This paper focuses on a two-dimensional bidirectional pedestrian flow model which involves the next-nearest-neighbor effect. The stability condition and the Korteweg-de Vries （KdV） equation are derived to describe t...This paper focuses on a two-dimensional bidirectional pedestrian flow model which involves the next-nearest-neighbor effect. The stability condition and the Korteweg-de Vries （KdV） equation are derived to describe the density wave of pedestrian congestion by linear stability and nonlinear analysis. Through theoretical analysis, the soliton solution is obtained.展开更多
The pedestrians can only avoid collisions passively under the action of forces during simulations using the social force model, which may lead to unnatural behaviors. This paper proposes an optimization-based model fo...The pedestrians can only avoid collisions passively under the action of forces during simulations using the social force model, which may lead to unnatural behaviors. This paper proposes an optimization-based model for the avoidance of collisions, where the social repulsive force is removed in favor of a search for the quickest path to destination in the pedestrian＇s vision field. In this way, the behaviors of pedestrians are governed by changing their desired walking direction and desired speed. By combining the critical factors of pedestrian movement, such as positions of the exit and obstacles and velocities of the neighbors, the choice of desired velocity has been rendered to a discrete optimization problem. Therefore,it is the self-driven force that leads pedestrians to a free path rather than the repulsive force, which means the pedestrians can actively avoid collisions. The new model is verified by comparing with the fundamental diagram and actual data. The simulation results of individual avoidance trajectories and crowd avoidance behaviors demonstrate the reasonability of the proposed model.展开更多
Walking in groups is very common in a realistic walking environment. An extended floor field cellular automaton （CA） model is therefore proposed to describe the walking behavior of pedestrian groups, This model repr...Walking in groups is very common in a realistic walking environment. An extended floor field cellular automaton （CA） model is therefore proposed to describe the walking behavior of pedestrian groups, This model represents the motion of pedestrian groups in a realistic way. The simulation results reveal that the walking behavior of groups has an important but negative influence on pedestrian flow dynamics, especially when the density is at a high level. The presence of pedestrian groups retards the emergence of lane formation and increases the instability of operation of pedestrian flow. Moreover, the average velocity and volume of pedestrian flow are significantly reduced due to the group motion. Meanwhile, the parameter-sensitive analysis suggests that pedestrian groups should make a compromise between efficient movement and staying coherent with a certain spatial structure when walking in a dense crowd.展开更多
Ramps and sloping roads appear everywhere in the built environment. It is obvious that the movement pattern of people in the sloping path may be different as compared with the pattern on level roads. Previously, most ...Ramps and sloping roads appear everywhere in the built environment. It is obvious that the movement pattern of people in the sloping path may be different as compared with the pattern on level roads. Previously, most of the studies, especially the mathematical and simulation models, on pedestrian movement consider the flow at level routes.This study proposes a new lattice model for bidirectional pedestrian flow on gradient road. The stability condition is obtained by using linear stability theory. The nonlinear analysis method is employed to derive the modified Korteweg-de Vries(mKdV) equation, and the space of pedestrian flow is divided into three regions: the stable region, the metastable region, and the unstable region respectively. Furthermore, the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landan(TDGL) equation is deduced and solved through the reductive perturbation method. Finally, we present detailed results obtained from the model, and it is found that the stability of the model is enhanced in uphill situation while reduced in downhill situation with increasing slope.展开更多
A thermodynamic theory is formulated to describe the phase transition and critical phenomena in pedestrian flow. Based on the extended lattice hydrodynamic pedestrian model taking the interaction of the next-nearest-n...A thermodynamic theory is formulated to describe the phase transition and critical phenomena in pedestrian flow. Based on the extended lattice hydrodynamic pedestrian model taking the interaction of the next-nearest-neighbor persons into account, the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau （TDGL） equation is derived to describe the pedestrian flow near the critical point through the nonlinear analysis method. The corresponding two solutions, the uniform and the kink solutions, are given. The coexisting curve, spinodal line, and critical point are obtained by the first and second derivatives of the thermodynamic potential.展开更多
The quantity and severity of traffic accidents have increased with the development of machinery life and traffic growth in cities and roads in the past 50 years. Among the road users, pedestrians are the most vulnerab...The quantity and severity of traffic accidents have increased with the development of machinery life and traffic growth in cities and roads in the past 50 years. Among the road users, pedestrians are the most vulnerable groups to be exposed to high risks. Vehicle crashes with pedestrian are almost inevitable and cause injury or death to pedestrian. Crash investigation and statistical studies indicate that percentage of pedestrian deaths caused by vehicle accidents are much more than all deaths. A considerable amount of accidents occur at signalized and urban intersections which are the intensive crash places. Therefore in this paper appropriate models that could specify safety indicators have been indicated with existing information by characterized parametric and nonparametric variables for twenty