The purpose of this paper is to implement a pharmaceutical care program in psychiatric outpatients in a community pharmacy. Outpatients （536） with psychiatric treatment requiring the dispensing of medication prescri...The purpose of this paper is to implement a pharmaceutical care program in psychiatric outpatients in a community pharmacy. Outpatients （536） with psychiatric treatment requiring the dispensing of medication prescribed by a psychiatrist were followed up in a community pharmacy, where different medicines were prescribed as PS （pharmaceutical specialties）, PC （pharmaceutical compounding） or both PS and PC. Each prescription was registered with details on a patient level. Also, three reporting sheets were designed： patients profile, patients monitoring and patients counseling. The total study population in the community pharmacy consisted of 536 outpatients： 357 （66.6%） females and 179 （33.4%） males. Most of the outpatients （78.5%） have health insurance, 50% correspond to public and 28.5% to private institution. The other patients （21.5%） do not have medical insurance. We also observed that the education level of these patients was： primary school 19.1%; high school 45.9%; college 15.3% and university 20.7%. Many patients had more than one psychiatric diagnosis, to whom were prescribed different medicines. All the medication studies on the charts were screened for prescriptions with antidepressants and other psychotropic drugs, starting on the date of first diagnosis made by a psychiatrist. The counseling to the patients was also registered. The possibility of the follow-up of these outpatients in the community pharmacy promoted the development of the psychiatric pharmacy and all advances in care for patients with mental health needs, working in closer collaboration with psychiatrists.展开更多
Endocrine disrupting compounds（EDCs） and pharmaceuticals pose a challenge for water and wastewater treatment because they exist at very low concentrations in the presence of substances at much higher concentrations ...Endocrine disrupting compounds（EDCs） and pharmaceuticals pose a challenge for water and wastewater treatment because they exist at very low concentrations in the presence of substances at much higher concentrations competing for adsorption sites.Sub-micron sized resin particles（approximately 300 nm in diameter）（SMR） were tested to evaluate their potential as a treatment for EDCs including：17-β estradiol（E2）,17-α ethinylestradiol（EE2）,estrone（E1）,bisphenol A（BPA）,and diethylstilbestrol（DES） as well as 12 pharmaceuticals.SMR were able to remove 98%of spiked E2,80%of EE2,87%of BPA,and up to 97%of DES from water.For a 0.5 ppm mixture of E2,EE2,E1,BPA and DES,the minimum removal was24%（E2） and the maximum was 49%（DES）.They were also able to remove the pharmaceuticals from deionized water and wastewater.Overall,SMR are a promising advanced treatment for removal of both EDCs and pharmaceuticals.展开更多
The retention of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) by nanofiltration (NF) membranes is strongly influenced by the pH value of the solution. The retention of SMZ reaches its peak value when the solution pH rises above its pKa2 va...The retention of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) by nanofiltration (NF) membranes is strongly influenced by the pH value of the solution. The retention of SMZ reaches its peak value when the solution pH rises above its pKa2 value as the compound transforms into a negatively charged species. Charge repulsion is the main mechanism involved in SMZ removal by NF membranes. In this study, the removal of SMZ by NF membranes, as a function of solution chemistry, was examined at pH 8.9 to investigate the effect of solution conditions on charge repulsion. The results show that the retention of negatively charged SMZ is relatively independent of SMZ concentration, and an increase in the ionic strength of the solution causes a relatively small reduction in retention. A small effect of humic acid (HA) on SMZ retention was noticed at pH 8.9, which can be explained by a small but insignificant improvement in the zeta potential of the membrane caused by HA at high pH values. However, it was found that SMZ concentration in the feed decreased significantly in solutions containing tannic acid (TA). The Adams-Bohart model was applied to our experimental data and was found to be suitable for describing the initial part of the breakthrough curves. The adsorptive parameters of the membrane were determined.展开更多
Introduction:Pharmaceuticals are regarded as emerging contaminants in the environment.In recent years,their destiny and removal have piqued people’s interest.Methods:Examine how well conventional wastewater treatment...Introduction:Pharmaceuticals are regarded as emerging contaminants in the environment.In recent years,their destiny and removal have piqued people’s interest.Methods:Examine how well conventional wastewater treatment facilities and cutting-edge technologies(ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis)can remove specific pharmaceutical compounds from water,with a focus on the compounds'environmental status,their origin,deterioration,metabolites,and the capacities of these facilities.Results and discussion:the ability and efficacy of sophisticated treatment technologies such as membrane separation,adsorption,and AOPs(Advanced Oxidation Processes)in eliminating chosen commonly used drugs from water are explored.Batch adsorption experiments were integrated with appropriate adsorption isotherms and appropriate kinetic models to predict the final extent of pollutant removal by this method.Continuous filtration mode was also investigated.Combining filtration(using AC(Activated Carbon)and micelle-clay granule complexes)with AOPs improves the economy of treating wastewater,which contains recalcitrant PhACs(Pharmaceutical Compounds).展开更多
