Auxin polar transport genes PIN(PINFORMED)determine the concentration gradient of auxin in plants.To understand the relationship between the development of different tissues in Betula pendula‘Dalecartica’,BpPIN gene...Auxin polar transport genes PIN(PINFORMED)determine the concentration gradient of auxin in plants.To understand the relationship between the development of different tissues in Betula pendula‘Dalecartica’,BpPIN gene expression and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)content were analyzed using qRT-PCR,ELISA,and GUS staining.Gene expression of BpPIN genes and IAA levels in the leaves,buds,stems,xylem,and roots of B.pendula‘Dalecartica’and B.pendula as a control were measured.BpPIN1,BpPIN5 and BpPIN6 were upregulated during development in both species,suggesting a dominant role in the development of B.pendula‘Dalecartica’leaves.Moreover,BpPIN1 gene expression was positively associated with IAA levels during leaf,vein and petiole development in B.pendula‘Dalecartica’only.The correlation coefficient of the first three leaves was 0.69(P=0.04),while that of the first three petioles was 0.85(P=0.001).In addition,GUS staining of the pro-DR5::GUS transgenic line of cultivar was correlated with the results of BpPIN1 expression.Overall,these findings suggest that BpPIN1 is associated with the formation of lobed leaves in B.pendula‘Dalecartica’.展开更多
Genetic relationships among Prunus mume var. pendula were studied by using AFLP markers. 18 accessions representing 14 cultivars of Prunus mume var. pendula were selected from the germplasm collection at the Research ...Genetic relationships among Prunus mume var. pendula were studied by using AFLP markers. 18 accessions representing 14 cultivars of Prunus mume var. pendula were selected from the germplasm collection at the Research Center of China Mei Flower. Seven Mse I-EcoR I AFLP primer combinations revealed 450 legible bands, and 269 of which were polymorphic markers. A similarity matrix was prepared using the simple matching coefficient of similarity and Neis (72) distance coefficient. A UPGMA dendrogram demonstrated the genetic relationships of the cultivars. The information given by AFLP markers was basically consistent with the morphological classification and the evolutionary history of the morphotypes, and roughly supported the new revised classification system for Chinese Mei Cultivars. But there were still several exceptions: 1) the Guhong Chuizhi inserted between the Tiaoxue Chuizhi and the Danfen Chuizhi; 2) the Wufu Chuizhi kept off the Pink Pendant Form, and the Moshan Chuizhi was removed from Viridiflora Pendant Form; 3) the Danbi Chuizhi and the Shuangbi Chuizhi of Viridiflora Pendant Form got together well but fell within the Pink Pendant Form.展开更多
The research presents the first results of aluminium speciation analysis in aqueous extracts of individual plant parts of Betula pendula and soil samples, using High Performance Ion Chromatography with Diode Array Det...The research presents the first results of aluminium speciation analysis in aqueous extracts of individual plant parts of Betula pendula and soil samples, using High Performance Ion Chromatography with Diode Array Detection（HPIC-DAD）. The applied method allowed us to carry out a full speciation analysis of aluminium in the form of predominant aluminium–fluoride complexes： AlF（（x = 2,3,4））^（（3-x））（first analytical signal）, AlF^（2＋）（second analytical signal） and Al^（3＋）（third analytical signal） in samples of lateral roots, tap roots, twigs, stem, leaf and soil collected under roots of B. pendula. Concentrations of aluminium and its complexes were determined for two types of environment characterised by different degree of human impact：contaminated site of the Chemical Plant in Luboń and protected area of the Wielkopolski National Park. For all the analysed samples of B. pendula and soil, AlF（（x = 2,3,4））^（（3-x））had the largest contribution, followed by Al^（3＋）and AlF^（2＋）. Significant differences in concentration and contribution of Al–F complexes and Al^（3＋）form, depending on the place of sampling（different anthropogenic pressure） and plant part of B. pendula were observed. Based on the obtained results, it was found that transport of aluminium is ＂blocked＂ by lateral roots, and is closely related to Al content of soil.展开更多
