After the implementation of the policy of paying by disease type, public hospitals need to completely change the operation and management mode, from scale expansion and development to refined connotation construction....After the implementation of the policy of paying by disease type, public hospitals need to completely change the operation and management mode, from scale expansion and development to refined connotation construction. According to the current situation of implementing payment by disease type in public hospitals and the actual problems encountered in the cost management, this paper provides countermeasures and suggestions for further optimizing the cost control measures, better promoting the healthy development of public hospitals, and comprehensively improving the level of operation and management.展开更多
The concept of performance-based design, which mainly focuses on mechanical performance, has become the international standard, as in the case for ISO. The standardization of tunnel design has not been achieved becaus...The concept of performance-based design, which mainly focuses on mechanical performance, has become the international standard, as in the case for ISO. The standardization of tunnel design has not been achieved because it requires integration of separate specialized fields, such as geotechnical engineering, structural engineering and concrete engineering. It is also required to clarify performance-based criteria for tunnel structures to suit specific use purposes (objectives), establish the concept of survey, planning, design, construction and maintenance based on such criteria, and develop proper management systems for operation and maintenance to suit specific tunnel use purposes. To this end, it is vital to develop a methodology for evaluating and verifying the performance of existing tunnels. This paper presents a new concept of performance requirements for tunnel structures and describes the method of quantitatively evaluating the total performance of existing tunnels in relation to the required performance, assuming the total performance to be based on the Analysis Hierarchy Process.展开更多
The performance-based pay system of M university has been implemented for many years. During the operation process. there are many problems. For example, the performance standards are not timely adjusted, and there ar...The performance-based pay system of M university has been implemented for many years. During the operation process. there are many problems. For example, the performance standards are not timely adjusted, and there are the repeated rewards for a few elites, and the evaluation is a mere formality. Starting from the elements of motivating the knowledge-oriented workers, this paper probes into the reasons affecting the implementation of the performance-based pay system, and puts forward some suggestions for the implementation of the performance-based pay system in M University.展开更多
This paper presents a dual purpose:examining the willingness to pay(WTP)of the Swiss German leisure air travel market from the perspective of Edelweiss Air and establishing a practicable replicable method implementabl...This paper presents a dual purpose:examining the willingness to pay(WTP)of the Swiss German leisure air travel market from the perspective of Edelweiss Air and establishing a practicable replicable method implementable by every airline to assess the WTP in their context.To examine the WTP the components of a leisure flight are broken down into attributes and levels.Those are used in an adaptive choice-based conjoint analysis(ACBC)survey to establish the WTP for each attribute level.Sociodemographic and psychographic data of participants is also collected to be crossed with the resulting WTP.The interaction of the psychographic,sociodemographic,and situational dimension(expressed in WTP)is represented into the three-plane interaction model(3-PIM).Through the 3-PIM,different insights are gathered and presented across the three dimensions.The insights obtained highlight the utility of the collected data for Edelweiss Air and underline the utility of the 3-PIM model as a decision-making tool for airlines.The paper terminates by presenting different case studies in which the 3-PIM model with the data collected can be valuably used,and by outlining how the 3-PIM model can be implemented within an airline as a decision-making support tool.展开更多
This study employed the Contingent Valuation Method to assess the willingness to pay of water users, as a source of financing for the sustainable development of Barobbob Watershed. The WTP study was conducted among 34...This study employed the Contingent Valuation Method to assess the willingness to pay of water users, as a source of financing for the sustainable development of Barobbob Watershed. The WTP study was conducted among 345 waters users in 19 barangays in the municipalities of Solano and Bayombong. Uncensored data revealed that 63.8% (58.84% for the adjusted) of the respondents revealed willingness to pay for improved watershed management. The mean WTP amount, estimated through a logit model, Turnbull Distributor-Free Estimator and Lower Bound Estimate, is found to be PhP39.35, PhP27.80 and PhP25.90/month/household, respectively. Respondents WTP is influenced by bid amount, age, membership in environmental organization, experience with water-related problems, civil status, house ownership, and awareness on the concept of watershed. Respondents were willing to pay because they wanted a sustainable water supply for the present and future generations. A payment scheme is possible and it could provide a sustainable flow of fund, however, the willingness percentages still needed to be increased. Community education and public awareness (CEPA) campaign is necessary to enhance the water users’ knowledge and understand about the importance and values of watersheds. Ultimately, WTP percentage and WTP amounts would increase.展开更多
This paper describes the development of a knowledgebased system (KBS) for determining whether or not, and under what conditions, a bank Ioan officer should grant a business loan to a company. The prototype system deve...This paper describes the development of a knowledgebased system (KBS) for determining whether or not, and under what conditions, a bank Ioan officer should grant a business loan to a company. The prototype system developed focuses on what is bank loans risks management, how to prevent risk by the analysis of the ability of paying back loans. The paper makes the structural analysis involved in the system's decision situation, the structured situation diagram or model, dependency diagram and the document needed by the KBS prototype system thus are developed. Through testing the samples from loan business, the quality for the analysis of the ability of paying back loans can be effectively evaluated by the KBS prototype system.展开更多
