China boasts over 10,000 native useful vascular plants(NUVPs),spanning eight families and serving twelve dis-tinct uses.Given the importance of NUVPs,widely-confirmed in-situ conservation policies,such as establishing...China boasts over 10,000 native useful vascular plants(NUVPs),spanning eight families and serving twelve dis-tinct uses.Given the importance of NUVPs,widely-confirmed in-situ conservation policies,such as establishing nature reserves,have been broadly implemented to protect them.However,the effectiveness of in-situ conser-vation efforts for NUVPs in China remains uncertain.Highlighting the importance of multi-family and multi-use plants,this research identified the spatial distribution pattern and diversity hotspots of NUVPs,evaluated the in-situ conservation effectiveness and provided the future conservation priority scheme.The results revealed that the spatial concentration of NUVPs is predominantly in the southwestern lowlands of China(<3,000 m),peaking around 109°E and 25°N.Importantly,diversity hotspots exhibited a significant spatial mismatch(over 80%)with the National Nature Reserve(NNR)network.Only about 17.7%and 13.3%of these hotspots are protected by NNR initiatives for endemic and nonendemic species,respectively.Additionally,the proposed Plants Conserva-tion Effectiveness Index(PCEI)proved more representative in addressing the two main crises faced by the studied species-species loss and human pressure,and found a decline in conservation effectiveness as the number of uses increased.Finally,future conservation priorities based on the PCEI highlight the Nanling Mountains,Heng-duan Mountains,Jiuwandashan,and Qilian Mountains as highly prioritized regions requiring focused efforts to address the impacts of climate change.Conversely,in sparsely distributed regions experiencing increasing human pressure,it is imperative to mitigate the expanding human footprint.展开更多
The planning of prior conservation areas is an important part of nature re- serve system, ：it is of great significance for biodiversity conservation. The methods of priority planning include hot-spots analysis, gap a...The planning of prior conservation areas is an important part of nature re- serve system, ：it is of great significance for biodiversity conservation. The methods of priority planning include hot-spots analysis, gap analysis, systematic conservation planning analysis and multi-criteria decision analysis. The key issues of priority area planning include the determination of the protect objects, the analyses of the protec- tion value and protection cost, the win-win development of protection and economy, and the changes of the management strategies of the protected areas. In this study, the features and research progress of different conservation methods were analyzed, and based on the discussion on the key issues of the planning of the protected areas, the application prospect of different methods was analyzed.展开更多
Taking the water regulation of Dingjia pool in Bozhou as an example,the countermeasures of improvement and conservation planning for pool landscape in the process of urbanization were discussed in this study.It was es...Taking the water regulation of Dingjia pool in Bozhou as an example,the countermeasures of improvement and conservation planning for pool landscape in the process of urbanization were discussed in this study.It was essential for the sound development of water of pools in cities to conduct the following rules:① The protection planning of water in cities must be done well,while improvement and conservation planning of pools must be carried out based on the landscapes.② Management according to law or green line of pools must be strengthened or supervised,while illegal buildings and structures are forbidden in the planning range of green line of water,so the filled and infringed pools should be immediately banned.③ It is forbidden to discharge various sewage or dump garbage,residue soil,toxic and harmful substance into water.④ Propaganda of public voice and supervising mechanism should be strengthened,while illegal behaviors should be disclosed,so water protection of pools is rooted in the hearts of people.展开更多
The broad-leaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest is one of the most biodiverse zonal communities in the North Temperate Zone and an important habitat for many endangered species.Broad-leaved Korean pine forests(B...The broad-leaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest is one of the most biodiverse zonal communities in the North Temperate Zone and an important habitat for many endangered species.Broad-leaved Korean pine forests(BKPFs) are shrinking quickly due to deforestation and rapid urbanization. Thus, scientific protection strategies are urgently needed to change this status. Changbai Mountains contains one of the largest BKPFs and is considered a priority biodiversity conservation area in China. Guided by systematic conservation planning(SCP) methods and procedures, we chose representative species and communities in BKPFs ecosystem as priority conservation objects, and set quantitative conservation target, which is in the light of the biodiversity characteristic of BKPFs. The watershed area is used as planning unit. We used CPlan software to calculate the irreplaceability(Ir)value of each planning unit and the contribution value(Ti) of each conservation object to(1) assess the conservation efficiency;(2) identify the conservation gap of the existing conservation network. Then wecalculated a human disturbance index(HDI) for planning units in the conservation gaps and combine this with the Ir value to design three conservation scenarios to optimize the conservation network.Results show that planning units with high conservation value 14.16% of the total area, with3084.36 km2 were covered by the existing conservation network. 79.28% of planning units with high conservation value have not been protected which were concentrated mainly in the eight gap areas.Only 25.3% of protection objects achieved their conservation target with the existing conservation network. Conservation efficiency is low. Three conservation scenarios are constituted, each prioritizing a different aim:(1) ecological value;(2)species rescue; and(3) economical avoidance. The three conservation schemes potentially enable 93%,88% and 51% of conservation objects, respectively, to achieve identified conservation targets, thereby improving conservation efficiency significantly.展开更多
Bird diversity is often used as surrogates for other species diversity,but there is a limited understanding of the extent of this surrogate in identifying representative priority conservation areas(PCAs).We used Yunna...Bird diversity is often used as surrogates for other species diversity,but there is a limited understanding of the extent of this surrogate in identifying representative priority conservation areas(PCAs).We used Yunnan Province in China as a case to measure the surrogacy of birds in systematic conservation planning.Here,we collected distribution records of mammals,amphibians,reptiles,and birds from public databases and literature,and applied systematic conservation planning methods to identify PCAs.We targeted four taxonomic groups at conservation targets of 17%,31%,and 50%of the total study area,and used the Jaccard similarity index to evaluate the surrogate extent of bird PCAs for the other three groups.Then,we overlapped different portfolios of PCAs with six categories of protected areas(PAs)in Yunnan,calculated the protection rates,and evaluated the effect of sustainable-use PAs on improving the protection rate of strict Nature Reserves.The results showed that bird PCAs generally had the highest surrogacy for representing PCAs of the other three taxa.At the 50%conservation target,the Jaccard indices between birds and the other taxa reached about 0.50.Moreover,amphibian PCAs had a good surrogacy for conserving reptiles,with a Jaccard index of 0.30,0.44 and 0.51 at the 17%,31%and 50%conservation targets,respectively.The existing PA system had quite low coverages for PCAs of these four taxa,and the average protection rates were 22.97%,19.78%and 16.52%at the three levels of conservation targets,respectively.The sustainable-use PAs can greatly complement the strict Nature Reserves by achieving average increased PA coverages of 10.00%,9.20%and 7.90%at the three conservation targets.Our findings provide a basis for surrogate-based conservation planning for areas with insufficient biodiversity information.展开更多
