Plants have mechanisms to transport secondary metabolites from where they are biosynthesized to the sites where they function,or to sites such as the vacuole for detoxification.However,current research has mainly focu...Plants have mechanisms to transport secondary metabolites from where they are biosynthesized to the sites where they function,or to sites such as the vacuole for detoxification.However,current research has mainly focused on metabolite biosynthesis and regulation,and little is known about their transport.Tanshinone,a class diterpenoid with medicinal properties,is biosynthesized in the periderm of Salvia miltiorrhiza roots.Here,we discovered that tanshinone can be transported out of peridermal cells and secreted into the soil environment and that the ABC transporter SmABCG1 is involved in the efflux of tanshinoneⅡA and tanshinoneⅠ.The SmABCG1 gene is adjacent to the diterpene biosynthesis gene cluster in the S.miltiorrhiza genome.The temporal–spatial expression pattern of SmABCG1 is consistent with tanshinone accumulation profiles.SmABCG1 is located on the plasma membrane and preferentially accumulates in the peridermal cells of S.miltiorrhiza roots.Heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes demonstrated that SmABCG1 can export tanshinoneⅡA and tanshinoneⅠ.CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of SmABCG1 in S.miltiorrhiza hairy roots resulted in a significant decrease in tanshinone contents in both hairy roots and the culture medium,whereas overexpression of this gene resulted in increased tanshinone contents.CYP76AH3 transcript levels increased in hairy roots overexpressing SmABCG1 and decreased in knockout lines,suggesting that SmABCG1 may affect the expression of CYP76AH3,indirectly regulating tanshinone biosynthesis.Finally,tanshinoneⅡA showed cytotoxicity to Arabidopsis roots.These findings offer new perspectives on plant diterpenoid transport and provide a new genetic tool for metabolic engineering and synthetic biology research.展开更多
The early Cambrian pentamerous microfossil Olivooides/Punctatus in South China, which is characterized by a diagnostic stellate tubular apex, has been well-known for its almost complete development sequence that can b...The early Cambrian pentamerous microfossil Olivooides/Punctatus in South China, which is characterized by a diagnostic stellate tubular apex, has been well-known for its almost complete development sequence that can be confidently traced from embryos and hatched juveniles, to conical adults. However, its zoological affinity remains highly controversial. Here we describe the internal microanatomic structures of the soft-body inside the peridermal theca of Olivooides multisulcatus Qian, 1977, including interradial pairs of tentacles, adradial and perradial frenula, perradial oral marginal lappets and twins of perradial gastric saccule-like humps as well as a circular velarium with striated coronal muscles. Particularly, one specimen shows bifurcated velarial canals along the bell aperture. Both the components of the soft-body and the external theca （or cyst） are arranged in perfect pentaradial symmetry. These characteristics are more compatible with those of living cubomedusans and co-occurring Cambrian athecate embryonic cubozoans. Concerning the presence of peridermal theca, Olivooides most likely represents an extinct thecate stem-group cubomedusae but devoid of both perradial eyes and specialized pedalia. The well-grown soft body inside the peridermal tube displays a set of mixed features of both polyp and medusa.展开更多
To better understand the interaction mechanisms of plant surfaces with polar organic compounds, sorption of 4-chlorophenol, 2,4- dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by fruit cuticles （i.e., tomato, apple, and p...To better understand the interaction mechanisms of plant surfaces with polar organic compounds, sorption of 4-chlorophenol, 2,4- dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by fruit cuticles （i.e., tomato, apple, and pepper）, and potato tuber periderm were investigated. The roles of cuticular components （waxes, cutin, cutan and sugar） on sorption of chlorophenols are quantitatively compared. Cutin and waxes govern the sorption capacity of bulk apple cuticle by hydrophobic interactions. Potato periderm with highest sugar content exhibits the lowest sorption capability for the chlorophenols. With the increase of hydrophobicity （i.e., Kow ） of sorbate, the relative contribution of lipophilic components （wax, cutin and cutan） on total sorption increases, however, the ratios of Koc to Kow decreases due to increasing ionization degree of sorbates.展开更多