The purpose of this article is to describe the development, components and properties of a publication indicator that the Ministry of Education and Culture in Finland uses for allocating direct core funding annually t...The purpose of this article is to describe the development, components and properties of a publication indicator that the Ministry of Education and Culture in Finland uses for allocating direct core funding annually to universities. Since 2013, 13% of the core funding has been allocated on basis of publication indicator that, like the Norwegian model, is based on comprehensive national level publication data that is currently provided by the VIRTA publication information service. In 2015, the publication indicator was complemented with other components of the Norwegian model, namely, quality-weighted publication counts based on national Publication Forum authority list of the publication channels with ratings established by experts in the field. The funding model allocates around 1.6 billion euros annually to universities with the publication indicator annually distributing over 200 million euros. Besides the funding model, the indicator provides comparable data for monitoring the research performance of Finnish universities, fields and subunits. The indicator may also be used in the universities' local funding models and research management systems, sometimes even at individual level evaluation. Positive and negative effects of the indicator have been extensively discussed and speculated. Since 2011, the Finnish universities' productivity appears to have increased in terms of both quantity and quality of publications.展开更多
Household medicine lease （HML） industry originated way back in the Edo period （17C-19C）, when it was promoted by the local fiefdom government to revitalize the economy. Accumulations of wealth, acquired thereafter...Household medicine lease （HML） industry originated way back in the Edo period （17C-19C）, when it was promoted by the local fiefdom government to revitalize the economy. Accumulations of wealth, acquired thereafter from everywhere outside the region, have culminated in the formation of the present-day industrial cluster in Toyama, the largest in the whole area facing the Sea of Japan. Today an adaptation of the quasi-CRM （customer relationship management） business model of the HML system has proved to be a success in Mongolia. This fact seems to offer the authors some clues for dealing with those problems that healthcare and medical services in Japan and elsewhere are riddled with. In this paper, focusing on the common critical success factors （CSFs） behind the success of the authors＇ prototype HML system and its recent successful application in Mongolia, the authors will analyze these factors from the perspective of CRM. The authors will then clarify the following： （1） the usefulness of the business model for ensuring primary healthcare for people in developing countries; （2） the usefulness in our ubiquitous network society of applying ICT to the HML system; （3） possible contributions that the use of the system can make toward improving the quality of our everyday healthcare and medical services in our prominently aging society; and the authors will also suggest （4） the importance of elevating ＂individual self-medication＂ to ＂community-based self-medication＂.展开更多
As the core carrier of Lingnan culture and a nationally famous historical&cultural city,Guangzhou preserves more than 3000 immovable historic buildings,including arcade rows,ancestral halls,Xiguan mansions and mod...As the core carrier of Lingnan culture and a nationally famous historical&cultural city,Guangzhou preserves more than 3000 immovable historic buildings,including arcade rows,ancestral halls,Xiguan mansions and modern public edifices.Their brick-timber hybrid structures,high-density“bambootube”street pattern and hot-humid subtropical climate create unique fire challenges.This study systematically summarizes an“inherent-acquired-environmental”superimposed fire-risk mechanism.By integrating traditional Cantonese fire-resistance wisdom—such as Qingyun fire lanes,wok-ear gables and courtyard smoke vents—and heritage-friendly innovations,a three-level policy-technology-management protection framework is established.Hierarchical protection aligned with value grading,life-cycle technology pathways and multistakeholder collaboration is proposed.The“minimum-intervention and performance-based”route and the“regulation-guideline-standard”policy loop developed by Guangzhou reduce the fire incidence of priority historic buildings while retaining heritage authenticity,offering a replicable paradigm for balancing fire safety and conservation in hot-humid,high-density contexts.展开更多
To explore the factors that influence respon- dents＇ willingness to pay （WTP） for the risk reduction of chemical industry accidents, a questionnaire survey combined with contingent valuation and psychometric paradi...To explore the factors that influence respon- dents＇ willingness to pay （WTP） for the risk reduction of chemical industry accidents, a questionnaire survey combined with contingent valuation and psychometric paradigm methods were conducted in the city of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China. Both traditional socioeconomic variables and perceived characteristics of the hazards were considered in this study, and a Tobit model was used to find the factors influencing WTP under three risk reduction scenarios. The results showed that three demographic characteristics, age, gender, and income, significantly affected the WTP for chemical risk reduction. In addition, three extracted public risk perception factors, effect, knowledge, and trust, also strongly affected the WTP. The mean WTP value increased as the magnitude of the risk reduction increased. The number of factors influencing the WTP decreased as the reduction level improved, and only the effect factor had a significant influence on the WTP for a higher level （80%） of risk reduction. The cost for chemical safety management of Yancheng was calculated, and the optimized risk reduction level was determined. These findings can assist governments and policy makers to formulate suitable strategies for risk control, to reach target groups of people to develop effective communication, and to provide specific refer- ences for the best investment for the security of local residents.展开更多
文摘After the implementation of the policy of paying by disease type, public hospitals need to completely change the operation and management mode, from scale expansion and development to refined connotation construction. According to the current situation of implementing payment by disease type in public hospitals and the actual problems encountered in the cost management, this paper provides countermeasures and suggestions for further optimizing the cost control measures, better promoting the healthy development of public hospitals, and comprehensively improving the level of operation and management.