General situation of Jinghong City was introduced in this study.Based on analyzing its vegetation components,species diversity,rare and endangered species,alien species,plant resources,7 biodiversity conservation cont...General situation of Jinghong City was introduced in this study.Based on analyzing its vegetation components,species diversity,rare and endangered species,alien species,plant resources,7 biodiversity conservation contents were planned,including focusing on the construction and management of nature reserves,constructing forest park and developing science popularization engineering,establishing the area of banning hunting(picking) wild species and connection corridors,constructing wild elephant park into a zoo,promoting the role of urban parks in protecting biodiversity,devoting more in protecting rare and endangered species,preventing the danger of invasive species.4 countermeasures for applying biodiversity in urban green spaces were proposed,specifically,creating urban garden plant community by simulating natural ones to form urban plant ecosystem,determining species cardinal of urban garden plants to protect and develop species diversity,applying both local and alien plants to create diversified landscapes,introducing,domesticating or culturing new garden plants to enrich the diversity of garden plants.Also 3 countermeasures for protecting biodiversity in urban green spaces were put forward,that is,joint development of rural economy and biodiversity protection around cities,protecting species and comprehensively renovating habitats,fully utilizing ex-situ conservation to protect biodiversity.展开更多
The world’s growing energy demand poses a serious problem. At the same time fossil fuels are finite, which we must work against. Therefore, the Federal Government of Germany has set itself the goal to push forward th...The world’s growing energy demand poses a serious problem. At the same time fossil fuels are finite, which we must work against. Therefore, the Federal Government of Germany has set itself the goal to push forward the use of renewable energy in order to completely do without the generation of nuclear energy by 2023. There are, however, no specific guidelines from the European Directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources for the internal electricity market regarding how high each share of the different production method should be and, above all, which specific aim should be achieved by the share of wind energy. Nevertheless, it presents a crucial step toward a nuclear phaseout and a concomitant change of course of the Federal Government of Germany in the spring of 2011 regarding the expansion of renewable energy, taking the nuclear catastrophe in Fukushima into account. Using new legal planning approaches, also including the area of Rhineland-Palatinate, opportunities should be provided to make previously protected land available for setting up facilities for the generation of renewable energy. However, it is important to examine the legal situation regarding the installation of these kinds of constructions more detailed, as no general statements can be made. This will be illustrated using the example of the landscape conservation area “Eulenkopf and surrounding area” in the district of Kaiserslautern. The stated goal of the Social Democrat/Green coalition of the federal state government of Rhineland-Palatinate is to considerably expand the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources so that by 2030 at least the entire electricity demand can be covered by those. Due to the enormous potential of wind power, it is therefore necessary to quintuple its share of electricity generation by 2020, compared to 2011 numbers. In order to achieve the desired political objectives, by 2030 the number of turbines has to be increased to around 2650, representing a capacity of 7500 MW. This increase gives reason for boundary conditions to manage the generation of wind energy to be adjusted. This is intended to facilitate management and simultaneously minimise negative effects, such as the “sprawling” of wind turbines.展开更多
Climate change has been linked to well-documented changes in physiology, phenology, species distributions, and in some cases, extinction. Projections of future change point to dramatic shifts in the states of many eco...Climate change has been linked to well-documented changes in physiology, phenology, species distributions, and in some cases, extinction. Projections of future change point to dramatic shifts in the states of many ecosystems. Aceommodating these shifts to effectively conserve biodiversity in the context of uncertain climate regimes represents one of the most difficult challenges faced by conservation planners. A number of adaptation strategies have been proposed for managing species and ecosystems in a changing climate. However, there has been little guidance available on integrating climate change adaptation strategies into contemporary conservation planning frameworks. The paper reviews the different approaches being used to integrate climate change adaptation into conservation planning, broadly categorizing strategies as continuing and extending on ＂best practice＂ principles and those that integrate species vulnerability assessments into conservation planning. We describe the characteristics of a good adaptation strategy emphasizing the importance of incorporating clear principles of flexibility and efficiency, accounting for uncertainty, integrating human response to climate change and understanding trade-offs.展开更多
The developmental activities, particularly the construction of hydroelectric projects are causing a great loss of biodiversity in the Indian Himalayan Region. The Himaehal Pradesh, a part of IHR is well known for the ...The developmental activities, particularly the construction of hydroelectric projects are causing a great loss of biodiversity in the Indian Himalayan Region. The Himaehal Pradesh, a part of IHR is well known for the development of hydroelectric projects. The Parbati H.E. Project is amongst the major projects of the State. The different stages of the project are all causing loss of biodiversity of the area. Stage Ⅲ of the Parbati H.E. Project is a run of the river scheme on the Sainj River downstream of Power House of Parbati H.E. Project Stage Ⅱ. The project shall utilize regulated discharge of Parbati H.E. Project Stage Ⅱ and inflow of River Sainj for power generation, and has been contemplated as a peaking station operating in tandem with Stage Ⅱ. The present study has been undertaken to see the impact of hydroelectric project on the biodiversity, particularly on medicinal plants. A total of 104 species of medicinal plants, belonging to different life forms, i.e., trees （23 spp.）, shrubs （22 spp.）, herbs （57 spp.） and ferns （2 spp.） were recorded. The species have been analyzed and studied for their distribution, classification, altitudinal zones, part （s） used, indigenous uses, nativity, endemism and rarity.Different parts of these species, such as whole plants, roots （including rhizomes and tubers）, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, stems, barks, spikes, nuts and insect galls are used by the inhabitants for curing various diseases and ailments. 