Background:Tuberculosis(TB)prevalence is closely associated with poverty in China,and poor patients face more barriers to treatment.Using an insurance-based approach,the China-Gates TB program Phase II was implemented...Background:Tuberculosis(TB)prevalence is closely associated with poverty in China,and poor patients face more barriers to treatment.Using an insurance-based approach,the China-Gates TB program Phase II was implemented between 2012 and 2014 in three cities in China to improve access to TB care and reduce the financial burden on patients,particularly among the poor.This study aims to assess the program effects on service use,and its equity impact across different income groups.Methods:Data from 788 and 775 patients at baseline and final evaluation were available for analysis respectively.Inpatient and outpatient service utilization,treatment adherence,and patient satisfaction were assessed before and after the program,across different income groups(extreme poverty,moderate poverty and non-poverty),and in various program cities,using descriptive statistics and multi-variate regression models.Key stakeholder interviews were conducted to qualitatively evaluate program implementation and impacts.Results:After program implementation,the hospital admission rate increased more for the extreme poverty group(48.5 to 70.7%)and moderate poverty group(45.0 to 68.1%),compared to the non-poverty group(52.9 to 643%).The largest increase in the number of outpatient visits was also for the extreme poverty group(4.6 to 5.7).The proportion of patients with good medication adherence increased by 15 percentage points in the extreme poverty group and by ten percentage points in the other groups.Satisfaction rates were high in all groups.Qualitative feedback from stakeholders also suggested that increased reimbursement rates,easier reimbursement procedures,and allowance improved patients'service utilization.Implementation of case-based payment made service provision more compliant to clinical pathways.Conclusion:Patients in extreme or moderate poverty benefited more from the program compared to a non-poverty group,indicating improved equity in TB service access.The pro-poor design of the program provides important丨essons to other TB programs in China and other countries to better address TB care for the poor.展开更多
In this paper, an EPQ-based inventory policy for an item is presented with stock-dependent demand during two trade credit periods. In addition, there is a provision for 1) an immediate part payment to the wholesaler, ...In this paper, an EPQ-based inventory policy for an item is presented with stock-dependent demand during two trade credit periods. In addition, there is a provision for 1) an immediate part payment to the wholesaler, 2) borrowing some money from money lending source for the immediate part payment, 3) here supplier or wholesaler offers a trade credit period to his retailer and retailer also offers a trade credit period to his customer. Against the above conjectures inventory model has been formulated with respect to the retailer’s point of view for minimizing the total inventory cost. The non-linear optimization method-Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) method is used to find the optimal solutions. Lastly Numerical examples are set to illustrate this model. Finally we use LINGO software to solve this model.展开更多
In this paper, we consider the dual risk model in which periodic taxation are paid according to a loss-carry-forward system and dividends are paid under a threshold strategy. We give an analytical approach to derive t...In this paper, we consider the dual risk model in which periodic taxation are paid according to a loss-carry-forward system and dividends are paid under a threshold strategy. We give an analytical approach to derive the expression of gδ(u) (i.e. the Laplace transform of the first upper exit time). We discuss the expected discounted tax payments for this model and obtain its corresponding integro-differential equations. Finally, for Erlang (2) inter-innovation distribution, closedform expressions for the expected discounted tax payments are given.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate a model for an insurance company with constraint on risk control.The objective of the insurer is to find a business policy and a dividend payment scheme so as to maximize the expected disc...In this paper,we investigate a model for an insurance company with constraint on risk control.The objective of the insurer is to find a business policy and a dividend payment scheme so as to maximize the expected discounted value of dividend payment,and the expected present value of an amount which the insurer earns until the time of ruin.By solving the constrained Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation,we obtain the explicit expression for value function and the corresponding optimal strategies.展开更多
Financial internal control management is an effective means for enterprises to control internal funds. With the rapid development of Internet information technology, hospital payment patterns gradually tend to be dive...Financial internal control management is an effective means for enterprises to control internal funds. With the rapid development of Internet information technology, hospital payment patterns gradually tend to be diversified, which provides a basis for reform of hospital financial internal control management. Strengthening hospital financial internal control management can improve the quality of hospital operation. This article will analyze the functions and characteristics of different payment modes, discuss the necessity of hospital financial internal control management and the problems in hospital financial internal control management based on various payment modes, and put forward effective countermeasures for hospital financial internal control management.展开更多