signalized intersections. Categories and correlations of variables also have been investigated. Three models including Regression, Poisson, and Negative binomial with defined variables have been determined. T and chi square tests, calibration and comparison of variables have been done by curve fitting. The role of each parameter was specified in pedestrian crashes. Validating models had the following outcomes: Pedestrian crash prediction models were based on none linear relations at intersections. Predictable variables, developing extended linear models and also pedestrian crash prediction are on the basis of Negative binomial distribution which is used due to more data dispersion. As observed, the Negative binomial regression because of its more R2 correlation factor has more validity among other regression models such as linear regression and Poisson. Calibrated models are put into sensitivity analysis to study the effect of each previously mentioned parameter in overall performance. Hence much better perception of future transportation plans can be achieved by development of safety models at planning levels.展开更多
Due to limitations in geometric representation and semantic description, the current pedestrian route analysis models are inadequate. To express the geometry of geographic entities in a micro-spatial environment accur...Due to limitations in geometric representation and semantic description, the current pedestrian route analysis models are inadequate. To express the geometry of geographic entities in a micro-spatial environment accurately, the concept of a grid is presented, and grid-based methods for modeling geospatial objects are described. The semantic constitution of a building environment and the methods for modeling rooms, corridors, and staircases with grid objects are described. Based on the topology relationship between grid objects, a grid-based graph for a building environment is presented, and the corresponding route algorithm for pedestrians is proposed. The main advantages of the graph model proposed in this paper are as follows： 1） consideration of both semantic and geometric information, 2） consideration of the need for accurate geometric representation of the micro-spatial environment and the efficiency of pedestrian route analysis, 3） applicability of the graph model to route analysis in both static and dynamic environments, and 4） ability of the multi-hierarchical route analysis to integrate the multiple levels of pedestrian decision characteristics, from the high to the low, to determine the optimal path.展开更多
Decreasing the death toll of pedestrians in traffic accidents is one of the most urgent tasks to be solved all over the world. This paper describes the prediction of pedestrian injuries for the TRL legform impactor us...Decreasing the death toll of pedestrians in traffic accidents is one of the most urgent tasks to be solved all over the world. This paper describes the prediction of pedestrian injuries for the TRL legform impactor using MATLAB. The TRL legform impactor consists of three parts: a femur, a tibia, and a ligament connecting them. The impactor was physically modelled with springs, dampers and two masses as a dynamic model. The impactor behaves in a translational and rotational motion during the collision with a vehicle. The behavior of the impactor during the crash event was captured by a high speed camera and is regarded as the four-degree-of-freedom system in terms of translational and rotational motions. Pedestrian injuries are evaluated by three physical quantities indexes: the acceleration of the tibia, both the displacement and the bending angle between the femur and the tibia. The physical model for the impactor was expressed mathematically by differential equations. In the case of modelling, the ligament connecting both the femur and the tibia in particular plays an important role. Shear forces were applied to the ligament in translational motions and the bending moments in rotational motion. Differential equations were expressed in the form of a state equation and an output equation by MATLAB. Numerical solutions were obtained by a block diagram with Simulink. As a result, it was found that the predicted injuries agree quite well with their experimented data in terms of acceleration, displacement, and the bending angle mentioned above.展开更多
In recent years, modelling crowd and evacuation dynamics has become very important, with increasing huge numbers of people gathering around the world for many reasons and events. The fact that our global population gr...In recent years, modelling crowd and evacuation dynamics has become very important, with increasing huge numbers of people gathering around the world for many reasons and events. The fact that our global population grows dramatically every year and the current public transport systems are able to transport large amounts of people heightens the risk of crowd panic or crush. Pedestrian models are based on macroscopic or microscopic behaviour. In this paper, we are interested in developing models that can be used for evacuation control strategies. This model will be based on microscopic pedestrian simulation models, and its evolution and design requires a lot of information and data. The people stream will be simulated, based on mathematical models derived from empirical data about pedestrian flows. This model is developed from image data bases, so called empirical data, taken from a video camera or data obtained using human detectors. We consider the individuals as autonomous particles interacting through social and physical forces, which is an approach that has been used to simulate crowd behaviour. The target of this work is to describe a comprehensive approach to model a huge number of pedestrians and to simulate high density crowd behaviour in overcrowding places, e.g. sport, concert and pilgrimage places, and to assist engineering in the resolution of complicated problems through integrating a number of models from different research domains.展开更多