3o species are native to the Himalayan region, 9 species native to the Himalayan region and adjacent countries also and 65 species are non-natives. 9 species are near endemics. Considering the whole Himalaya as a biogeographie unit （sensu lato）, the near endemics are endemic to the Himalaya. Among these species, Zanthoxylum armature is categorized as Endangered and Valeriana wallichii as Vulnerable. Hedychium spicatum, Rhus javanica, Berberis lycium, Thalictrum foliolossum, Salvia lanata, Rubia cordifolia and Bergenia ligulata may be considered as threatened species due to their over exploitation for trade. 90 species are propagated by seeds, 8 species by seeds and rhizomes/roots/tubers, 4 species by seeds and cuttings, and 2 species by sori. A management plan for the cultivation and conservation of the medicinal plants in the dam submergence area, and the commercially viable medicinal plants with high value in the catchment area is suggested.展开更多
In order to ensure that the water conservancy project can better respond to the national call for sustainable development and protect the ecological environment around the project, it is necessary to analyze the impac...In order to ensure that the water conservancy project can better respond to the national call for sustainable development and protect the ecological environment around the project, it is necessary to analyze the impact of the water conservancy project planning on the ecological environment carefully. In view of these influences, the project planning scheme is continuously optimized to fundamentally improve the ecological benefits of water conservancy projects. Based on this, this paper analyzes the ecological benefit characteristics of the actual project planning, puts forward the impact of water conservancy project planning on the ecological environment, and finally finds out the key points of water conservancy project planning and design for reference.展开更多
In modern society, due to more and more attention to the environment, water is very important for the environment, so it is also very important for the construction of ecological water conservancy project. The concept...In modern society, due to more and more attention to the environment, water is very important for the environment, so it is also very important for the construction of ecological water conservancy project. The concept of ecological water conservancy requires that river planning and design should be scientific and reasonable, and follow the concept of ecological water conservancy. In order to effectively improve the water quality and ecological efficiency of watercourses, the concept of ecological water must be incorporated into the safety principle. So as to realize the construction of ecological water conservancy project. In order to ensure the normal drainage, navigation and drainage of waterway, it is necessary to design the waterway bed in a scientific and reasonable way, improve the ecological environment, create a good ecological environment for the waterway, improve the efficiency of water projects and consider the needs of life and ecology to improve the function of the project.展开更多
In order to make full use of the functions of pumping station engineering, it is necessary to coordinate each part of the pumping station. The pump's role is to move water to a specific area and to comply with ene...In order to make full use of the functions of pumping station engineering, it is necessary to coordinate each part of the pumping station. The pump's role is to move water to a specific area and to comply with energy conservation laws when doing so. Centrifugal pump is composed of pump blade and shell, is the core component of the pump. The pump will be equipped with a variety of specialized equipment, and the function of the pump station will be realized through the coordination of various equipments.展开更多
In this report, a conservation priority scenario for endemic birds of China's Mainland is proposed from a phylogenetic perspective. By utilizing and comparing seven phylogenetic diversity (PD) indices, the study s...In this report, a conservation priority scenario for endemic birds of China's Mainland is proposed from a phylogenetic perspective. By utilizing and comparing seven phylogenetic diversity (PD) indices, the study shows that the top ifve endemic birds with high conservation priority are Ar-borophila ardens, A. gingica, A. ruifpectus, Lophophorus lhuysii and Alectoris magna respectively. The ranking of species, based on the IUCN Red List and PD indices, were compared by means of a Wilcox signed rank test and Pearson’s correlation, drawing the inference that the PD ranking of endemic birds for China's Mainland shows a distinct and statistically signiifcant difference from the IUCN rank-ing. Therefore, the ranking of conservation priority for endemic birds of China using PD indices might offer new insights on species conservation from an evolutionary-heritage perspective, serving as a complement to the IUCN ranking.展开更多
Well-managed forests are major sources of livelihoods for the fringed communities. However, the remoteness, inaccessibility of most forested areas coupled with conflicts from adjacent forest communities, who often dep...Well-managed forests are major sources of livelihoods for the fringed communities. However, the remoteness, inaccessibility of most forested areas coupled with conflicts from adjacent forest communities, who often depend on it for livelihood is a daunting task in implementing conservation, viz-a-viz the Sustainable Development Goals. The Mt Oku forest is a unique, remote but represents novelty in forest management in remote areas in Cameroon, with devolution of management rights. The forest is well noted for its high level of endemism. This study is focused on the legal, institutional, socio-economic and regulatory framework put in place, for appropriate conservation and livelihood sustenance as forest management rights were devolved to the local community. A multidimensional framework guiding the development of testable hypothesis that assesses the relationship between the forest users’ activities and forest degradation, which have a multiplier effect on the SDGs, was used. The alternate livelihood options/strategies and benefits after the institution of the Forest Management Project (FMP) was examined in randomly selected frontline and secondary villages. Selected Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and registers from FMIs aided relevant data collection. The results indicated a significant relationship (χ2 = 0.65.4, p = 0.00) between the activities of forest users and forest degradation. Adopted alternate livelihood strategies/options include, direct employment, tourist guides, bee farming, agricultural intensification, agroforestry, capacity building for skill acquisition, selective exploitation and sales of Prunus spp. Forest regeneration strategies ranged from, forest guards, removal of exotic species, forest enrichment, raising nurseries, fire tracing, etc. It is concluded that giving greater access and ownership of forest to the local community in the Mount Oku Region, led to transparency, accountability and social stability, which contributed tremendously both to the recovery and conservation of forest for improved livelihoods. However there is a dire need for the reinforcement of mechanisms for capacity building to improved livelihoods and conservation and the implementation of a system where stakeholders enjoy favorable conditions for information exchange and learning.展开更多