This study suggests a payment portfolio model that includes new payment methods that have emerged from the development of cryptocurrency markets and central bank digital currencies(CBDCs).Our model analyzes the optima...This study suggests a payment portfolio model that includes new payment methods that have emerged from the development of cryptocurrency markets and central bank digital currencies(CBDCs).Our model analyzes the optimal payment choice for consumers under various macroeconomic conditions.We determine that an individual economic agent chooses payment methods under specific conditions by incorporating policy interest rates on CBDCs and stablecoins used on cryptocurrency exchanges.We analyze the impacts of CBDCs and stablecoins on the choice of whether to use cash or deposits.We also examine how the agent changes her portfolio compositions in response to exogenous macroeconomic policies.If a government replaces cash with a CBDC,the convenience of digital currency would not affect consumer choices.The higher the government’s interest rate on CBDCs,the more consumers will use CBDCs than deposits.展开更多
This paper investigates the structure of the payment card market, with consumers and merchants basing their subscription decisions on different information sets. We find that the market structure depends crucially on ...This paper investigates the structure of the payment card market, with consumers and merchants basing their subscription decisions on different information sets. We find that the market structure depends crucially on the information set on which consumers and merchants base their subscription decisions. In the studied case, we observe that a market with few cards dominating only emerges when decisions are based on very limited information. Under the same conditions using a complete information set, all cards survive in the long run. The use of an agent-based model, focusing on the interactions between merchants and consumers, as a basis for subscription decisions allows us to investigate the dynamics of the market and the effect of the indirect network externalities rather than investigating only equilibrium outcomes.展开更多
Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of t...Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of this policy on the financial status of the social pooling fund of basic pension insurance for urban employees. Our study suggests the followings. First, under the previous unchanged family planning policy, current deficits and cumulative deficits will occur in the social pooling fund in the year 2047 and 2063 respectively. Second, if lO% to 50% of qualified couples choose to raise a second child, the financial status of the social pooling fund will improve; relative to the previous unchanged family planning policy, the contribution ratio can decrease from 20% to the range between 18.06% and 19.57% without causing any changes to the original financial status of income and expenditure. Third, if the percentage of couples choosing to raise a second child rises to 60% to 100%, the contribution ratio can even decrease to the range between 16.55% and 17. 7% without causing any changes to the financial status as under the previous unchanged family planning policy. The above conclusions have all passed the sensitivity test. Therefore, the ＂two-child policy＂ for qualified couples is favorable to alleviating the payment pressures of pension insurance but the policy effectiveness is subject to fertility desire and the intensity of government implementation.展开更多
The high-tech industry is highlighted for advanced techniques,substantial capital investment,and smart talents.But their effective combination can not be achieved in the development of high-tech industry,which impedes...The high-tech industry is highlighted for advanced techniques,substantial capital investment,and smart talents.But their effective combination can not be achieved in the development of high-tech industry,which impedes its industrialization.Meanwhile,an effective mechanism is needed to develop the high-tech industry healthily.The aim of this paper is to explore the integration model of base,project,and talent which is presented and served as a new road for high-tech industry development as well as prove this model rational.Some results of the model are appealing.Firstly,start-ups in the park have the higher success probabilities;secondly,higher expected return attracts talents to join into start-ups in park;thirdly,side payment is the inner incentive to initiate this high-tech industry integration model.展开更多
In this paper, we study the dynamics of competition in the payment card market. This is done through a multi-agent based model, which captures explicitly the commercial transactions at the point of sale between consum...In this paper, we study the dynamics of competition in the payment card market. This is done through a multi-agent based model, which captures explicitly the commercial transactions at the point of sale between consumers and mer-chants. Through simulation, we attempt to model the demand for payment instruments on both sides of the market. Constrained by this complex demand, a Generalised Population Based Incremental Learning (GPBIL) algorithm is applied to find a profit-maximizing strategy, which in addition has to achieve an average number of card transactions. In the present study we compare the performance of a profit-maximizing strategies obtained by the GPBIL algorithm versus the performance of randomly selected strategies. We found that under the search criteria used, GPBIL was capable of improving the price structure and price level over randomly selected strategies.展开更多
This empirical study focused on investigating the perceived trust surrogated by a number of hy-pothesized factors and its effect on the choice of method of payment. The data were collected using a questionnaire, as th...This empirical study focused on investigating the perceived trust surrogated by a number of hy-pothesized factors and its effect on the choice of method of payment. The data were collected using a questionnaire, as the instrument for the primary data collection, with total collected back responses of 214 from customers of MarkaVIP. Structural equation modeling technique was used to fully analyze the data in order to determine what level of the relationship between the constituting factors of the perceived trust and the method of payment. The main findings were related to confirming the seven main hypotheses of the research that were related to testing if some factors were important to forming perceived trust by customers. Four factors (reputation, security, familiarity, and ease of use) were found to have a positive effect and the remaining three were not (privacy, size and usefulness). In addition, having perceived trust meant no preference to any method of payment by the customers.展开更多