Objective:To establish the standardization parameters for complete pharmacoguoslic evaluation of stems of Tlespesia lampas(T.lampas)(Cav.) Dalz & Gibs(Malvaceae),an important planl in the Indian system of medicine...Objective:To establish the standardization parameters for complete pharmacoguoslic evaluation of stems of Tlespesia lampas(T.lampas)(Cav.) Dalz & Gibs(Malvaceae),an important planl in the Indian system of medicine.Methods:Morphological,microscopical,physico-chemical evaluations,florescence analysis of T.lampas stems were investigated and preliminary phytochemical analysis,GO-MS analysis and HPTLC fingerprinting were carried out for qualitative phytochemical evaluation of various extracts of stems of T.lampas.Results:Chemomieroscopy revealed the presence of lignin.starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals.Physicochemical evaluation used to detennine numerical slandards showed a result with total ash(9.03± 0.05)%w/w,acid insoluble ash(1.50±0.01)%w/w,water soluble ash(2.51±0.02)%w/w,sulphated ash(7.50+0.01)%w/w,ethanol soluble extractive(0.24±0.02)%w/w,water soluble extractive(0.08 ±0.01)<7,w/w,moisture content(6.03±0.05)%w/w and total crude fibre content of stem powder(47.36±0.32)%w/w.Behavior characteristics of the stem powder showed presence of steroids, starch,alkaloid,flavonoids and proteins.Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of glycosides,phenolic compounds,tannins,steroids,saponins,flavonoids,carbohydrates and proteins.GC-MS analysis showed the presence of fatty acids such as dodecanoic acid, lelraclecanoic acid,n-hexadecanoic acid,9-lelradecenal and HPTLC fingerprinting revealed the presence of β-sitosterol and quercetin in stems of T.lampas.Conclusions:The pharmacognostic standardization of T.lampas is useful towards establishing standards for quality, purity and sample identification.展开更多
Phloem is the woody tissue for the storage and long-distance transport of organic matter in vascular bundles.To reveal the process of secondary phloem development and differentiation in Pinus massoniana,the structure ...Phloem is the woody tissue for the storage and long-distance transport of organic matter in vascular bundles.To reveal the process of secondary phloem development and differentiation in Pinus massoniana,the structure of the secondary phloem and the distribution of cell inclusions were observed by histochemical staining,spontaneous fluorescence of phenolic substances and cell segregation.Based on tissue development and differentiation characteristics of P.massoniana secondary phloem,the secondary phloem development was divided into seven stages:the functional phloem stage;the sieve cell lignification stage;the phloem ray bending stage;the parenchyma cell dedifferentiation and division stage;the dedifferentiated parenchyma cell population formation stage;the periderm alteration stage,and the rhytidome stage.An analysis of cell morphology and inclusion distribution characteristics showed that the sieve cells were deformed during lignification,the quantities of parenchyma and resin ducts increased with development and the crystal content in cells,as well as the levels of sugars and lipids in phloem parenchyma cells,increased with development.The results indicate that the P.massoniana phloem first lost longitudinal transport function and then increased its secretory,storage and mechanical functions.Ultimately,the parenchyma differentiated into the cortex and periderm,and the tissue outside the new periderm lignified to form the rhytidome,which fully developed into the protective tissue of the stem.展开更多
Cleft palate is one of the most common congenital craniofacial disorders that affects children's appearance and oral functions.Investigating the transcriptomes during palatogenesis is crucial for understanding the...Cleft palate is one of the most common congenital craniofacial disorders that affects children's appearance and oral functions.Investigating the transcriptomes during palatogenesis is crucial for understanding the etiology of this disorder and facilitating prenatal molecular diagnosis.However,there is limited knowledge about the single-cell differentiation dynamics during mid-palatogenesis and late-palatogenesis,specifically regarding the subpopulations and developmental trajectories of periderm,a rare but critical cell population.Here,we explored the single-cell landscape of mouse developing palates from embryonic day(E)10.5 to E16.5.We systematically depicted the single-cell transcriptomes of mesenchymal and epithelial cells during palatogenesis,including subpopulations and differentiation dynamics.Additionally,we identified four subclusters of palatal periderm and constructed two distinct trajectories of cell fates for periderm cells.Our findings reveal that claudin-family coding genes and Arhgap29 play a role in the non-stick function of the periderm before the palatal shelves contact,and Pitx2 mediates the adhe-sion of periderm during the contact of opposing palatal shelves.Furthermore,we demonstrate that epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),apoptosis,and migration collectively contribute to the degeneration of periderm cells in the medial epithelial seam.Taken together,our study suggests a novel model of periderm development during palatogenesis and delineates the cellular and molecular transitions in periderm cell determination.展开更多
HOW DO PLANTS SENSE INJURY AND REGENERATE THE PERIDERM?All living organisms rely on protective tissues,just as human skin shields us from environmental stresses and heals after injury.Many plants,particularly woody sp...HOW DO PLANTS SENSE INJURY AND REGENERATE THE PERIDERM?All living organisms rely on protective tissues,just as human skin shields us from environmental stresses and heals after injury.Many plants,particularly woody species,possess a multilayered outer tissue known as the periderm,which originates from the secondary lateral meristem phellogen and replaces the epidermis.展开更多