Traditional villages are the foundation of human history, the crystallization of agricultural civilization, the important carder of homeland feelings, and the spiritual homeland of the Chinese nation. In the important...Traditional villages are the foundation of human history, the crystallization of agricultural civilization, the important carder of homeland feelings, and the spiritual homeland of the Chinese nation. In the important period of attaching importance to the protection of traditional villages and making active plans for the protection and development of traditional villages, the planning of conservation has been stereotyped, which only cares about quantity and speed. Every traditional village has its unique value and soul, and ignoring its internal cultural connotation and value characteristics can result in the lack of scientific and comprehensive planning, making it unable not be implemented in practice. In this paper, taking Heshe Village in Jiangxi Province as an example, the value characteristics oriented planning strategy for traditional villages were proposed through the refinement of its value characteristics based on the scientific planning principles.展开更多
The seas of northern Europe are strongly affected by human activities and there is a great need for improved marine conservation. The same region is also the current hotspot for offshore wind power development. Wind f...The seas of northern Europe are strongly affected by human activities and there is a great need for improved marine conservation. The same region is also the current hotspot for offshore wind power development. Wind farms can have negative environmental impacts during construction, but during the operational phase many organisms are attracted to the foundations and thereby may also find refuge from fisheries. Given the recent implementation of marine spatial planning in Europe and elsewhere, this is a critical time to address potential compatibility and synergies between marine conservation and wind power. This review concludes that offshore wind farms can be at least as effective as existing marine protected areas in terms of creating refuges for benthic habitats, benthos, fish and marine mammals. The degree of advantage for these organisms depends on the location of the wind farm and the level of imposed fishing restriction. Under certain conditions wind farms may even be more efficient means of conservation than ordinary marine protected areas. However, offshore wind farms can be negative for several species of seabirds, essentially as occupying preferred feeding or wintering grounds. In areas important to these seabirds wind farms may not comply with conservation. The results bring important messages to marine spatial planning as some but not all wind farms can be spatially combined with, and even synergistic to, marine conservation.展开更多
Observed species richness (OSR)is a widely used and well-studied biodiversity metric.However, non-observed species in favorable ecosystems are also relevant.Two metrics that include observed and potential species were...Observed species richness (OSR)is a widely used and well-studied biodiversity metric.However, non-observed species in favorable ecosystems are also relevant.Two metrics that include observed and potential species were recently defined:potential biodiversity (hereafter potential species richness--PSR)and geometric mean of favorabilities (GMF).We used these metrics to evaluate the national park network of mainland Spain at two time periods (2002 and 2015),using terrestrial mammals on a UTM 100-km^2 grid.PSR and GMF are based on the favorability function, a species distribution model that assesses how favorable an area is for the presence of a species, over and above its prevalence in the study area.For each park and for the whole network,we calculated the mean and sum of OSR,PSR,and GMF in each time period,as well as changes between periods.OSR and PSR were higher inside than outside the park network in both time periods. Thus,although the network covers a very small proportion of the country,it performs well for the representation of mammal species and their favorable areas.However,mean PSR was lower in 2015 than in 2002 inside the national park network,whereas the opposite was the case outside the network.Mountainous Parks generally not only concentrated highly favorable areas for mammals, but they also showed less favorable areas in 2015 compared to 2002,although the reduction was moderate to low.This is a result to consider for future analyses because if the tendency increases, it may have consequences for the conservation of mammals and for the adequacy of the national park network.展开更多
The objective of this work is a multi-criteria decision-making assessment that aims to facilitate the Energy-Efficiency Economics, introducing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as part of power-system planning tool...The objective of this work is a multi-criteria decision-making assessment that aims to facilitate the Energy-Efficiency Economics, introducing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as part of power-system planning tool for an energy-efficiency application. It addresses to include qualitative aspects in the decision-making agendas of energy-efficiency projects. The manuscript details the limitations of non-rigorous financial analysis and proposes an alternative for including energy-efficiency measures in discussions pertaining to the financial opportunities available to any investor, and it presents the methodology that supports the qualitative aspects and the software package used to execute this methodology. As case study a complete example including a sensitivity analysis is presented.展开更多
Climate change represents an unprecedented challenge for the conservation and management of endangered species and habitats. Effective climate smart conservation will require robust predictions of vulnerability and fu...Climate change represents an unprecedented challenge for the conservation and management of endangered species and habitats. Effective climate smart conservation will require robust predictions of vulnerability and future changes, along with the design and prioritisation of effective adaptation planning and management responses that are clearly linked to projected climate impacts. To achieve this goal, conservation managers urgently need practical tools and approaches for vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning. This article explores lessons emerging from a recent vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning exercise conducted on the impact of climate change for mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). We describe the main findings emerging from this initiative and explore key lessons for climate change vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning for conservation management. Data limitations were a key factor determining the utility of model outputs and we stress the importance of stakeholder engagement and collaboration throughout the vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning cycle. These findings are of relevance to conservation practitioners seeking to incurporate climate change considerations into ongoing management planning for endangered species conservation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42330205)the Open Fund of State Key Labora-tory of Remote Sensing Science and Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products(Grant No.OF202206).