Stop-and-go waves are commonly observed in traffic and pedestrian flows.In most microscopic traffic models,they occur through a phase transition and instability of the homogeneous solution after fine tuning of paramet...Stop-and-go waves are commonly observed in traffic and pedestrian flows.In most microscopic traffic models,they occur through a phase transition and instability of the homogeneous solution after fine tuning of parameters.Inertia effects are believed to play an important role in this mechanism.In this article,we present a novel explanation for stop-and-go waves based on stochastic effects in the absence of inertia.The model used is a first order optimal velocity(OV)model including an additive stochastic noise.A power spectral analysis for single-file pedestrian trajectories highlights the existence of Brownian speed residuals.We use the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process to describe such a correlated noise.The introduction of this specific colored noise in the first order OV model allows describing realistic stop-and-go behavior without requiring instabilities or phase transitions,the homogeneous configurations being systematically stochastically stable.We compare the stochastic model to deterministic unstable OV models and analyze individual speed autocorrelation to describe the nature of the waves in stationary states.We apply the approach to pedestrian single-file motion and compare simulation results to real pedestrian trajectories.The simulation results are quantitatively very similar to the real trajectories.We discuss plausible values for the model parameters and their meaning.展开更多
We propose a pedestrian position update rule, which is added to a microscopic pedestrian model to avoid pedestrian overlap. In the rule, the step size of a pedestrian moving in a selected direction at each update is i...We propose a pedestrian position update rule, which is added to a microscopic pedestrian model to avoid pedestrian overlap. In the rule, the step size of a pedestrian moving in a selected direction at each update is in inverse proportion to the repulsive actions imposed by other pedestrians moving in a direction with an exponential rate. The positions of the pedestrians are then updated in each small time interval. In this way, a barrier between the pedestrians can be generated, and after updating their positions the pedestrians do not overlap with each other. The modified model is compared to the original model through a simulation of the evacuation process of pedestrians in a closed area. The simulation results indicate that the modified model is superior to the original model in several aspects.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11072117)the Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.LY13A010005)+4 种基金the Disciplinary Project of Ningbo City,China(Grant No.SZXL1067)the Scientific Research Fund of Education Department of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.Z201119278)the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City,China(Grant Nos.2012A610152 and 2012A610038)the K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University,Chinathe Research Grant Council,Government of the Hong Kong Administrative Region,China(Grant No.CityU119011)
文摘This paper focuses on a two-dimensional bidirectional pedestrian flow model which involves the next-nearest-neighbor effect. The stability condition and the Korteweg-de Vries （KdV） equation are derived to describe the density wave of pedestrian congestion by linear stability and nonlinear analysis. Through theoretical analysis, the soliton solution is obtained.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61233001 and 61322307)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of China(Grant No.2013JBZ007)
文摘The pedestrians can only avoid collisions passively under the action of forces during simulations using the social force model, which may lead to unnatural behaviors. This paper proposes an optimization-based model for the avoidance of collisions, where the social repulsive force is removed in favor of a search for the quickest path to destination in the pedestrian＇s vision field. In this way, the behaviors of pedestrians are governed by changing their desired walking direction and desired speed. By combining the critical factors of pedestrian movement, such as positions of the exit and obstacles and velocities of the neighbors, the choice of desired velocity has been rendered to a discrete optimization problem. Therefore,it is the self-driven force that leads pedestrians to a free path rather than the repulsive force, which means the pedestrians can actively avoid collisions. The new model is verified by comparing with the fundamental diagram and actual data. The simulation results of individual avoidance trajectories and crowd avoidance behaviors demonstrate the reasonability of the proposed model.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51278101 and 51338003)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education,China(Grant No.20120092110043)the Scientific Innovation Research Project of College Graduate in Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.CXZZ13 0117)
文摘Walking in groups is very common in a realistic walking environment. An extended floor field cellular automaton （CA） model is therefore proposed to describe the walking behavior of pedestrian groups, This model represents the motion of pedestrian groups in a realistic way. The simulation results reveal that the walking behavior of groups has an important but negative influence on pedestrian flow dynamics, especially when the density is at a high level. The presence of pedestrian groups retards the emergence of lane formation and increases the instability of operation of pedestrian flow. Moreover, the average velocity and volume of pedestrian flow are significantly reduced due to the group motion. Meanwhile, the parameter-sensitive analysis suggests that pedestrian groups should make a compromise between efficient movement and staying coherent with a certain spatial structure when walking in a dense crowd.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.11372166,11262005,11262003the Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial under Grant No.LQ13D050002the K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University,China,Government of the Hong Kong Administrative Region,China No.119011