In this paper we consider the Markov-dependent risk model with tax payments in which the claim occurrence, the claim amount as well as the tax rate are controlled by an irreducible discrete-time Markov chain. Systems ...In this paper we consider the Markov-dependent risk model with tax payments in which the claim occurrence, the claim amount as well as the tax rate are controlled by an irreducible discrete-time Markov chain. Systems of integro-differential equations satisfied by the expected discounted tax payments and the non-ruin probability in terms of the ruin probabilities under the Markov-dependent risk model without tax are established. The analytical solutions of the systems of integro-differential equations are also obtained by the iteration method.展开更多
文摘Background:Tuberculosis(TB)prevalence is closely associated with poverty in China,and poor patients face more barriers to treatment.Using an insurance-based approach,the China-Gates TB program Phase II was implemented between 2012 and 2014 in three cities in China to improve access to TB care and reduce the financial burden on patients,particularly among the poor.This study aims to assess the program effects on service use,and its equity impact across different income groups.Methods:Data from 788 and 775 patients at baseline and final evaluation were available for analysis respectively.Inpatient and outpatient service utilization,treatment adherence,and patient satisfaction were assessed before and after the program,across different income groups(extreme poverty,moderate poverty and non-poverty),and in various program cities,using descriptive statistics and multi-variate regression models.Key stakeholder interviews were conducted to qualitatively evaluate program implementation and impacts.Results:After program implementation,the hospital admission rate increased more for the extreme poverty group(48.5 to 70.7%)and moderate poverty group(45.0 to 68.1%),compared to the non-poverty group(52.9 to 643%).The largest increase in the number of outpatient visits was also for the extreme poverty group(4.6 to 5.7).The proportion of patients with good medication adherence increased by 15 percentage points in the extreme poverty group and by ten percentage points in the other groups.Satisfaction rates were high in all groups.Qualitative feedback from stakeholders also suggested that increased reimbursement rates,easier reimbursement procedures,and allowance improved patients'service utilization.Implementation of case-based payment made service provision more compliant to clinical pathways.Conclusion:Patients in extreme or moderate poverty benefited more from the program compared to a non-poverty group,indicating improved equity in TB service access.The pro-poor design of the program provides important丨essons to other TB programs in China and other countries to better address TB care for the poor.
文摘In this paper, an EPQ-based inventory policy for an item is presented with stock-dependent demand during two trade credit periods. In addition, there is a provision for 1) an immediate part payment to the wholesaler, 2) borrowing some money from money lending source for the immediate part payment, 3) here supplier or wholesaler offers a trade credit period to his retailer and retailer also offers a trade credit period to his customer. Against the above conjectures inventory model has been formulated with respect to the retailer’s point of view for minimizing the total inventory cost. The non-linear optimization method-Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) method is used to find the optimal solutions. Lastly Numerical examples are set to illustrate this model. Finally we use LINGO software to solve this model.
文摘In this paper, we consider the dual risk model in which periodic taxation are paid according to a loss-carry-forward system and dividends are paid under a threshold strategy. We give an analytical approach to derive the expression of gδ(u) (i.e. the Laplace transform of the first upper exit time). We discuss the expected discounted tax payments for this model and obtain its corresponding integro-differential equations. Finally, for Erlang (2) inter-innovation distribution, closedform expressions for the expected discounted tax payments are given.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10671149)
文摘In this paper,we investigate a model for an insurance company with constraint on risk control.The objective of the insurer is to find a business policy and a dividend payment scheme so as to maximize the expected discounted value of dividend payment,and the expected present value of an amount which the insurer earns until the time of ruin.By solving the constrained Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation,we obtain the explicit expression for value function and the corresponding optimal strategies.
文摘Financial internal control management is an effective means for enterprises to control internal funds. With the rapid development of Internet information technology, hospital payment patterns gradually tend to be diversified, which provides a basis for reform of hospital financial internal control management. Strengthening hospital financial internal control management can improve the quality of hospital operation. This article will analyze the functions and characteristics of different payment modes, discuss the necessity of hospital financial internal control management and the problems in hospital financial internal control management based on various payment modes, and put forward effective countermeasures for hospital financial internal control management.
基金supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2022R1A2C1010596).
文摘This study suggests a payment portfolio model that includes new payment methods that have emerged from the development of cryptocurrency markets and central bank digital currencies(CBDCs).Our model analyzes the optimal payment choice for consumers under various macroeconomic conditions.We determine that an individual economic agent chooses payment methods under specific conditions by incorporating policy interest rates on CBDCs and stablecoins used on cryptocurrency exchanges.We analyze the impacts of CBDCs and stablecoins on the choice of whether to use cash or deposits.We also examine how the agent changes her portfolio compositions in response to exogenous macroeconomic policies.If a government replaces cash with a CBDC,the convenience of digital currency would not affect consumer choices.The higher the government’s interest rate on CBDCs,the more consumers will use CBDCs than deposits.