文摘China boasts over 10,000 native useful vascular plants(NUVPs),spanning eight families and serving twelve dis-tinct uses.Given the importance of NUVPs,widely-confirmed in-situ conservation policies,such as establishing nature reserves,have been broadly implemented to protect them.However,the effectiveness of in-situ conser-vation efforts for NUVPs in China remains uncertain.Highlighting the importance of multi-family and multi-use plants,this research identified the spatial distribution pattern and diversity hotspots of NUVPs,evaluated the in-situ conservation effectiveness and provided the future conservation priority scheme.The results revealed that the spatial concentration of NUVPs is predominantly in the southwestern lowlands of China(<3,000 m),peaking around 109°E and 25°N.Importantly,diversity hotspots exhibited a significant spatial mismatch(over 80%)with the National Nature Reserve(NNR)network.Only about 17.7%and 13.3%of these hotspots are protected by NNR initiatives for endemic and nonendemic species,respectively.Additionally,the proposed Plants Conserva-tion Effectiveness Index(PCEI)proved more representative in addressing the two main crises faced by the studied species-species loss and human pressure,and found a decline in conservation effectiveness as the number of uses increased.Finally,future conservation priorities based on the PCEI highlight the Nanling Mountains,Heng-duan Mountains,Jiuwandashan,and Qilian Mountains as highly prioritized regions requiring focused efforts to address the impacts of climate change.Conversely,in sparsely distributed regions experiencing increasing human pressure,it is imperative to mitigate the expanding human footprint.
基金Supported by Scientific and Technological Projects of Anhui ProvinceNational Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Anhui Agricultural University~~
文摘The planning of prior conservation areas is an important part of nature re- serve system, ：it is of great significance for biodiversity conservation. The methods of priority planning include hot-spots analysis, gap analysis, systematic conservation planning analysis and multi-criteria decision analysis. The key issues of priority area planning include the determination of the protect objects, the analyses of the protec- tion value and protection cost, the win-win development of protection and economy, and the changes of the management strategies of the protected areas. In this study, the features and research progress of different conservation methods were analyzed, and based on the discussion on the key issues of the planning of the protected areas, the application prospect of different methods was analyzed.
文摘Taking the water regulation of Dingjia pool in Bozhou as an example,the countermeasures of improvement and conservation planning for pool landscape in the process of urbanization were discussed in this study.It was essential for the sound development of water of pools in cities to conduct the following rules:① The protection planning of water in cities must be done well,while improvement and conservation planning of pools must be carried out based on the landscapes.② Management according to law or green line of pools must be strengthened or supervised,while illegal buildings and structures are forbidden in the planning range of green line of water,so the filled and infringed pools should be immediately banned.③ It is forbidden to discharge various sewage or dump garbage,residue soil,toxic and harmful substance into water.④ Propaganda of public voice and supervising mechanism should be strengthened,while illegal behaviors should be disclosed,so water protection of pools is rooted in the hearts of people.