文摘The concept of performance-based design, which mainly focuses on mechanical performance, has become the international standard, as in the case for ISO. The standardization of tunnel design has not been achieved because it requires integration of separate specialized fields, such as geotechnical engineering, structural engineering and concrete engineering. It is also required to clarify performance-based criteria for tunnel structures to suit specific use purposes (objectives), establish the concept of survey, planning, design, construction and maintenance based on such criteria, and develop proper management systems for operation and maintenance to suit specific tunnel use purposes. To this end, it is vital to develop a methodology for evaluating and verifying the performance of existing tunnels. This paper presents a new concept of performance requirements for tunnel structures and describes the method of quantitatively evaluating the total performance of existing tunnels in relation to the required performance, assuming the total performance to be based on the Analysis Hierarchy Process.
文摘The performance-based pay system of M university has been implemented for many years. During the operation process. there are many problems. For example, the performance standards are not timely adjusted, and there are the repeated rewards for a few elites, and the evaluation is a mere formality. Starting from the elements of motivating the knowledge-oriented workers, this paper probes into the reasons affecting the implementation of the performance-based pay system, and puts forward some suggestions for the implementation of the performance-based pay system in M University.
文摘This paper presents a dual purpose:examining the willingness to pay(WTP)of the Swiss German leisure air travel market from the perspective of Edelweiss Air and establishing a practicable replicable method implementable by every airline to assess the WTP in their context.To examine the WTP the components of a leisure flight are broken down into attributes and levels.Those are used in an adaptive choice-based conjoint analysis(ACBC)survey to establish the WTP for each attribute level.Sociodemographic and psychographic data of participants is also collected to be crossed with the resulting WTP.The interaction of the psychographic,sociodemographic,and situational dimension(expressed in WTP)is represented into the three-plane interaction model(3-PIM).Through the 3-PIM,different insights are gathered and presented across the three dimensions.The insights obtained highlight the utility of the collected data for Edelweiss Air and underline the utility of the 3-PIM model as a decision-making tool for airlines.The paper terminates by presenting different case studies in which the 3-PIM model with the data collected can be valuably used,and by outlining how the 3-PIM model can be implemented within an airline as a decision-making support tool.
文摘This study employed the Contingent Valuation Method to assess the willingness to pay of water users, as a source of financing for the sustainable development of Barobbob Watershed. The WTP study was conducted among 345 waters users in 19 barangays in the municipalities of Solano and Bayombong. Uncensored data revealed that 63.8% (58.84% for the adjusted) of the respondents revealed willingness to pay for improved watershed management. The mean WTP amount, estimated through a logit model, Turnbull Distributor-Free Estimator and Lower Bound Estimate, is found to be PhP39.35, PhP27.80 and PhP25.90/month/household, respectively. Respondents WTP is influenced by bid amount, age, membership in environmental organization, experience with water-related problems, civil status, house ownership, and awareness on the concept of watershed. Respondents were willing to pay because they wanted a sustainable water supply for the present and future generations. A payment scheme is possible and it could provide a sustainable flow of fund, however, the willingness percentages still needed to be increased. Community education and public awareness (CEPA) campaign is necessary to enhance the water users’ knowledge and understand about the importance and values of watersheds. Ultimately, WTP percentage and WTP amounts would increase.