A model of two oscillating pendula placed on a mobile support is studied. Once an overall scheme of equations, under general assumptions, is formulated via the Lagrangian equations of motion, the specific case of abse...A model of two oscillating pendula placed on a mobile support is studied. Once an overall scheme of equations, under general assumptions, is formulated via the Lagrangian equations of motion, the specific case of absence of escapement is examined. The mechanical model consists of two coupled pendula both oscillating on a moving board attached to a spring. The final result performs selection among the peculiar parameters of the physical process （the length, the ratio of masses, the friction and damping coefficients, and the stiffness of the spring）, providing a tendency to synchronization.展开更多
Simple sequence repeats（SSRs） defined as sequence repeat units between 1 and 6 bp occur abundantly in both coding and non-coding regions in eukaryotic genomes and these repeats can affect gene expression. In this st...Simple sequence repeats（SSRs） defined as sequence repeat units between 1 and 6 bp occur abundantly in both coding and non-coding regions in eukaryotic genomes and these repeats can affect gene expression. In this study, ESTs（expressed sequence tags） of Betula pendula（silver birch） were analyzed for in silico mining of ESTSSRs, protein annotation, open reading frames（ORFs）,designing primers, and identifying codon repetitions. In B.pendula, the frequency of ESTs containing SSRs was 7.8 %with an average of 1SSR/4. 78 kb of EST sequences. A total of 188 SSRs was identified by using MISA software and dinucleotide SSR motifs（65.9 %） were found to be the most abundant type of repeat motif followed by tri-（27.1 %）,tetra-（4.8 %）, and penta-（2.2 %） motifs. Based on ORF analysis, 175 of 178 sequences were predicted as ORFs and the most frequent SSRs were detected in 50 UTR（58.43 %）,followed by in ORF（31.46 %） and in 30UTR（8.43 %）. 102 of 178 ESTs were annotated as ribosomal protein, transport protein, membrane protein, carrier protein, binding protein,and transferase protein. For a total of 102 SSRs（57.3 %）with significant matches, a set of 102 primers（100 %） with forward and reverse strands was designed by using Primer 3 software. Serine（Ser, 19.6 %） was predominant in putative encoded amino acids and most of amino acids showed nonpolar（35.3 %） nature. Our data provide resources for B.pendula and can be useful for in silico comparative analyses of Betulaceae species, including SSR mining.展开更多
We used fast chlorophyll fluorescence transients(OJIP) to study provenance-related differences in photosynthetic performance and the magnitude of day-to-day chlorophyll fluorescence(ChlF) variation in northern(67°...We used fast chlorophyll fluorescence transients(OJIP) to study provenance-related differences in photosynthetic performance and the magnitude of day-to-day chlorophyll fluorescence(ChlF) variation in northern(67°N)and southern(62°N) silver birches in a common garden at62°N.ChlF transients were measured five times during two weeks in the middle of summer to avoid seasonal variation.Differences in growth and leaf morphological traits between the provenances were also examined.The northern trees had higher chlorophyll content,larger leaf areas,and higher leaf fresh and dry mass than the southern trees,but the leaf mass per area did not differ between the provenances.The southern trees were taller and showed higher annual shoot growth than the northern trees.For all the ChlF parameters,day-to-day variation was significant and followed the same pattern for both provenances with no significant provenance ×day interaction,suggesting a similar response to environmental variation.The northern provenance had higher values in parameters related to the reduction of end electron acceptors at the Photosystem I(PSI) acceptor side as probed by ChlF.This and higher values for performance indices PI_(abs) and PI_(tot) in northern than in southern trees suggest higher photosynthetic performance of northern trees in line with the latitudinal compensation strategy.Provenance differences in these parameters increased towards the end of the measurement period,suggesting preparation for earlier growth cessation in northern trees triggered by the shortening day length.The study shows that provenance differences in ChlF can be relatively stable regardless of environmental variation but might be influenced by physiological alterations in preparation for future changes in environmental conditions.展开更多