基金supported by the 12th fiveyear National Science and Technology plan of China (2012BAC01B03)
文摘The broad-leaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest is one of the most biodiverse zonal communities in the North Temperate Zone and an important habitat for many endangered species.Broad-leaved Korean pine forests(BKPFs) are shrinking quickly due to deforestation and rapid urbanization. Thus, scientific protection strategies are urgently needed to change this status. Changbai Mountains contains one of the largest BKPFs and is considered a priority biodiversity conservation area in China. Guided by systematic conservation planning(SCP) methods and procedures, we chose representative species and communities in BKPFs ecosystem as priority conservation objects, and set quantitative conservation target, which is in the light of the biodiversity characteristic of BKPFs. The watershed area is used as planning unit. We used CPlan software to calculate the irreplaceability(Ir)value of each planning unit and the contribution value(Ti) of each conservation object to(1) assess the conservation efficiency;(2) identify the conservation gap of the existing conservation network. Then wecalculated a human disturbance index(HDI) for planning units in the conservation gaps and combine this with the Ir value to design three conservation scenarios to optimize the conservation network.Results show that planning units with high conservation value 14.16% of the total area, with3084.36 km2 were covered by the existing conservation network. 79.28% of planning units with high conservation value have not been protected which were concentrated mainly in the eight gap areas.Only 25.3% of protection objects achieved their conservation target with the existing conservation network. Conservation efficiency is low. Three conservation scenarios are constituted, each prioritizing a different aim:(1) ecological value;(2)species rescue; and(3) economical avoidance. The three conservation schemes potentially enable 93%,88% and 51% of conservation objects, respectively, to achieve identified conservation targets, thereby improving conservation efficiency significantly.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071650)the Candidates of the Young and Middle-Aged Academic Leaders of Yunnan Province(202105AC160070)+1 种基金the Program for Excellent Young Talents of Yunnan Universitythe Postgraduate Research and Innovation Foundation of Yunnan University(2021Y039)。
文摘Bird diversity is often used as surrogates for other species diversity,but there is a limited understanding of the extent of this surrogate in identifying representative priority conservation areas(PCAs).We used Yunnan Province in China as a case to measure the surrogacy of birds in systematic conservation planning.Here,we collected distribution records of mammals,amphibians,reptiles,and birds from public databases and literature,and applied systematic conservation planning methods to identify PCAs.We targeted four taxonomic groups at conservation targets of 17%,31%,and 50%of the total study area,and used the Jaccard similarity index to evaluate the surrogate extent of bird PCAs for the other three groups.Then,we overlapped different portfolios of PCAs with six categories of protected areas(PAs)in Yunnan,calculated the protection rates,and evaluated the effect of sustainable-use PAs on improving the protection rate of strict Nature Reserves.The results showed that bird PCAs generally had the highest surrogacy for representing PCAs of the other three taxa.At the 50%conservation target,the Jaccard indices between birds and the other taxa reached about 0.50.Moreover,amphibian PCAs had a good surrogacy for conserving reptiles,with a Jaccard index of 0.30,0.44 and 0.51 at the 17%,31%and 50%conservation targets,respectively.The existing PA system had quite low coverages for PCAs of these four taxa,and the average protection rates were 22.97%,19.78%and 16.52%at the three levels of conservation targets,respectively.The sustainable-use PAs can greatly complement the strict Nature Reserves by achieving average increased PA coverages of 10.00%,9.20%and 7.90%at the three conservation targets.Our findings provide a basis for surrogate-based conservation planning for areas with insufficient biodiversity information.
文摘General situation of Jinghong City was introduced in this study.Based on analyzing its vegetation components,species diversity,rare and endangered species,alien species,plant resources,7 biodiversity conservation contents were planned,including focusing on the construction and management of nature reserves,constructing forest park and developing science popularization engineering,establishing the area of banning hunting(picking) wild species and connection corridors,constructing wild elephant park into a zoo,promoting the role of urban parks in protecting biodiversity,devoting more in protecting rare and endangered species,preventing the danger of invasive species.4 countermeasures for applying biodiversity in urban green spaces were proposed,specifically,creating urban garden plant community by simulating natural ones to form urban plant ecosystem,determining species cardinal of urban garden plants to protect and develop species diversity,applying both local and alien plants to create diversified landscapes,introducing,domesticating or culturing new garden plants to enrich the diversity of garden plants.Also 3 countermeasures for protecting biodiversity in urban green spaces were put forward,that is,joint development of rural economy and biodiversity protection around cities,protecting species and comprehensively renovating habitats,fully utilizing ex-situ conservation to protect biodiversity.
文摘The world’s growing energy demand poses a serious problem. At the same time fossil fuels are finite, which we must work against. Therefore, the Federal Government of Germany has set itself the goal to push forward the use of renewable energy in order to completely do without the generation of nuclear energy by 2023. There are, however, no specific guidelines from the European Directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources for the internal electricity market regarding how high each share of the different production method should be and, above all, which specific aim should be achieved by the share of wind energy. Nevertheless, it presents a crucial step toward a nuclear phaseout and a concomitant change of course of the Federal Government of Germany in the spring of 2011 regarding the expansion of renewable energy, taking the nuclear catastrophe in Fukushima into account. Using new legal planning approaches, also including the area of Rhineland-Palatinate, opportunities should be provided to make previously protected land available for setting up facilities for the generation of renewable energy. However, it is important to examine the legal situation regarding the installation of these kinds of constructions more detailed, as no general statements can be made. This will be illustrated using the example of the landscape conservation area “Eulenkopf and surrounding area” in the district of Kaiserslautern. The stated goal of the Social Democrat/Green coalition of the federal state government of Rhineland-Palatinate is to considerably expand the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources so that by 2030 at least the entire electricity demand can be covered by those. Due to the enormous potential of wind power, it is therefore necessary to quintuple its share of electricity generation by 2020, compared to 2011 numbers. In order to achieve the desired political objectives, by 2030 the number of turbines has to be increased to around 2650, representing a capacity of 7500 MW. This increase gives reason for boundary conditions to manage the generation of wind energy to be adjusted. This is intended to facilitate management and simultaneously minimise negative effects, such as the “sprawling” of wind turbines.
文摘Climate change has been linked to well-documented changes in physiology, phenology, species distributions, and in some cases, extinction. Projections of future change point to dramatic shifts in the states of many ecosystems. Aceommodating these shifts to effectively conserve biodiversity in the context of uncertain climate regimes represents one of the most difficult challenges faced by conservation planners. A number of adaptation strategies have been proposed for managing species and ecosystems in a changing climate. However, there has been little guidance available on integrating climate change adaptation strategies into contemporary conservation planning frameworks. The paper reviews the different approaches being used to integrate climate change adaptation into conservation planning, broadly categorizing strategies as continuing and extending on ＂best practice＂ principles and those that integrate species vulnerability assessments into conservation planning. We describe the characteristics of a good adaptation strategy emphasizing the importance of incorporating clear principles of flexibility and efficiency, accounting for uncertainty, integrating human response to climate change and understanding trade-offs.