Pharmaceutically active compounds(PhACs)are widely used in medical treatments but pose risks to ecosystems and human health when present in the environment.Understanding their fate in nature is complex and influenced ...Pharmaceutically active compounds(PhACs)are widely used in medical treatments but pose risks to ecosystems and human health when present in the environment.Understanding their fate in nature is complex and influenced by various factors.Phototransformation,where PhACs change chemically upon light exposure,offers the potential for reducing their environmental levels.Studying this process is crucial for understanding risks,developing safe disposal strategies,and innovating removal methods to mitigate adverse effects.This review delves into the major factors influencing the transformation of PhACs under natural conditions.It provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms involved in the photochemical activity of PhACs,shedding light on their behavior upon exposure to sunlight.Special attention is given to delineating the differences in the phototransformation processes among 13 major pharmaceutical classes.By examining the various factors influencing PhAC transformation and eluci-dating their mechanisms,this review aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment.Such insights are invaluable for developing effective strategies to mitigate the risks posed by PhAC contamination and safeguarding environmental and human health.展开更多
The occurrence,fate,and environmental risk of 40 pharmaceutically active compounds(PhACs)from surface waters and sediments were comprehensively investigated in the Beijiang River,Xijiang River,and Maozhou River of the...The occurrence,fate,and environmental risk of 40 pharmaceutically active compounds(PhACs)from surface waters and sediments were comprehensively investigated in the Beijiang River,Xijiang River,and Maozhou River of the Pearl River basin,South China.Salicylic acid and diclofenac(antiinflammatory drugs),gemfibrozil(a lipid regulator),carbamazepine(an antiepileptic drug),diazepam(a psychoactive drug),and 2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid(MCPA,a pesticide)were the most ubiquitous compounds in the studied region.The average concentrations of detected PhACs in surface waters and sediments ranged from 0.17 to 19.1 ng/L and 0.10 to 10.4 ng/g,respectively.Meanwhile,PhACs concentration in surface waters and sediments varied greatly among and within the Beijiang River,Xijiang River,and Maozhou River.The largest annual flux of PhACs of the Xijiang River and Beijiang River was more than 11000 kg per annum,whereas only 25.7 kg/a in the Maozhou River.In addition,the estimated emissions of PhACs in the Beijiang River,Xijiang River,and Maozhou River ranged respectively from 0.28 to 4.22 kg/a,0.12 to 6.72 kg/a,and 6.66 to 91.0 kg/a,and the backestimated usage varied with a range from 12.0 to 293 kg/a,6.79 to 944 kg/a,368 to 17459 kg/a.Moreover,the emissions of PhACs showed a close relationship with the gross domestic product(GDP)of each city along the Pearl River.The environmental risk assessment suggested that diazepam and ibuprofen had a moderate risk in this region.展开更多
文摘The purpose of this paper is to implement a pharmaceutical care program in psychiatric outpatients in a community pharmacy. Outpatients （536） with psychiatric treatment requiring the dispensing of medication prescribed by a psychiatrist were followed up in a community pharmacy, where different medicines were prescribed as PS （pharmaceutical specialties）, PC （pharmaceutical compounding） or both PS and PC. Each prescription was registered with details on a patient level. Also, three reporting sheets were designed： patients profile, patients monitoring and patients counseling. The total study population in the community pharmacy consisted of 536 outpatients： 357 （66.6%） females and 179 （33.4%） males. Most of the outpatients （78.5%） have health insurance, 50% correspond to public and 28.5% to private institution. The other patients （21.5%） do not have medical insurance. We also observed that the education level of these patients was： primary school 19.1%; high school 45.9%; college 15.3% and university 20.7%. Many patients had more than one psychiatric diagnosis, to whom were prescribed different medicines. All the medication studies on the charts were screened for prescriptions with antidepressants and other psychotropic drugs, starting on the date of first diagnosis made by a psychiatrist. The counseling to the patients was also registered. The possibility of the follow-up of these outpatients in the community pharmacy promoted the development of the psychiatric pharmacy and all advances in care for patients with mental health needs, working in closer collaboration with psychiatrists.
基金funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) (RGPIN0326978-2011) under the Discovery Grant program
文摘Endocrine disrupting compounds（EDCs） and pharmaceuticals pose a challenge for water and wastewater treatment because they exist at very low concentrations in the presence of substances at much higher concentrations competing for adsorption sites.Sub-micron sized resin particles（approximately 300 nm in diameter）（SMR） were tested to evaluate their potential as a treatment for EDCs including：17-β estradiol（E2）,17-α ethinylestradiol（EE2）,estrone（E1）,bisphenol A（BPA）,and diethylstilbestrol（DES） as well as 12 pharmaceuticals.SMR were able to remove 98%of spiked E2,80%of EE2,87%of BPA,and up to 97%of DES from water.For a 0.5 ppm mixture of E2,EE2,E1,BPA and DES,the minimum removal was24%（E2） and the maximum was 49%（DES）.They were also able to remove the pharmaceuticals from deionized water and wastewater.Overall,SMR are a promising advanced treatment for removal of both EDCs and pharmaceuticals.