The periderm is a vital protective tissue found in the roots,stems,and woody elements of diverse plant species.It plays an important function in these plants by assuming the role of the epidermis as the outermost laye...The periderm is a vital protective tissue found in the roots,stems,and woody elements of diverse plant species.It plays an important function in these plants by assuming the role of the epidermis as the outermost layer.Despite its critical role for protecting plants from environmental stresses and pathogens,research on root periderm development has been limited due to its late formation during root development,its presence only in mature root regions,and its impermeability.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3501700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82304662,82374159,32070327,32170402)+3 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3504800)Chenguang project of Shanghai(23CGA52)Science and Technology Development Program of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(23KFL051)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission(23XD1423500)。
文摘Plants have mechanisms to transport secondary metabolites from where they are biosynthesized to the sites where they function,or to sites such as the vacuole for detoxification.However,current research has mainly focused on metabolite biosynthesis and regulation,and little is known about their transport.Tanshinone,a class diterpenoid with medicinal properties,is biosynthesized in the periderm of Salvia miltiorrhiza roots.Here,we discovered that tanshinone can be transported out of peridermal cells and secreted into the soil environment and that the ABC transporter SmABCG1 is involved in the efflux of tanshinoneⅡA and tanshinoneⅠ.The SmABCG1 gene is adjacent to the diterpene biosynthesis gene cluster in the S.miltiorrhiza genome.The temporal–spatial expression pattern of SmABCG1 is consistent with tanshinone accumulation profiles.SmABCG1 is located on the plasma membrane and preferentially accumulates in the peridermal cells of S.miltiorrhiza roots.Heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes demonstrated that SmABCG1 can export tanshinoneⅡA and tanshinoneⅠ.CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of SmABCG1 in S.miltiorrhiza hairy roots resulted in a significant decrease in tanshinone contents in both hairy roots and the culture medium,whereas overexpression of this gene resulted in increased tanshinone contents.CYP76AH3 transcript levels increased in hairy roots overexpressing SmABCG1 and decreased in knockout lines,suggesting that SmABCG1 may affect the expression of CYP76AH3,indirectly regulating tanshinone biosynthesis.Finally,tanshinoneⅡA showed cytotoxicity to Arabidopsis roots.These findings offer new perspectives on plant diterpenoid transport and provide a new genetic tool for metabolic engineering and synthetic biology research.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC grant 41272019,41372021)the "973 project" of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China"(2013CB835002, 2013CB837100)+1 种基金the "111 project" of the Programs of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(No: W20136100061)the MOST Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics,Northwest University,China
文摘The early Cambrian pentamerous microfossil Olivooides/Punctatus in South China, which is characterized by a diagnostic stellate tubular apex, has been well-known for its almost complete development sequence that can be confidently traced from embryos and hatched juveniles, to conical adults. However, its zoological affinity remains highly controversial. Here we describe the internal microanatomic structures of the soft-body inside the peridermal theca of Olivooides multisulcatus Qian, 1977, including interradial pairs of tentacles, adradial and perradial frenula, perradial oral marginal lappets and twins of perradial gastric saccule-like humps as well as a circular velarium with striated coronal muscles. Particularly, one specimen shows bifurcated velarial canals along the bell aperture. Both the components of the soft-body and the external theca （or cyst） are arranged in perfect pentaradial symmetry. These characteristics are more compatible with those of living cubomedusans and co-occurring Cambrian athecate embryonic cubozoans. Concerning the presence of peridermal theca, Olivooides most likely represents an extinct thecate stem-group cubomedusae but devoid of both perradial eyes and specialized pedalia. The well-grown soft body inside the peridermal tube displays a set of mixed features of both polyp and medusa.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20977081)the Foundation forthe Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China (No. 200765)+1 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. R5100105)the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (No.J20091588)
文摘To better understand the interaction mechanisms of plant surfaces with polar organic compounds, sorption of 4-chlorophenol, 2,4- dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by fruit cuticles （i.e., tomato, apple, and pepper）, and potato tuber periderm were investigated. The roles of cuticular components （waxes, cutin, cutan and sugar） on sorption of chlorophenols are quantitatively compared. Cutin and waxes govern the sorption capacity of bulk apple cuticle by hydrophobic interactions. Potato periderm with highest sugar content exhibits the lowest sorption capability for the chlorophenols. With the increase of hydrophobicity （i.e., Kow ） of sorbate, the relative contribution of lipophilic components （wax, cutin and cutan） on total sorption increases, however, the ratios of Koc to Kow decreases due to increasing ionization degree of sorbates.