文摘The developmental activities, particularly the construction of hydroelectric projects are causing a great loss of biodiversity in the Indian Himalayan Region. The Himaehal Pradesh, a part of IHR is well known for the development of hydroelectric projects. The Parbati H.E. Project is amongst the major projects of the State. The different stages of the project are all causing loss of biodiversity of the area. Stage Ⅲ of the Parbati H.E. Project is a run of the river scheme on the Sainj River downstream of Power House of Parbati H.E. Project Stage Ⅱ. The project shall utilize regulated discharge of Parbati H.E. Project Stage Ⅱ and inflow of River Sainj for power generation, and has been contemplated as a peaking station operating in tandem with Stage Ⅱ. The present study has been undertaken to see the impact of hydroelectric project on the biodiversity, particularly on medicinal plants. A total of 104 species of medicinal plants, belonging to different life forms, i.e., trees （23 spp.）, shrubs （22 spp.）, herbs （57 spp.） and ferns （2 spp.） were recorded. The species have been analyzed and studied for their distribution, classification, altitudinal zones, part （s） used, indigenous uses, nativity, endemism and rarity.Different parts of these species, such as whole plants, roots （including rhizomes and tubers）, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, stems, barks, spikes, nuts and insect galls are used by the inhabitants for curing various diseases and ailments. 3o species are native to the Himalayan region, 9 species native to the Himalayan region and adjacent countries also and 65 species are non-natives. 9 species are near endemics. Considering the whole Himalaya as a biogeographie unit （sensu lato）, the near endemics are endemic to the Himalaya. Among these species, Zanthoxylum armature is categorized as Endangered and Valeriana wallichii as Vulnerable. Hedychium spicatum, Rhus javanica, Berberis lycium, Thalictrum foliolossum, Salvia lanata, Rubia cordifolia and Bergenia ligulata may be considered as threatened species due to their over exploitation for trade. 90 species are propagated by seeds, 8 species by seeds and rhizomes/roots/tubers, 4 species by seeds and cuttings, and 2 species by sori. A management plan for the cultivation and conservation of the medicinal plants in the dam submergence area, and the commercially viable medicinal plants with high value in the catchment area is suggested.
文摘In order to ensure that the water conservancy project can better respond to the national call for sustainable development and protect the ecological environment around the project, it is necessary to analyze the impact of the water conservancy project planning on the ecological environment carefully. In view of these influences, the project planning scheme is continuously optimized to fundamentally improve the ecological benefits of water conservancy projects. Based on this, this paper analyzes the ecological benefit characteristics of the actual project planning, puts forward the impact of water conservancy project planning on the ecological environment, and finally finds out the key points of water conservancy project planning and design for reference.
文摘In modern society, due to more and more attention to the environment, water is very important for the environment, so it is also very important for the construction of ecological water conservancy project. The concept of ecological water conservancy requires that river planning and design should be scientific and reasonable, and follow the concept of ecological water conservancy. In order to effectively improve the water quality and ecological efficiency of watercourses, the concept of ecological water must be incorporated into the safety principle. So as to realize the construction of ecological water conservancy project. In order to ensure the normal drainage, navigation and drainage of waterway, it is necessary to design the waterway bed in a scientific and reasonable way, improve the ecological environment, create a good ecological environment for the waterway, improve the efficiency of water projects and consider the needs of life and ecology to improve the function of the project.
文摘In order to make full use of the functions of pumping station engineering, it is necessary to coordinate each part of the pumping station. The pump's role is to move water to a specific area and to comply with energy conservation laws when doing so. Centrifugal pump is composed of pump blade and shell, is the core component of the pump. The pump will be equipped with a variety of specialized equipment, and the function of the pump station will be realized through the coordination of various equipments.
基金supported by the University of British Columbiasupported by China Scholarship Council
文摘In this report, a conservation priority scenario for endemic birds of China's Mainland is proposed from a phylogenetic perspective. By utilizing and comparing seven phylogenetic diversity (PD) indices, the study shows that the top ifve endemic birds with high conservation priority are Ar-borophila ardens, A. gingica, A. ruifpectus, Lophophorus lhuysii and Alectoris magna respectively. The ranking of species, based on the IUCN Red List and PD indices, were compared by means of a Wilcox signed rank test and Pearson’s correlation, drawing the inference that the PD ranking of endemic birds for China's Mainland shows a distinct and statistically signiifcant difference from the IUCN rank-ing. Therefore, the ranking of conservation priority for endemic birds of China using PD indices might offer new insights on species conservation from an evolutionary-heritage perspective, serving as a complement to the IUCN ranking.
