latin America.Current epidemiological data may not even reflect the true burden of disease due to underreported figures.Vector control programmes ...Dengue has been ranked as one of the top emerging diseases in Asia and Latin America.Current epidemiological data may not even reflect the true burden of disease due to underreported figures.Vector control programmes have failed to contain the disease and worst of all,no specific treatment is available at the moment.Thereby,this pushes the demand for a dengue vaccine as a long-term protective approach.Despite there are numerous vaccine candidates ahead,they could be held back by different aspects in promoting vaccine implementation.Particularly for developing nations,logistics and cost are the major hurdles that need to be addressed in order to provide a quick yet affordable medical relief.As an alternative,plantbased vaccine production system is able to offer an attractive prospect given to its advantages of biocontainment warranty,low operation cost,rapid scalability and logistics flexibility.Researches that have embarked on this scope are laid out and reviewed in terms of the feasibility of plant system to serve as a biofactory for dengue vaccine.展开更多
目的:借鉴美国的临床药师培养模式,完善我国药学专业型人才培养方法,培养出能指导临床合理用药的临床药师。方法:以美国南加州大学药学院(USC school of pharmacy)的Pharm D教育为例,简单介绍美国如何培养Pharm D的临床实践能力,并与我...目的:借鉴美国的临床药师培养模式,完善我国药学专业型人才培养方法,培养出能指导临床合理用药的临床药师。方法:以美国南加州大学药学院(USC school of pharmacy)的Pharm D教育为例,简单介绍美国如何培养Pharm D的临床实践能力,并与我国现行的临床药师培养模式进行对比。结果:我国药学院课程设置不够合理,本科毕业生缺乏临床思维,无法胜任临床药师一职。结论:从课程、学制、毕业后教育等方面入手,改良传统药学教育模式,培养具备丰富临床实践经验的药学人才。展开更多
以美国内布拉斯加医学中心(University of Nebraska Medical Center,UNMC)岗位胜任力为导向培养Pharm.D.为例,介绍了其灵活多样的课堂教学方法、丰富充实的实践课程、注重人文素质培养的教育理念。临床中药学作为一门新兴的医药交叉学科...以美国内布拉斯加医学中心(University of Nebraska Medical Center,UNMC)岗位胜任力为导向培养Pharm.D.为例,介绍了其灵活多样的课堂教学方法、丰富充实的实践课程、注重人文素质培养的教育理念。临床中药学作为一门新兴的医药交叉学科,对人才的培养存在一些不足,建议结合美国Pharm.D.培养的先进经验,构建符合学科特色的临床中药学人才培养体系,培养优秀的临床中药学人才,为中医药事业的持续发展做出贡献。展开更多
In order to carry out the comprehensive reform of the professional master’s degree training mode of clinical pharmacy, we carried out interviews among 91 persons on the professional master’s degree of clinical pharm...In order to carry out the comprehensive reform of the professional master’s degree training mode of clinical pharmacy, we carried out interviews among 91 persons on the professional master’s degree of clinical pharmacy in Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and collected extensive feedback. We preliminaries explore the mode of Doctor of Pharmacy（Pharm. D.） Education, laying the foundation for Doctor’s education of professional clinical pharmacy in China. We conducted investigations and interviews among 91 clinical pharmacists and students of Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences on the training of professional master’s degree and Pharm. D. education mode, which includes 67 postgraduates and 24 clinical pharmacists. Respondents put forward the problems of training mode and corresponding suggestions and opinions from different aspects during the investigation and interview. The results mainly divide into four aspects： curriculum setting, clinical practice, assessme nt system and teaching resources. Respondents put forward effective feedback on the above four aspects, which are beneficial to the comprehensive reform of the training mode of professional master degree in clinical pharmacy and preliminary exploration of Pharm. D. Education in China.展开更多
Purpose: To compare differences in subjective glare and spherical aberration b etween five foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs) made of different materials and t o different designs. Methods: This prospective study comp...Purpose: To compare differences in subjective glare and spherical aberration b etween five foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs) made of different materials and t o different designs. Methods: This prospective study comprised 175 cataract pati ents who underwent phacoemulsification and were randomized to receive one of fiv e types of foldable IOL (AcrySof. MA30BA, Alcon; Sensar. AR40, AMO; AcrySof. SA3 0AL, Alcon; Sensar. AR40e, AMO, and Tecnis. Z9000, Pharmacia &Upjohn). All pati ents received a questionnaire investigating the incidence of subjective photic p henomena. Two months postoperatively, we collected data regarding subjective gla re and evaluated pupil size, visual acuity and wavefront aberration of the corne a and eye. Results: With regard to difficulty in performing ordinary activities under different light conditions and light and dark adaptation, the difference b etween the groups was not significant (p >0.05, chi-squared test). With respect to difficulty in driving at night, the MA30BA group had a significant higher in cidence of photic phenomena than the SA30AL, AR40e and Z9000 groups (p < 0.05, c hi-squared test). Wavefront measurements revealed a significant difference betw een the Z9000, AR40e and SA30AL groups, which showed the lowest values, and the MA30BA group, which showed the highest value (p< 0.05, ANOVA with Tamhane postho c test). Conclusions: New generation IOLs such as the Pharmacia Z9000, AMO AR40e and AcrySof. SA30AL have a lower incidence of glare and spherical aberrations; however, their impact on future IOL design should be conditioned by further data , especially regarding posterior capsule opacification.展开更多
文摘The traditional vaccines against hepatitis have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of some types of viral hepatitis;however,the need for cost-effective,easily distributable,and needle-free vaccine alternatives has led to the exploration of plant-based vaccines.Plant-based techniques offer a promising avenue for producing viral hepatitis vaccines due to their low-cost cultivation,scalability,and the potential for oral administration.This review highlights the successful expression of hepatitis B surface antigens in plants and the subsequent formation of virus-like particles,which have shown immunogenicity in preclinical and clinical trials.The challenges such as achieving sufficient antigen expression levels,ensuring consistent dosing,and navigating regulatory frameworks,are addressed.The review considers the potential of plant-based vaccines to meet the demands of rapid vaccine deployment in response to outbreaks and their role in global immunization strategies,particularly in resource-limited settings.This review underscores the significant strides made in plant molecular farming and the potential of plant-based vaccines to complement existing immunization methods against viral hepatitis.