文摘This paper investigates the structure of the payment card market, with consumers and merchants basing their subscription decisions on different information sets. We find that the market structure depends crucially on the information set on which consumers and merchants base their subscription decisions. In the studied case, we observe that a market with few cards dominating only emerges when decisions are based on very limited information. Under the same conditions using a complete information set, all cards survive in the long run. The use of an agent-based model, focusing on the interactions between merchants and consumers, as a basis for subscription decisions allows us to investigate the dynamics of the market and the effect of the indirect network externalities rather than investigating only equilibrium outcomes.
基金sponsored by the National Social Sciences Foundation Program,An Evaluation of the Impact of China’s Family Planning Policy Adjustment on the Sustainability of the Social Security Fund and A Study of the Relevant Countermeasures(Grant No.15XRK005,chaired by:Zeng Yi)
文摘Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of this policy on the financial status of the social pooling fund of basic pension insurance for urban employees. Our study suggests the followings. First, under the previous unchanged family planning policy, current deficits and cumulative deficits will occur in the social pooling fund in the year 2047 and 2063 respectively. Second, if lO% to 50% of qualified couples choose to raise a second child, the financial status of the social pooling fund will improve; relative to the previous unchanged family planning policy, the contribution ratio can decrease from 20% to the range between 18.06% and 19.57% without causing any changes to the original financial status of income and expenditure. Third, if the percentage of couples choosing to raise a second child rises to 60% to 100%, the contribution ratio can even decrease to the range between 16.55% and 17. 7% without causing any changes to the financial status as under the previous unchanged family planning policy. The above conclusions have all passed the sensitivity test. Therefore, the ＂two-child policy＂ for qualified couples is favorable to alleviating the payment pressures of pension insurance but the policy effectiveness is subject to fertility desire and the intensity of government implementation.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.71173038) Funding Project of Education Ministry for Development of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences,China (No.10YJA790164 )Innovation Foundation of Graduate Research for University of International Business Economics,China (No.A20110109)
文摘The high-tech industry is highlighted for advanced techniques,substantial capital investment,and smart talents.But their effective combination can not be achieved in the development of high-tech industry,which impedes its industrialization.Meanwhile,an effective mechanism is needed to develop the high-tech industry healthily.The aim of this paper is to explore the integration model of base,project,and talent which is presented and served as a new road for high-tech industry development as well as prove this model rational.Some results of the model are appealing.Firstly,start-ups in the park have the higher success probabilities;secondly,higher expected return attracts talents to join into start-ups in park;thirdly,side payment is the inner incentive to initiate this high-tech industry integration model.
文摘In this paper, we study the dynamics of competition in the payment card market. This is done through a multi-agent based model, which captures explicitly the commercial transactions at the point of sale between consumers and mer-chants. Through simulation, we attempt to model the demand for payment instruments on both sides of the market. Constrained by this complex demand, a Generalised Population Based Incremental Learning (GPBIL) algorithm is applied to find a profit-maximizing strategy, which in addition has to achieve an average number of card transactions. In the present study we compare the performance of a profit-maximizing strategies obtained by the GPBIL algorithm versus the performance of randomly selected strategies. We found that under the search criteria used, GPBIL was capable of improving the price structure and price level over randomly selected strategies.
文摘This empirical study focused on investigating the perceived trust surrogated by a number of hy-pothesized factors and its effect on the choice of method of payment. The data were collected using a questionnaire, as the instrument for the primary data collection, with total collected back responses of 214 from customers of MarkaVIP. Structural equation modeling technique was used to fully analyze the data in order to determine what level of the relationship between the constituting factors of the perceived trust and the method of payment. The main findings were related to confirming the seven main hypotheses of the research that were related to testing if some factors were important to forming perceived trust by customers. Four factors (reputation, security, familiarity, and ease of use) were found to have a positive effect and the remaining three were not (privacy, size and usefulness). In addition, having perceived trust meant no preference to any method of payment by the customers.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11401498)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WUT:2015IVA066)
文摘In this paper we consider the Markov-dependent risk model with tax payments in which the claim occurrence, the claim amount as well as the tax rate are controlled by an irreducible discrete-time Markov chain. Systems of integro-differential equations satisfied by the expected discounted tax payments and the non-ruin probability in terms of the ruin probabilities under the Markov-dependent risk model without tax are established. The analytical solutions of the systems of integro-differential equations are also obtained by the iteration method.
