This investigation focuses on the utilization of cucurbit[6]uril(Q[6])as the host compound for the development of long-lasting afterglow materials.By strategically manipulating the outer surface interactions of Q[6],c...This investigation focuses on the utilization of cucurbit[6]uril(Q[6])as the host compound for the development of long-lasting afterglow materials.By strategically manipulating the outer surface interactions of Q[6],classical aggregation-caused quenching(ACQ)compounds such as fluorescein sodium(FluNa)and calcein sodium(CalNa)were transformed into afterglow materials with varying colors and durations upon exposure to ultraviolet light.This transformation was facilitated through a host-vip doping method combined with coordination with metal ions.Even at a reduced doping concentration of 5×10^(-5)wt%,the materials exhibit remarkable afterglow properties,lasting up to 2 s,with a phosphorescence lifetime of up to 150 ms.Moreover,by adjusting the concentration of the vip compound,the persistent luminescence color of the materials could be easily transitioned from orange to yellow and subsequently to green.These findings suggest that the developed afterglow materials hold significant potential for multilevel anti-counterfeiting and information encryption applications when exposed to ultraviolet light.The supramolecular assembly strategy,which relies on the outer surface interactions of cucurbit[n]uril,offers a simpler and more efficient approach to crafting multi-color luminescent materials.Additionally,this method opens avenues for enhancing the application potential of aggregation-caused quenching(ACQ)compounds in various technological domains.展开更多
The application of aggregation-induced emission(AIE)materials in biological imaging holds multiple significances,including improving detection sensitivity and specificity,optimizing the imaging process,expanding the s...The application of aggregation-induced emission(AIE)materials in biological imaging holds multiple significances,including improving detection sensitivity and specificity,optimizing the imaging process,expanding the scope of application,and promoting advancements in biomedical research.In this work,the propeller ligand was constructed through McMurry coupling reaction and Suzuki coupling reaction by using dimethoxybenzophenone as the starting material.Then,an imine condensation reaction was carried out in chloroform solution,using a 3:2 molar ratio of precursor to tri(2-aminoethyl)amine to synthesize C3 symmetric porous organic cage CB.The structures of the compounds were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMR),electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR).The optical investigation results reveal that ligand L-B and the porous organic cage C_(B) demonstrate remarkable aggregation-induced emission(AIE)properties in a tetrahydrofuran/water mixed solvent system,along with a pronounced response to tetrahydrofuran vapor stimuli.Consequently,Furthermore,given its unique cage-like structure,high quantum yield,and outstanding AIE behavior,the porous organic cage C_(B) holds promise for applications in cell imaging.展开更多
The development of organic afterglow materials with high environmental stability and multi-mode luminescence remains a significant challenge in luminescent anti-counterfeiting.In this work,an organic luminescent molec...The development of organic afterglow materials with high environmental stability and multi-mode luminescence remains a significant challenge in luminescent anti-counterfeiting.In this work,an organic luminescent molecule was encapsulated within polyacrylamide microspheres and embedded in a gold nanorod-doped,ferric ion-crosslinked hydrogel exhibiting upper critical solution temperature behavior.The obtained composites exhibited fluorescence,thermally activated delayed fluorescence,and phosphorescence.Through the application of extrusion or uniaxial stretching,the orientation of the gold nanorods was modulated,enabling polarization-dependent luminescence through transverse surface plasmon resonance absorption.At 300%uniaxial strain,the polarized fluorescence intensity difference at 520 nm reached 0.29.Furthermore,ultraviolet irradiation was employed to locally disrupt the orientation of the gold nanorods,resulting in depolarization within the irradiated regions.These areas displayed non-polarized fluorescence,while the non-irradiated regions retained both emission and fluorescence polarization characteristics.Localized imprinting was employed to modulate material thickness,thereby controlling the density of gold nanorods.Thinner regions exhibited weaker transverse localized surface plasmon resonance absorption,while thicker regions showed stronger absorption,enabling the coexistence of blue–green fluorescence and polarization patterns.Local humidification effectively reduced phosphorescence intensity,enhancing the material's environmental responsiveness.The composite demonstrated excellent reversibility over multiple stretching–selfhealing cycles and pattern-switching processes,highlighting its strong potential for multidimensional optical encryption and intelligent anticounterfeiting applications.展开更多