The sap flow velocity and the micro-meteorological environment of Sophora japonica f.pendula were measured from Aug.to Oct.2006 with sap flow gauge based on heat balance principle and auto-weather station in Ludong Un...The sap flow velocity and the micro-meteorological environment of Sophora japonica f.pendula were measured from Aug.to Oct.2006 with sap flow gauge based on heat balance principle and auto-weather station in Ludong University.The time lag effect of sap flow compared to meteorological factors was analyzed,and the regressive analysis between comprehensive affecting factor put forward by principal component analysis and sap flow was conducted.The time lag effect analysis results showed that the sap flow lag effect existed compared to total solar radiation,wind speed and photosynthetically active radiation,and the lag time was 10 min,20 min and 10 min,respectively.The time lag effect was the reason of water storage adjustment of leaves,branches and trunks.The sap flow lag time to total solar radiation and photosynthetically active radiation was shorter than wind,because solar radiation affected tree transpiration directly,and the wind affected tree transpiration through affecting boundary resistance of leaves.In the case sap flow time lag considered or not,the determination coefficients between comprehensive meteorological affecting factor and sap flow were 0.830 and 0.944,respectively,and the determination coefficient ascending 13.735% because of lag effect considered.In conclusion,the fitted precision would be improved with the time lag effect of trunk sap flow compared to micro-meteorological factors considered.展开更多
欧洲白桦各无性系试管苗诱导生根的能力从易到难依次为:2/86、1/86、4N、G 1;以1/2M S为基本培养基。对于无性系4N,单独使用NAA(0.3 m g.L-1)比单独使用IBA和同时使用NAA与IBA更有利于试管苗不定根诱导;0.1 m g.L-1NAA与0.1 m g.L-1IBA...欧洲白桦各无性系试管苗诱导生根的能力从易到难依次为:2/86、1/86、4N、G 1;以1/2M S为基本培养基。对于无性系4N,单独使用NAA(0.3 m g.L-1)比单独使用IBA和同时使用NAA与IBA更有利于试管苗不定根诱导;0.1 m g.L-1NAA与0.1 m g.L-1IBA配合使用,诱导无性系1/86、2/86的试管苗生根,效果最佳。白桦试管苗木质化程度越高,其生根率有下降的趋势。试管苗移栽采用腐殖土∶细沙∶园土(1∶1∶1)或腐殖土∶园土(2∶1)作栽培基质效果较好。试管苗在生根培养基上培养的天数以及生根试管苗的生长状况对移栽成活率影响明显,试管苗不定根伸长最快的时期,移栽成活率最高。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFCGrant No.31670673)the 111 Project of China(Grant No.B16010)
文摘Auxin polar transport genes PIN(PINFORMED)determine the concentration gradient of auxin in plants.To understand the relationship between the development of different tissues in Betula pendula‘Dalecartica’,BpPIN gene expression and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)content were analyzed using qRT-PCR,ELISA,and GUS staining.Gene expression of BpPIN genes and IAA levels in the leaves,buds,stems,xylem,and roots of B.pendula‘Dalecartica’and B.pendula as a control were measured.BpPIN1,BpPIN5 and BpPIN6 were upregulated during development in both species,suggesting a dominant role in the development of B.pendula‘Dalecartica’leaves.Moreover,BpPIN1 gene expression was positively associated with IAA levels during leaf,vein and petiole development in B.pendula‘Dalecartica’only.The correlation coefficient of the first three leaves was 0.69(P=0.04),while that of the first three petioles was 0.85(P=0.001).In addition,GUS staining of the pro-DR5::GUS transgenic line of cultivar was correlated with the results of BpPIN1 expression.Overall,these findings suggest that BpPIN1 is associated with the formation of lobed leaves in B.pendula‘Dalecartica’.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province P. R. China (Grant No. 2001ABB118)
文摘Genetic relationships among Prunus mume var. pendula were studied by using AFLP markers. 18 accessions representing 14 cultivars of Prunus mume var. pendula were selected from the germplasm collection at the Research Center of China Mei Flower. Seven Mse I-EcoR I AFLP primer combinations revealed 450 legible bands, and 269 of which were polymorphic markers. A similarity matrix was prepared using the simple matching coefficient of similarity and Neis (72) distance coefficient. A UPGMA dendrogram demonstrated the genetic relationships of the cultivars. The information given by AFLP markers was basically consistent with the morphological classification and the evolutionary history of the morphotypes, and roughly supported the new revised classification system for Chinese Mei Cultivars. But there were still several exceptions: 1) the Guhong Chuizhi inserted between the Tiaoxue Chuizhi and the Danfen Chuizhi; 2) the Wufu Chuizhi kept off the Pink Pendant Form, and the Moshan Chuizhi was removed from Viridiflora Pendant Form; 3) the Danbi Chuizhi and the Shuangbi Chuizhi of Viridiflora Pendant Form got together well but fell within the Pink Pendant Form.