文摘Well-managed forests are major sources of livelihoods for the fringed communities. However, the remoteness, inaccessibility of most forested areas coupled with conflicts from adjacent forest communities, who often depend on it for livelihood is a daunting task in implementing conservation, viz-a-viz the Sustainable Development Goals. The Mt Oku forest is a unique, remote but represents novelty in forest management in remote areas in Cameroon, with devolution of management rights. The forest is well noted for its high level of endemism. This study is focused on the legal, institutional, socio-economic and regulatory framework put in place, for appropriate conservation and livelihood sustenance as forest management rights were devolved to the local community. A multidimensional framework guiding the development of testable hypothesis that assesses the relationship between the forest users’ activities and forest degradation, which have a multiplier effect on the SDGs, was used. The alternate livelihood options/strategies and benefits after the institution of the Forest Management Project (FMP) was examined in randomly selected frontline and secondary villages. Selected Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and registers from FMIs aided relevant data collection. The results indicated a significant relationship (χ2 = 0.65.4, p = 0.00) between the activities of forest users and forest degradation. Adopted alternate livelihood strategies/options include, direct employment, tourist guides, bee farming, agricultural intensification, agroforestry, capacity building for skill acquisition, selective exploitation and sales of Prunus spp. Forest regeneration strategies ranged from, forest guards, removal of exotic species, forest enrichment, raising nurseries, fire tracing, etc. It is concluded that giving greater access and ownership of forest to the local community in the Mount Oku Region, led to transparency, accountability and social stability, which contributed tremendously both to the recovery and conservation of forest for improved livelihoods. However there is a dire need for the reinforcement of mechanisms for capacity building to improved livelihoods and conservation and the implementation of a system where stakeholders enjoy favorable conditions for information exchange and learning.
文摘Traditional villages are the foundation of human history, the crystallization of agricultural civilization, the important carder of homeland feelings, and the spiritual homeland of the Chinese nation. In the important period of attaching importance to the protection of traditional villages and making active plans for the protection and development of traditional villages, the planning of conservation has been stereotyped, which only cares about quantity and speed. Every traditional village has its unique value and soul, and ignoring its internal cultural connotation and value characteristics can result in the lack of scientific and comprehensive planning, making it unable not be implemented in practice. In this paper, taking Heshe Village in Jiangxi Province as an example, the value characteristics oriented planning strategy for traditional villages were proposed through the refinement of its value characteristics based on the scientific planning principles.
文摘The seas of northern Europe are strongly affected by human activities and there is a great need for improved marine conservation. The same region is also the current hotspot for offshore wind power development. Wind farms can have negative environmental impacts during construction, but during the operational phase many organisms are attracted to the foundations and thereby may also find refuge from fisheries. Given the recent implementation of marine spatial planning in Europe and elsewhere, this is a critical time to address potential compatibility and synergies between marine conservation and wind power. This review concludes that offshore wind farms can be at least as effective as existing marine protected areas in terms of creating refuges for benthic habitats, benthos, fish and marine mammals. The degree of advantage for these organisms depends on the location of the wind farm and the level of imposed fishing restriction. Under certain conditions wind farms may even be more efficient means of conservation than ordinary marine protected areas. However, offshore wind farms can be negative for several species of seabirds, essentially as occupying preferred feeding or wintering grounds. In areas important to these seabirds wind farms may not comply with conservation. The results bring important messages to marine spatial planning as some but not all wind farms can be spatially combined with, and even synergistic to, marine conservation.
文摘Observed species richness (OSR)is a widely used and well-studied biodiversity metric.However, non-observed species in favorable ecosystems are also relevant.Two metrics that include observed and potential species were recently defined:potential biodiversity (hereafter potential species richness--PSR)and geometric mean of favorabilities (GMF).We used these metrics to evaluate the national park network of mainland Spain at two time periods (2002 and 2015),using terrestrial mammals on a UTM 100-km^2 grid.PSR and GMF are based on the favorability function, a species distribution model that assesses how favorable an area is for the presence of a species, over and above its prevalence in the study area.For each park and for the whole network,we calculated the mean and sum of OSR,PSR,and GMF in each time period,as well as changes between periods.OSR and PSR were higher inside than outside the park network in both time periods. Thus,although the network covers a very small proportion of the country,it performs well for the representation of mammal species and their favorable areas.However,mean PSR was lower in 2015 than in 2002 inside the national park network,whereas the opposite was the case outside the network.Mountainous Parks generally not only concentrated highly favorable areas for mammals, but they also showed less favorable areas in 2015 compared to 2002,although the reduction was moderate to low.This is a result to consider for future analyses because if the tendency increases, it may have consequences for the conservation of mammals and for the adequacy of the national park network.
基金Sao Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP (from the portuguese acronym “Fundacao de Amparo a Pes- quisa do Estado de Sao Paulo”),
文摘The objective of this work is a multi-criteria decision-making assessment that aims to facilitate the Energy-Efficiency Economics, introducing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as part of power-system planning tool for an energy-efficiency application. It addresses to include qualitative aspects in the decision-making agendas of energy-efficiency projects. The manuscript details the limitations of non-rigorous financial analysis and proposes an alternative for including energy-efficiency measures in discussions pertaining to the financial opportunities available to any investor, and it presents the methodology that supports the qualitative aspects and the software package used to execute this methodology. As case study a complete example including a sensitivity analysis is presented.
文摘Climate change represents an unprecedented challenge for the conservation and management of endangered species and habitats. Effective climate smart conservation will require robust predictions of vulnerability and future changes, along with the design and prioritisation of effective adaptation planning and management responses that are clearly linked to projected climate impacts. To achieve this goal, conservation managers urgently need practical tools and approaches for vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning. This article explores lessons emerging from a recent vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning exercise conducted on the impact of climate change for mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). We describe the main findings emerging from this initiative and explore key lessons for climate change vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning for conservation management. Data limitations were a key factor determining the utility of model outputs and we stress the importance of stakeholder engagement and collaboration throughout the vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning cycle. These findings are of relevance to conservation practitioners seeking to incurporate climate change considerations into ongoing management planning for endangered species conservation.