Counterfeiting is still a pervasive global issue,affecting multiple industries and hindering industrial innovation,while causing substantial financial losses,reputational damage,and risks to consumer safety.From luxur...Counterfeiting is still a pervasive global issue,affecting multiple industries and hindering industrial innovation,while causing substantial financial losses,reputational damage,and risks to consumer safety.From luxury goods and pharmaceuticals to electronics and automotive parts,counterfeit products infiltrate supply chains,leading to a loss of revenue for legitimate businesses and undermining consumer trust.Traditional anti-counterfeiting measures,such as holograms,serial numbers,and barcodes,have proven to be insufficient as counterfeiters continuously develop more sophisticated replication techniques.As a result,there is a growing need for more advanced,secure,and reliable methods to prevent counterfeiting.This paper presents a novel,holistic anti-counterfeiting platform that integrates Near Field Communication(NFC)-enabled mobile applications with blockchain technology to provide an innovative,secure,and consumer-friendly authentication mechanism.Our approach addresses key gaps in existing solutions by incorporating dynamic product identifiers,which make replication significantly more difficult.The system enables consumers to verify the authenticity of products instantly using their smartphones,enhancing transparency and trust in the supply chain.Blockchain technology plays a crucial role in our proposed solution by providing an immutable,decentralized ledger that records product authentication data.This ensures that product verification records cannot be tampered with or altered,adding a layer of security that is absent in conventional systems.Additionally,NFC technology enhances security by offering unique identification capabilities,enabling real-time product verification.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed system,real-world testing was conducted across different industries.The results demonstrated the platform’s ability to significantly reduce counterfeit products in the supply chain,offering businesses and consumers a more robust and reliable authentication method.By leveraging the combined strengths of blockchain and NFC,this solution represents a significant advancement in the fight against counterfeiting,ensuring enhanced security,transparency,and consumer trust.展开更多
Stimuli-responsive luminescent switching materials with multifunctional properties are highly essential for advanced photonic applications,yet achieving such capabilities in halide perovskites continues to pose a sign...Stimuli-responsive luminescent switching materials with multifunctional properties are highly essential for advanced photonic applications,yet achieving such capabilities in halide perovskites continues to pose a signif-icant challenge.In this work,we explore a new water-stimuli-responsive zero-dimensional(0D)Sb-based halide of[PhPz]_(2)SbCl_(7)·2H_(2)O(PhPz=phenylpiperazine),which consists of isolated[SbCl_(6)]^(3-) octahedra in[PhPz]2+cationic matrix with vip H_(2)O molecules.Under UV excitation,[PhPz]_(2)SbCl_(7)·2H_(2)O emits intense broadband red light with maximum emission at 645 nm,and combined optical characterization and theoretical calculations confirm that this luminescence originates from self-trapped excitons(STEs).Interestingly,the free water molecules can reversibly leave and entry the crystal lattice during heating-cooling cycles accompanied by the formation of dehydrated phase,which displays strong yellow emission with maximum peak at 580 nm.Therefore,reversible luminescent switching between red and yellow emission is achieved through controllable removal and adsorption process of vip H_(2)O.By virtue of this reversible thermochromic switching,this halide can be used to detect the trace amount of water in various organic solvents and humidity of moist air.In addition,such switchable dual emission further realizes application in anti-counterfeiting and information encryption-decryption.This work deepens the understanding of structure-property relationships and expands the application range of oD metal halides.展开更多
In this work,we synthesize two luminescent Pt(Ⅱ)complexes using differentπ-conjugated bidentate ligands.Both complexes are assembled into three-dimensional(3D)networks through non-classical intermolecular interactio...In this work,we synthesize two luminescent Pt(Ⅱ)complexes using differentπ-conjugated bidentate ligands.Both complexes are assembled into three-dimensional(3D)networks through non-classical intermolecular interactions in the crystal state.Unexpectedly,substituting pyridine with the more extensivelyπ-conjugated quinoline significantly increases the dihedral angles between the phenyl and quinolyl groups of the bidentate ligands.This alteration disrupts theπ-πinteractions between molecules,resulting in distinct optical properties upon exposure to external stimuli.By integrating these complexes into polymers,we fabricate electrospun films containing luminescent nanofibers that exhibit reversible optical changes.These findings have paved the way for the development of high-performance optical encryption and anti-counterfeiting materials,achieved through the employment of simple chromophores.展开更多
Low-dimensional lead-free metal halides have emerged as promising candidates for anti-counterfeiting applications,characterized by their low toxicity,diverse crystal structures,and exceptional optical properties.Conve...Low-dimensional lead-free metal halides have emerged as promising candidates for anti-counterfeiting applications,characterized by their low toxicity,diverse crystal structures,and exceptional optical properties.Conventional anti-counterfeiting technologies based on low-dimensional metal halides are often constrained by complex and time-consuming heating and solvent treatments that may insufficiently modify the luminescent characteristics of emitters,thus hindering their practical implementation in effective anti-counterfeiting strategies.In this study,we employ an innovative alloying strategy in low-dimensional zinc halides Cs_(2)ZnCl_(4) to enhance their luminescent performance.By introducing self-trapped exciton(STE)states through the alloying of Cu^(+)and Sb^(3+)ions in Cs_(2)ZnCl_(4),we achieve bright blue and red photoluminescence(PL)centered at 492 nm and 744 nm,respectively,under 266 nm excitation,with only red emission observed under 365 nm excitation.This approach enables instant and reliable anti-counterfeiting applications.This work presents new opportunities for developing robust anti-counterfeiting and information encryption/decryption technologies.展开更多
