Image steganography is one of the prominent technologies in data hiding standards.Steganographic system performance mostly depends on the embedding strategy.Its goal is to embed strictly confidential information into ...Image steganography is one of the prominent technologies in data hiding standards.Steganographic system performance mostly depends on the embedding strategy.Its goal is to embed strictly confidential information into images without causing perceptible changes in the original image.The randomization strategies in data embedding techniques may utilize random domains,pixels,or region-of-interest for concealing secrets into a cover image,preventing information from being discovered by an attacker.The implementation of an appropriate embedding technique can achieve a fair balance between embedding capability and stego image imperceptibility,but it is challenging.A systematic approach is used with a standard methodology to carry out this study.This review concentrates on the critical examination of several embedding strategies,incorporating experimental results with state-of-the-art methods emphasizing the robustness,security,payload capacity,and visual quality metrics of the stego images.The fundamental ideas of steganography are presented in this work,along with a unique viewpoint that sets it apart from previous works by highlighting research gaps,important problems,and difficulties.Additionally,it offers a discussion of suggested directions for future study to advance and investigate uncharted territory in image steganography.展开更多
Developing a promising on-demand controllable microneedle drug delivery system could provide stronger self-control and precision delivery of a large payload capacity.Nevertheless,the efficacy of existing systems has b...Developing a promising on-demand controllable microneedle drug delivery system could provide stronger self-control and precision delivery of a large payload capacity.Nevertheless,the efficacy of existing systems has been constrained by limitations in the therapeutic payload capacity and slow diffusion of molecules,as well as the necessity for external resource configurations.Drawing inspiration from the multidimensional biomimetic strategies observed in the material properties and functional mechanisms of the bombardier beetle’s defensive secretion system,a battery-free and self-propelled biomimetic microneedle system(BSBMs)is proposed for improving therapeutic outcomes and enabling controlled,on-demand drug delivery.The self-powered microneedle delivery platform fully emulates the structure and spray mechanism of bombardier,employing Pt nanoparticles and H_(2)O_(2)loaded in the reaction chamber,as a built-in fuel source for active and controllable payload delivery.The robust bionic gas injector can serve as an active engine,facilitating the effective permeation of drugs through hollow microneedles without a complex pumping system.This BSBMs triggers the H_(2)O_(2)decomposition reaction through thumb pressure,generating O_(2)pressure as an endogenous driving force to achieve transdermally precise and on-demand drug delivery.The pharmacokinetics of drug release from the BSBMs were evaluated in vivo by quantifying the levels of levonorgestrel(LNG).This active delivery system maintains in vivo LNG concentrations within the therapeutic window range,greatly enhancing on-demand,controlled,and stable drug delivery.This versatile and efficient self-propelled bionic microneedle delivery technology holds substantial promise for a broad spectrum of transdermal therapeutic applications,offering a simplified,convenient,and improved method of administration.展开更多
基金This research was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE)through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS)under the Grand Number FRGS/1/2020/ICT01/UK M/02/4,and University Kebangsaan Malaysia for open access publication.
文摘Image steganography is one of the prominent technologies in data hiding standards.Steganographic system performance mostly depends on the embedding strategy.Its goal is to embed strictly confidential information into images without causing perceptible changes in the original image.The randomization strategies in data embedding techniques may utilize random domains,pixels,or region-of-interest for concealing secrets into a cover image,preventing information from being discovered by an attacker.The implementation of an appropriate embedding technique can achieve a fair balance between embedding capability and stego image imperceptibility,but it is challenging.A systematic approach is used with a standard methodology to carry out this study.This review concentrates on the critical examination of several embedding strategies,incorporating experimental results with state-of-the-art methods emphasizing the robustness,security,payload capacity,and visual quality metrics of the stego images.The fundamental ideas of steganography are presented in this work,along with a unique viewpoint that sets it apart from previous works by highlighting research gaps,important problems,and difficulties.Additionally,it offers a discussion of suggested directions for future study to advance and investigate uncharted territory in image steganography.
基金financially supported by the Shenzhen Fundamental Research(JCYJ20220818102201003)the Talent Foundation of Zhuhai Government(2120004000207)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2025JJ50082,2025JJ60088)the Key Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education(24A0291)the Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education(24C0189)Doctoral Research Start-up Foundation of University of South China(5524QD048,5524QD042)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82402492).
文摘Developing a promising on-demand controllable microneedle drug delivery system could provide stronger self-control and precision delivery of a large payload capacity.Nevertheless,the efficacy of existing systems has been constrained by limitations in the therapeutic payload capacity and slow diffusion of molecules,as well as the necessity for external resource configurations.Drawing inspiration from the multidimensional biomimetic strategies observed in the material properties and functional mechanisms of the bombardier beetle’s defensive secretion system,a battery-free and self-propelled biomimetic microneedle system(BSBMs)is proposed for improving therapeutic outcomes and enabling controlled,on-demand drug delivery.The self-powered microneedle delivery platform fully emulates the structure and spray mechanism of bombardier,employing Pt nanoparticles and H_(2)O_(2)loaded in the reaction chamber,as a built-in fuel source for active and controllable payload delivery.The robust bionic gas injector can serve as an active engine,facilitating the effective permeation of drugs through hollow microneedles without a complex pumping system.This BSBMs triggers the H_(2)O_(2)decomposition reaction through thumb pressure,generating O_(2)pressure as an endogenous driving force to achieve transdermally precise and on-demand drug delivery.The pharmacokinetics of drug release from the BSBMs were evaluated in vivo by quantifying the levels of levonorgestrel(LNG).This active delivery system maintains in vivo LNG concentrations within the therapeutic window range,greatly enhancing on-demand,controlled,and stable drug delivery.This versatile and efficient self-propelled bionic microneedle delivery technology holds substantial promise for a broad spectrum of transdermal therapeutic applications,offering a simplified,convenient,and improved method of administration.