文摘Ramps and sloping roads appear everywhere in the built environment. It is obvious that the movement pattern of people in the sloping path may be different as compared with the pattern on level roads. Previously, most of the studies, especially the mathematical and simulation models, on pedestrian movement consider the flow at level routes.This study proposes a new lattice model for bidirectional pedestrian flow on gradient road. The stability condition is obtained by using linear stability theory. The nonlinear analysis method is employed to derive the modified Korteweg-de Vries(mKdV) equation, and the space of pedestrian flow is divided into three regions: the stable region, the metastable region, and the unstable region respectively. Furthermore, the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landan(TDGL) equation is deduced and solved through the reductive perturbation method. Finally, we present detailed results obtained from the model, and it is found that the stability of the model is enhanced in uphill situation while reduced in downhill situation with increasing slope.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61374055)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20131381)+4 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(2013M541663)Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds(1202015C)Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese ScholarsState Education Ministry(BJ213022)Scientific Research Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(NY214075,XJKY14004)
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11072117 and 61074142)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.Y6110007)+3 种基金the Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department,China(Grant No.Z201119278)the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo,China(Grant Nos.2012A610152 and 2012A610038)the K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University,Chinathe Research Grant Council,Government of the Hong Kong Administrative Region,China(Grant Nos.CityU9041370 and CityU9041499)
文摘A thermodynamic theory is formulated to describe the phase transition and critical phenomena in pedestrian flow. Based on the extended lattice hydrodynamic pedestrian model taking the interaction of the next-nearest-neighbor persons into account, the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau （TDGL） equation is derived to describe the pedestrian flow near the critical point through the nonlinear analysis method. The corresponding two solutions, the uniform and the kink solutions, are given. The coexisting curve, spinodal line, and critical point are obtained by the first and second derivatives of the thermodynamic potential.
文摘The quantity and severity of traffic accidents have increased with the development of machinery life and traffic growth in cities and roads in the past 50 years. Among the road users, pedestrians are the most vulnerable groups to be exposed to high risks. Vehicle crashes with pedestrian are almost inevitable and cause injury or death to pedestrian. Crash investigation and statistical studies indicate that percentage of pedestrian deaths caused by vehicle accidents are much more than all deaths. A considerable amount of accidents occur at signalized and urban intersections which are the intensive crash places. Therefore in this paper appropriate models that could specify safety indicators have been indicated with existing information by characterized parametric and nonparametric variables for twenty signalized intersections. Categories and correlations of variables also have been investigated. Three models including Regression, Poisson, and Negative binomial with defined variables have been determined. T and chi square tests, calibration and comparison of variables have been done by curve fitting. The role of each parameter was specified in pedestrian crashes. Validating models had the following outcomes: Pedestrian crash prediction models were based on none linear relations at intersections. Predictable variables, developing extended linear models and also pedestrian crash prediction are on the basis of Negative binomial distribution which is used due to more data dispersion. As observed, the Negative binomial regression because of its more R2 correlation factor has more validity among other regression models such as linear regression and Poisson. Calibrated models are put into sensitivity analysis to study the effect of each previously mentioned parameter in overall performance. Hence much better perception of future transportation plans can be achieved by development of safety models at planning levels.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41571387,41201375 and 41501440)Tianjin Research Program of Application Foundation and Advanced Technology(No.14JCQNJC07900)+1 种基金Tianjin Science and Technology Planning Project(Nos.15ZCZDSF00390 and 14TXGCCX00015)Opening Fund of Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Geospatial Information Technology"Modeling and analysis of path graph in 3D indoor spatial environment"
文摘Due to limitations in geometric representation and semantic description, the current pedestrian route analysis models are inadequate. To express the geometry of geographic entities in a micro-spatial environment accurately, the concept of a grid is presented, and grid-based methods for modeling geospatial objects are described. The semantic constitution of a building environment and the methods for modeling rooms, corridors, and staircases with grid objects are described. Based on the topology relationship between grid objects, a grid-based graph for a building environment is presented, and the corresponding route algorithm for pedestrians is proposed. The main advantages of the graph model proposed in this paper are as follows： 1） consideration of both semantic and geometric information, 2） consideration of the need for accurate geometric representation of the micro-spatial environment and the efficiency of pedestrian route analysis, 3） applicability of the graph model to route analysis in both static and dynamic environments, and 4） ability of the multi-hierarchical route analysis to integrate the multiple levels of pedestrian decision characteristics, from the high to the low, to determine the optimal path.