基金Anchrom Laboratory,Mumbai,for providing the best available facility and kind support for this work
文摘Objective:To establish the standardization parameters for complete pharmacoguoslic evaluation of stems of Tlespesia lampas(T.lampas)(Cav.) Dalz & Gibs(Malvaceae),an important planl in the Indian system of medicine.Methods:Morphological,microscopical,physico-chemical evaluations,florescence analysis of T.lampas stems were investigated and preliminary phytochemical analysis,GO-MS analysis and HPTLC fingerprinting were carried out for qualitative phytochemical evaluation of various extracts of stems of T.lampas.Results:Chemomieroscopy revealed the presence of lignin.starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals.Physicochemical evaluation used to detennine numerical slandards showed a result with total ash(9.03± 0.05)%w/w,acid insoluble ash(1.50±0.01)%w/w,water soluble ash(2.51±0.02)%w/w,sulphated ash(7.50+0.01)%w/w,ethanol soluble extractive(0.24±0.02)%w/w,water soluble extractive(0.08 ±0.01)<7,w/w,moisture content(6.03±0.05)%w/w and total crude fibre content of stem powder(47.36±0.32)%w/w.Behavior characteristics of the stem powder showed presence of steroids, starch,alkaloid,flavonoids and proteins.Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of glycosides,phenolic compounds,tannins,steroids,saponins,flavonoids,carbohydrates and proteins.GC-MS analysis showed the presence of fatty acids such as dodecanoic acid, lelraclecanoic acid,n-hexadecanoic acid,9-lelradecenal and HPTLC fingerprinting revealed the presence of β-sitosterol and quercetin in stems of T.lampas.Conclusions:The pharmacognostic standardization of T.lampas is useful towards establishing standards for quality, purity and sample identification.
基金supported by the Guizhou provincial scientific and technological program 20185261。
文摘Phloem is the woody tissue for the storage and long-distance transport of organic matter in vascular bundles.To reveal the process of secondary phloem development and differentiation in Pinus massoniana,the structure of the secondary phloem and the distribution of cell inclusions were observed by histochemical staining,spontaneous fluorescence of phenolic substances and cell segregation.Based on tissue development and differentiation characteristics of P.massoniana secondary phloem,the secondary phloem development was divided into seven stages:the functional phloem stage;the sieve cell lignification stage;the phloem ray bending stage;the parenchyma cell dedifferentiation and division stage;the dedifferentiated parenchyma cell population formation stage;the periderm alteration stage,and the rhytidome stage.An analysis of cell morphology and inclusion distribution characteristics showed that the sieve cells were deformed during lignification,the quantities of parenchyma and resin ducts increased with development and the crystal content in cells,as well as the levels of sugars and lipids in phloem parenchyma cells,increased with development.The results indicate that the P.massoniana phloem first lost longitudinal transport function and then increased its secretory,storage and mechanical functions.Ultimately,the parenchyma differentiated into the cortex and periderm,and the tissue outside the new periderm lignified to form the rhytidome,which fully developed into the protective tissue of the stem.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.82170916,82001030,22104096,and 81870747)the Shenzhen Fund for Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialties(Grant No.SZGSPO08)the Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases(Grant No.20210617170745001),China.
文摘Cleft palate is one of the most common congenital craniofacial disorders that affects children's appearance and oral functions.Investigating the transcriptomes during palatogenesis is crucial for understanding the etiology of this disorder and facilitating prenatal molecular diagnosis.However,there is limited knowledge about the single-cell differentiation dynamics during mid-palatogenesis and late-palatogenesis,specifically regarding the subpopulations and developmental trajectories of periderm,a rare but critical cell population.Here,we explored the single-cell landscape of mouse developing palates from embryonic day(E)10.5 to E16.5.We systematically depicted the single-cell transcriptomes of mesenchymal and epithelial cells during palatogenesis,including subpopulations and differentiation dynamics.Additionally,we identified four subclusters of palatal periderm and constructed two distinct trajectories of cell fates for periderm cells.Our findings reveal that claudin-family coding genes and Arhgap29 play a role in the non-stick function of the periderm before the palatal shelves contact,and Pitx2 mediates the adhe-sion of periderm during the contact of opposing palatal shelves.Furthermore,we demonstrate that epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),apoptosis,and migration collectively contribute to the degeneration of periderm cells in the medial epithelial seam.Taken together,our study suggests a novel model of periderm development during palatogenesis and delineates the cellular and molecular transitions in periderm cell determination.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.52161145102)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China through the Foreign Young Talent Program(project no.QN2022045008)the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant no.131965KYSB20210045).
文摘HOW DO PLANTS SENSE INJURY AND REGENERATE THE PERIDERM?All living organisms rely on protective tissues,just as human skin shields us from environmental stresses and heals after injury.Many plants,particularly woody species,possess a multilayered outer tissue known as the periderm,which originates from the secondary lateral meristem phellogen and replaces the epidermis.
基金supported by gifts from the Bezos Earth Fund and the Hess Corporationthrough the TED Audacious Project.
文摘The periderm is a vital protective tissue found in the roots,stems,and woody elements of diverse plant species.It plays an important function in these plants by assuming the role of the epidermis as the outermost layer.Despite its critical role for protecting plants from environmental stresses and pathogens,research on root periderm development has been limited due to its late formation during root development,its presence only in mature root regions,and its impermeability.