基金supported by the National Science Centre, Poland through research project DEC-2012/07/D/NZ8/01030
文摘The research presents the first results of aluminium speciation analysis in aqueous extracts of individual plant parts of Betula pendula and soil samples, using High Performance Ion Chromatography with Diode Array Detection（HPIC-DAD）. The applied method allowed us to carry out a full speciation analysis of aluminium in the form of predominant aluminium–fluoride complexes： AlF（（x = 2,3,4））^（（3-x））（first analytical signal）, AlF^（2＋）（second analytical signal） and Al^（3＋）（third analytical signal） in samples of lateral roots, tap roots, twigs, stem, leaf and soil collected under roots of B. pendula. Concentrations of aluminium and its complexes were determined for two types of environment characterised by different degree of human impact：contaminated site of the Chemical Plant in Luboń and protected area of the Wielkopolski National Park. For all the analysed samples of B. pendula and soil, AlF（（x = 2,3,4））^（（3-x））had the largest contribution, followed by Al^（3＋）and AlF^（2＋）. Significant differences in concentration and contribution of Al–F complexes and Al^（3＋）form, depending on the place of sampling（different anthropogenic pressure） and plant part of B. pendula were observed. Based on the obtained results, it was found that transport of aluminium is ＂blocked＂ by lateral roots, and is closely related to Al content of soil.
文摘A model of two oscillating pendula placed on a mobile support is studied. Once an overall scheme of equations, under general assumptions, is formulated via the Lagrangian equations of motion, the specific case of absence of escapement is examined. The mechanical model consists of two coupled pendula both oscillating on a moving board attached to a spring. The final result performs selection among the peculiar parameters of the physical process （the length, the ratio of masses, the friction and damping coefficients, and the stiffness of the spring）, providing a tendency to synchronization.
文摘Simple sequence repeats（SSRs） defined as sequence repeat units between 1 and 6 bp occur abundantly in both coding and non-coding regions in eukaryotic genomes and these repeats can affect gene expression. In this study, ESTs（expressed sequence tags） of Betula pendula（silver birch） were analyzed for in silico mining of ESTSSRs, protein annotation, open reading frames（ORFs）,designing primers, and identifying codon repetitions. In B.pendula, the frequency of ESTs containing SSRs was 7.8 %with an average of 1SSR/4. 78 kb of EST sequences. A total of 188 SSRs was identified by using MISA software and dinucleotide SSR motifs（65.9 %） were found to be the most abundant type of repeat motif followed by tri-（27.1 %）,tetra-（4.8 %）, and penta-（2.2 %） motifs. Based on ORF analysis, 175 of 178 sequences were predicted as ORFs and the most frequent SSRs were detected in 50 UTR（58.43 %）,followed by in ORF（31.46 %） and in 30UTR（8.43 %）. 102 of 178 ESTs were annotated as ribosomal protein, transport protein, membrane protein, carrier protein, binding protein,and transferase protein. For a total of 102 SSRs（57.3 %）with significant matches, a set of 102 primers（100 %） with forward and reverse strands was designed by using Primer 3 software. Serine（Ser, 19.6 %） was predominant in putative encoded amino acids and most of amino acids showed nonpolar（35.3 %） nature. Our data provide resources for B.pendula and can be useful for in silico comparative analyses of Betulaceae species, including SSR mining.