文摘Dengue has been ranked as one of the top emerging diseases in Asia and Latin America.Current epidemiological data may not even reflect the true burden of disease due to underreported figures.Vector control programmes have failed to contain the disease and worst of all,no specific treatment is available at the moment.Thereby,this pushes the demand for a dengue vaccine as a long-term protective approach.Despite there are numerous vaccine candidates ahead,they could be held back by different aspects in promoting vaccine implementation.Particularly for developing nations,logistics and cost are the major hurdles that need to be addressed in order to provide a quick yet affordable medical relief.As an alternative,plantbased vaccine production system is able to offer an attractive prospect given to its advantages of biocontainment warranty,low operation cost,rapid scalability and logistics flexibility.Researches that have embarked on this scope are laid out and reviewed in terms of the feasibility of plant system to serve as a biofactory for dengue vaccine.
文摘目的:借鉴美国的临床药师培养模式,完善我国药学专业型人才培养方法,培养出能指导临床合理用药的临床药师。方法:以美国南加州大学药学院(USC school of pharmacy)的Pharm D教育为例,简单介绍美国如何培养Pharm D的临床实践能力,并与我国现行的临床药师培养模式进行对比。结果:我国药学院课程设置不够合理,本科毕业生缺乏临床思维,无法胜任临床药师一职。结论:从课程、学制、毕业后教育等方面入手,改良传统药学教育模式,培养具备丰富临床实践经验的药学人才。
文摘以美国内布拉斯加医学中心(University of Nebraska Medical Center,UNMC)岗位胜任力为导向培养Pharm.D.为例,介绍了其灵活多样的课堂教学方法、丰富充实的实践课程、注重人文素质培养的教育理念。临床中药学作为一门新兴的医药交叉学科,对人才的培养存在一些不足,建议结合美国Pharm.D.培养的先进经验,构建符合学科特色的临床中药学人才培养体系,培养优秀的临床中药学人才,为中医药事业的持续发展做出贡献。
文摘In order to carry out the comprehensive reform of the professional master’s degree training mode of clinical pharmacy, we carried out interviews among 91 persons on the professional master’s degree of clinical pharmacy in Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and collected extensive feedback. We preliminaries explore the mode of Doctor of Pharmacy（Pharm. D.） Education, laying the foundation for Doctor’s education of professional clinical pharmacy in China. We conducted investigations and interviews among 91 clinical pharmacists and students of Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences on the training of professional master’s degree and Pharm. D. education mode, which includes 67 postgraduates and 24 clinical pharmacists. Respondents put forward the problems of training mode and corresponding suggestions and opinions from different aspects during the investigation and interview. The results mainly divide into four aspects： curriculum setting, clinical practice, assessme nt system and teaching resources. Respondents put forward effective feedback on the above four aspects, which are beneficial to the comprehensive reform of the training mode of professional master degree in clinical pharmacy and preliminary exploration of Pharm. D. Education in China.
文摘Purpose: To compare differences in subjective glare and spherical aberration b etween five foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs) made of different materials and t o different designs. Methods: This prospective study comprised 175 cataract pati ents who underwent phacoemulsification and were randomized to receive one of fiv e types of foldable IOL (AcrySof. MA30BA, Alcon; Sensar. AR40, AMO; AcrySof. SA3 0AL, Alcon; Sensar. AR40e, AMO, and Tecnis. Z9000, Pharmacia &Upjohn). All pati ents received a questionnaire investigating the incidence of subjective photic p henomena. Two months postoperatively, we collected data regarding subjective gla re and evaluated pupil size, visual acuity and wavefront aberration of the corne a and eye. Results: With regard to difficulty in performing ordinary activities under different light conditions and light and dark adaptation, the difference b etween the groups was not significant (p >0.05, chi-squared test). With respect to difficulty in driving at night, the MA30BA group had a significant higher in cidence of photic phenomena than the SA30AL, AR40e and Z9000 groups (p < 0.05, c hi-squared test). Wavefront measurements revealed a significant difference betw een the Z9000, AR40e and SA30AL groups, which showed the lowest values, and the MA30BA group, which showed the highest value (p< 0.05, ANOVA with Tamhane postho c test). Conclusions: New generation IOLs such as the Pharmacia Z9000, AMO AR40e and AcrySof. SA30AL have a lower incidence of glare and spherical aberrations; however, their impact on future IOL design should be conditioned by further data , especially regarding posterior capsule opacification.