基金Supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.7977086)
文摘This paper describes the development of a knowledgebased system (KBS) for determining whether or not, and under what conditions, a bank Ioan officer should grant a business loan to a company. The prototype system developed focuses on what is bank loans risks management, how to prevent risk by the analysis of the ability of paying back loans. The paper makes the structural analysis involved in the system's decision situation, the structured situation diagram or model, dependency diagram and the document needed by the KBS prototype system thus are developed. Through testing the samples from loan business, the quality for the analysis of the ability of paying back loans can be effectively evaluated by the KBS prototype system.
文摘The purpose of this article is to describe the development, components and properties of a publication indicator that the Ministry of Education and Culture in Finland uses for allocating direct core funding annually to universities. Since 2013, 13% of the core funding has been allocated on basis of publication indicator that, like the Norwegian model, is based on comprehensive national level publication data that is currently provided by the VIRTA publication information service. In 2015, the publication indicator was complemented with other components of the Norwegian model, namely, quality-weighted publication counts based on national Publication Forum authority list of the publication channels with ratings established by experts in the field. The funding model allocates around 1.6 billion euros annually to universities with the publication indicator annually distributing over 200 million euros. Besides the funding model, the indicator provides comparable data for monitoring the research performance of Finnish universities, fields and subunits. The indicator may also be used in the universities' local funding models and research management systems, sometimes even at individual level evaluation. Positive and negative effects of the indicator have been extensively discussed and speculated. Since 2011, the Finnish universities' productivity appears to have increased in terms of both quantity and quality of publications.
文摘Household medicine lease （HML） industry originated way back in the Edo period （17C-19C）, when it was promoted by the local fiefdom government to revitalize the economy. Accumulations of wealth, acquired thereafter from everywhere outside the region, have culminated in the formation of the present-day industrial cluster in Toyama, the largest in the whole area facing the Sea of Japan. Today an adaptation of the quasi-CRM （customer relationship management） business model of the HML system has proved to be a success in Mongolia. This fact seems to offer the authors some clues for dealing with those problems that healthcare and medical services in Japan and elsewhere are riddled with. In this paper, focusing on the common critical success factors （CSFs） behind the success of the authors＇ prototype HML system and its recent successful application in Mongolia, the authors will analyze these factors from the perspective of CRM. The authors will then clarify the following： （1） the usefulness of the business model for ensuring primary healthcare for people in developing countries; （2） the usefulness in our ubiquitous network society of applying ICT to the HML system; （3） possible contributions that the use of the system can make toward improving the quality of our everyday healthcare and medical services in our prominently aging society; and the authors will also suggest （4） the importance of elevating ＂individual self-medication＂ to ＂community-based self-medication＂.
基金supported by Guangzhou Railway Polytechnic(No.GTXYRC 250107)Guangzhou Municipal Education Bureau(No.2025YBJG010).
文摘As the core carrier of Lingnan culture and a nationally famous historical&cultural city,Guangzhou preserves more than 3000 immovable historic buildings,including arcade rows,ancestral halls,Xiguan mansions and modern public edifices.Their brick-timber hybrid structures,high-density“bambootube”street pattern and hot-humid subtropical climate create unique fire challenges.This study systematically summarizes an“inherent-acquired-environmental”superimposed fire-risk mechanism.By integrating traditional Cantonese fire-resistance wisdom—such as Qingyun fire lanes,wok-ear gables and courtyard smoke vents—and heritage-friendly innovations,a three-level policy-technology-management protection framework is established.Hierarchical protection aligned with value grading,life-cycle technology pathways and multistakeholder collaboration is proposed.The“minimum-intervention and performance-based”route and the“regulation-guideline-standard”policy loop developed by Guangzhou reduce the fire incidence of priority historic buildings while retaining heritage authenticity,offering a replicable paradigm for balancing fire safety and conservation in hot-humid,high-density contexts.
文摘To explore the factors that influence respon- dents＇ willingness to pay （WTP） for the risk reduction of chemical industry accidents, a questionnaire survey combined with contingent valuation and psychometric paradigm methods were conducted in the city of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China. Both traditional socioeconomic variables and perceived characteristics of the hazards were considered in this study, and a Tobit model was used to find the factors influencing WTP under three risk reduction scenarios. The results showed that three demographic characteristics, age, gender, and income, significantly affected the WTP for chemical risk reduction. In addition, three extracted public risk perception factors, effect, knowledge, and trust, also strongly affected the WTP. The mean WTP value increased as the magnitude of the risk reduction increased. The number of factors influencing the WTP decreased as the reduction level improved, and only the effect factor had a significant influence on the WTP for a higher level （80%） of risk reduction. The cost for chemical safety management of Yancheng was calculated, and the optimized risk reduction level was determined. These findings can assist governments and policy makers to formulate suitable strategies for risk control, to reach target groups of people to develop effective communication, and to provide specific refer- ences for the best investment for the security of local residents.