基金supported by the University of Eastern FinlandCzech University of Life Sciences doctoral research funding to O.A+5 种基金North Karelia Regional Fund to O.A (grant number 55232028)University of Eastern Finland(strategic fundingproject 931060)the Academy of Finland(C-NEUT,project number 347862)part of the Academy of Finland Flagship on Photonics Research and Innovation (PREIN) decision (320166)the Finnish National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure (NaPPI/Biocenter Finland)
文摘We used fast chlorophyll fluorescence transients(OJIP) to study provenance-related differences in photosynthetic performance and the magnitude of day-to-day chlorophyll fluorescence(ChlF) variation in northern(67°N)and southern(62°N) silver birches in a common garden at62°N.ChlF transients were measured five times during two weeks in the middle of summer to avoid seasonal variation.Differences in growth and leaf morphological traits between the provenances were also examined.The northern trees had higher chlorophyll content,larger leaf areas,and higher leaf fresh and dry mass than the southern trees,but the leaf mass per area did not differ between the provenances.The southern trees were taller and showed higher annual shoot growth than the northern trees.For all the ChlF parameters,day-to-day variation was significant and followed the same pattern for both provenances with no significant provenance ×day interaction,suggesting a similar response to environmental variation.The northern provenance had higher values in parameters related to the reduction of end electron acceptors at the Photosystem I(PSI) acceptor side as probed by ChlF.This and higher values for performance indices PI_(abs) and PI_(tot) in northern than in southern trees suggest higher photosynthetic performance of northern trees in line with the latitudinal compensation strategy.Provenance differences in these parameters increased towards the end of the measurement period,suggesting preparation for earlier growth cessation in northern trees triggered by the shortening day length.The study shows that provenance differences in ChlF can be relatively stable regardless of environmental variation but might be influenced by physiological alterations in preparation for future changes in environmental conditions.
文摘The sap flow velocity and the micro-meteorological environment of Sophora japonica f.pendula were measured from Aug.to Oct.2006 with sap flow gauge based on heat balance principle and auto-weather station in Ludong University.The time lag effect of sap flow compared to meteorological factors was analyzed,and the regressive analysis between comprehensive affecting factor put forward by principal component analysis and sap flow was conducted.The time lag effect analysis results showed that the sap flow lag effect existed compared to total solar radiation,wind speed and photosynthetically active radiation,and the lag time was 10 min,20 min and 10 min,respectively.The time lag effect was the reason of water storage adjustment of leaves,branches and trunks.The sap flow lag time to total solar radiation and photosynthetically active radiation was shorter than wind,because solar radiation affected tree transpiration directly,and the wind affected tree transpiration through affecting boundary resistance of leaves.In the case sap flow time lag considered or not,the determination coefficients between comprehensive meteorological affecting factor and sap flow were 0.830 and 0.944,respectively,and the determination coefficient ascending 13.735% because of lag effect considered.In conclusion,the fitted precision would be improved with the time lag effect of trunk sap flow compared to micro-meteorological factors considered.
文摘欧洲白桦各无性系试管苗诱导生根的能力从易到难依次为:2/86、1/86、4N、G 1;以1/2M S为基本培养基。对于无性系4N,单独使用NAA(0.3 m g.L-1)比单独使用IBA和同时使用NAA与IBA更有利于试管苗不定根诱导;0.1 m g.L-1NAA与0.1 m g.L-1IBA配合使用,诱导无性系1/86、2/86的试管苗生根,效果最佳。白桦试管苗木质化程度越高,其生根率有下降的趋势。试管苗移栽采用腐殖土∶细沙∶园土(1∶1∶1)或腐殖土∶园土(2∶1)作栽培基质效果较好。试管苗在生根培养基上培养的天数以及生根试管苗的生长状况对移栽成活率影响明显,试管苗不定根伸长最快的时期,移栽成活率最高。