文摘Decreasing the death toll of pedestrians in traffic accidents is one of the most urgent tasks to be solved all over the world. This paper describes the prediction of pedestrian injuries for the TRL legform impactor using MATLAB. The TRL legform impactor consists of three parts: a femur, a tibia, and a ligament connecting them. The impactor was physically modelled with springs, dampers and two masses as a dynamic model. The impactor behaves in a translational and rotational motion during the collision with a vehicle. The behavior of the impactor during the crash event was captured by a high speed camera and is regarded as the four-degree-of-freedom system in terms of translational and rotational motions. Pedestrian injuries are evaluated by three physical quantities indexes: the acceleration of the tibia, both the displacement and the bending angle between the femur and the tibia. The physical model for the impactor was expressed mathematically by differential equations. In the case of modelling, the ligament connecting both the femur and the tibia in particular plays an important role. Shear forces were applied to the ligament in translational motions and the bending moments in rotational motion. Differential equations were expressed in the form of a state equation and an output equation by MATLAB. Numerical solutions were obtained by a block diagram with Simulink. As a result, it was found that the predicted injuries agree quite well with their experimented data in terms of acceleration, displacement, and the bending angle mentioned above.
文摘In recent years, modelling crowd and evacuation dynamics has become very important, with increasing huge numbers of people gathering around the world for many reasons and events. The fact that our global population grows dramatically every year and the current public transport systems are able to transport large amounts of people heightens the risk of crowd panic or crush. Pedestrian models are based on macroscopic or microscopic behaviour. In this paper, we are interested in developing models that can be used for evacuation control strategies. This model will be based on microscopic pedestrian simulation models, and its evolution and design requires a lot of information and data. The people stream will be simulated, based on mathematical models derived from empirical data about pedestrian flows. This model is developed from image data bases, so called empirical data, taken from a video camera or data obtained using human detectors. We consider the individuals as autonomous particles interacting through social and physical forces, which is an approach that has been used to simulate crowd behaviour. The target of this work is to describe a comprehensive approach to model a huge number of pedestrians and to simulate high density crowd behaviour in overcrowding places, e.g. sport, concert and pilgrimage places, and to assist engineering in the resolution of complicated problems through integrating a number of models from different research domains.
基金Financial support by the German Science Foundation under grant SCHA 636/9-1 is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Stop-and-go waves are commonly observed in traffic and pedestrian flows.In most microscopic traffic models,they occur through a phase transition and instability of the homogeneous solution after fine tuning of parameters.Inertia effects are believed to play an important role in this mechanism.In this article,we present a novel explanation for stop-and-go waves based on stochastic effects in the absence of inertia.The model used is a first order optimal velocity(OV)model including an additive stochastic noise.A power spectral analysis for single-file pedestrian trajectories highlights the existence of Brownian speed residuals.We use the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process to describe such a correlated noise.The introduction of this specific colored noise in the first order OV model allows describing realistic stop-and-go behavior without requiring instabilities or phase transitions,the homogeneous configurations being systematically stochastically stable.We compare the stochastic model to deterministic unstable OV models and analyze individual speed autocorrelation to describe the nature of the waves in stationary states.We apply the approach to pedestrian single-file motion and compare simulation results to real pedestrian trajectories.The simulation results are quantitatively very similar to the real trajectories.We discuss plausible values for the model parameters and their meaning.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71001047)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia,China(Grant No.2010BS1001)the Program of Higher-Level Talents of Inner Mongolia University,China(Grant No.Z20090113)
文摘We propose a pedestrian position update rule, which is added to a microscopic pedestrian model to avoid pedestrian overlap. In the rule, the step size of a pedestrian moving in a selected direction at each update is in inverse proportion to the repulsive actions imposed by other pedestrians moving in a direction with an exponential rate. The positions of the pedestrians are then updated in each small time interval. In this way, a barrier between the pedestrians can be generated, and after updating their positions the pedestrians do not overlap with each other. The modified model is compared to the original model through a simulation of the evacuation process of pedestrians in a closed area. The simulation results indicate that the modified model is superior to the original model in several aspects.