基金Project supported by the Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Envi-ronment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University (No. PCRRK- 08006)
文摘The retention of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) by nanofiltration (NF) membranes is strongly influenced by the pH value of the solution. The retention of SMZ reaches its peak value when the solution pH rises above its pKa2 value as the compound transforms into a negatively charged species. Charge repulsion is the main mechanism involved in SMZ removal by NF membranes. In this study, the removal of SMZ by NF membranes, as a function of solution chemistry, was examined at pH 8.9 to investigate the effect of solution conditions on charge repulsion. The results show that the retention of negatively charged SMZ is relatively independent of SMZ concentration, and an increase in the ionic strength of the solution causes a relatively small reduction in retention. A small effect of humic acid (HA) on SMZ retention was noticed at pH 8.9, which can be explained by a small but insignificant improvement in the zeta potential of the membrane caused by HA at high pH values. However, it was found that SMZ concentration in the feed decreased significantly in solutions containing tannic acid (TA). The Adams-Bohart model was applied to our experimental data and was found to be suitable for describing the initial part of the breakthrough curves. The adsorptive parameters of the membrane were determined.
文摘Introduction:Pharmaceuticals are regarded as emerging contaminants in the environment.In recent years,their destiny and removal have piqued people’s interest.Methods:Examine how well conventional wastewater treatment facilities and cutting-edge technologies(ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis)can remove specific pharmaceutical compounds from water,with a focus on the compounds'environmental status,their origin,deterioration,metabolites,and the capacities of these facilities.Results and discussion:the ability and efficacy of sophisticated treatment technologies such as membrane separation,adsorption,and AOPs(Advanced Oxidation Processes)in eliminating chosen commonly used drugs from water are explored.Batch adsorption experiments were integrated with appropriate adsorption isotherms and appropriate kinetic models to predict the final extent of pollutant removal by this method.Continuous filtration mode was also investigated.Combining filtration(using AC(Activated Carbon)and micelle-clay granule complexes)with AOPs improves the economy of treating wastewater,which contains recalcitrant PhACs(Pharmaceutical Compounds).
基金Financial support from the project No.30-PCF-23-24 dated January 25,2023,subject:BR18574143“Development and implementation of groundwater purification technology and provision of drinking water to the population and animals of an agricultural enterprise”financed by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan and partial funding from RUSA and SPARC are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Pharmaceutically active compounds(PhACs)are widely used in medical treatments but pose risks to ecosystems and human health when present in the environment.Understanding their fate in nature is complex and influenced by various factors.Phototransformation,where PhACs change chemically upon light exposure,offers the potential for reducing their environmental levels.Studying this process is crucial for understanding risks,developing safe disposal strategies,and innovating removal methods to mitigate adverse effects.This review delves into the major factors influencing the transformation of PhACs under natural conditions.It provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms involved in the photochemical activity of PhACs,shedding light on their behavior upon exposure to sunlight.Special attention is given to delineating the differences in the phototransformation processes among 13 major pharmaceutical classes.By examining the various factors influencing PhAC transformation and eluci-dating their mechanisms,this review aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment.Such insights are invaluable for developing effective strategies to mitigate the risks posed by PhAC contamination and safeguarding environmental and human health.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41877358 and U1701242)the Pearl River Talent Plan of Guangdong Province(No.2017GC010244)the Key R&D projects of Guangxi(No.2018AB36018).
文摘The occurrence,fate,and environmental risk of 40 pharmaceutically active compounds(PhACs)from surface waters and sediments were comprehensively investigated in the Beijiang River,Xijiang River,and Maozhou River of the Pearl River basin,South China.Salicylic acid and diclofenac(antiinflammatory drugs),gemfibrozil(a lipid regulator),carbamazepine(an antiepileptic drug),diazepam(a psychoactive drug),and 2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid(MCPA,a pesticide)were the most ubiquitous compounds in the studied region.The average concentrations of detected PhACs in surface waters and sediments ranged from 0.17 to 19.1 ng/L and 0.10 to 10.4 ng/g,respectively.Meanwhile,PhACs concentration in surface waters and sediments varied greatly among and within the Beijiang River,Xijiang River,and Maozhou River.The largest annual flux of PhACs of the Xijiang River and Beijiang River was more than 11000 kg per annum,whereas only 25.7 kg/a in the Maozhou River.In addition,the estimated emissions of PhACs in the Beijiang River,Xijiang River,and Maozhou River ranged respectively from 0.28 to 4.22 kg/a,0.12 to 6.72 kg/a,and 6.66 to 91.0 kg/a,and the backestimated usage varied with a range from 12.0 to 293 kg/a,6.79 to 944 kg/a,368 to 17459 kg/a.Moreover,the emissions of PhACs showed a close relationship with the gross domestic product(GDP)of each city along the Pearl River.The environmental risk assessment suggested that diazepam and ibuprofen had a moderate risk in this region.