Microgrooves with diverse cross-sections are required in various fields but remain a significant challenge in precision machining,especially for hard-to-machine materials.Patterned laser ablation offers an avenue for ...Microgrooves with diverse cross-sections are required in various fields but remain a significant challenge in precision machining,especially for hard-to-machine materials.Patterned laser ablation offers an avenue for fabricating microgrooves on any material with notably enhanced shape diversity.However,it is hard to precisely control the grooves'cross-sectional profiles due to the complex ablation process,including the diffraction-induced energy distribution variations away from the focal plane and the inconsistent polarization-related energy absorption.These factors complicate the relationship between beam spot shape and ablated groove shape,making it challenging to design appropriate spot shapes for specific groove requirements.Here,we propose an adaptive beam-shaping method for laser spot design to improve microgrooves'shape accuracy.Combining laser diffraction and polarization effects,a profile evolution model of the laser ablation is established to accurately predict groove shapes,guiding the iterative beam-shaping procedure.The beam spot shape is iteratively fine-tuned until the deviation between the simulated and the target grooves'profile meets the accuracy requirements.The grooves'profile deviations are significantly reduced,with the final profile's root mean square error decreased to less than 0.5μm when processing microgrooves with a width of 10μm.Various microgrooves with precise cross-sections,including triangles,trapezoids,and functionally contoured micro structures,are achieved by patterned laser direct writing assisted with the adaptive beam-shaping method.This method paves the way for laser ablation of microgrooves with high shape accuracy for traditional hard-to-machine materials.展开更多
Flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)demonstrate significant potential for applications in wearable elec-tronics,military camouflage,and flexible smart displays.As a crucial electrochromic material,poly(3,4-ethylened...Flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)demonstrate significant potential for applications in wearable elec-tronics,military camouflage,and flexible smart displays.As a crucial electrochromic material,poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS)is widely used in FECDs due to its excellent mechanical flexibility,tunable conductivity,and non-toxicity.However,the manufacturing process for patterned PEDOT:PSS electrochromic devices remains intricate,costly,and challenging to personalize.To address this challenge,we have developed a 3D-printable ink with controllable rheological properties through a concentration-tuning strategy,enabling programmable,patterned printing of PEDOT-based conductive polymer electrochromic layers.The 3D-printed FECDs exhibit outstanding electrochromic performance,including a high optical contrast(up to 47.9%at 635 nm),fast response times(t_(c)=1.6 s;t_(b)=0.6 s),high coloration efficiency(352 cm^(2) C^(-1)),and good cycling stability(with only a 9.3%decrease in optical contrast after 100 electrochemical cycles).Finally,we utilize 3D printing technology to construct flexible,patterned PEDOT:PSS electrochromic devices with bespoke butterfly designs.This work establishes the theoretical foundation for the application of 3D printing technology in PEDOT:PSS flexible electrochromic devices.展开更多
Er^(3+)-and Tm^(3+)-doped Ca_(x)Sr_(2-x)Nb_(2)O_(7)(C_(x)S_(2-x)N,x=0.6,0.8,1,0,1.2,1,4) phosphors with layered pe rovskite structure were designed.These phosphors exhibit a dominant emission peak at 549 nm under980 n...Er^(3+)-and Tm^(3+)-doped Ca_(x)Sr_(2-x)Nb_(2)O_(7)(C_(x)S_(2-x)N,x=0.6,0.8,1,0,1.2,1,4) phosphors with layered pe rovskite structure were designed.These phosphors exhibit a dominant emission peak at 549 nm under980 nm laser excitation,attributed to the^(4)S_(3/2)→^(4)I_(15/2)transition.By increasing the content of Ca^(2+),the crystal field regulation of rare earth ions is realized and the luminescence enhancement is induced,which is manifested by the increase of^(2)H_(11/2),^(4)S_(3/2)→^(4)I_(15/2)emission.Furthermore,the temperature sensing sensitivities of C_(0.6)S_(1.4)N:Er,Tm and C_(0.6)S_(1.4)N:Er,Tm based on non-thermally coupled energy levels were studied.Finally,an anti-counterfeiting imprint was prepared using phosphors,which have high brightness and excellent photothermal stability.This work not only confirms that closer ionic radii substitution enables to increase the electronic density of states,improve the crystal field symmetry and enhance the luminescence,but also provides a promising phosphor system for temperature sensing and anti-counterfeiting applications,opening up new prospects in the optimization of the optical properties of phosphors.展开更多
BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Resear...BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Research in developing nations relating to the cost of treatment is scarce when compared with developed countries.Thus,the drug utilization research studies from developing nations are most needed,and their number has been growing.AIM To evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs and direct medical cost analysis in patients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia.METHODS The present study was observational in type and based on a retrospective cohort to evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs using World Health Organization(WHO)core prescribing indicators and anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose indicators.We also calculated direct medical costs for a period of 6 months.RESULTS This study has found that atypical antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia in every age group and subcategories of schizophrenia.The evaluation based on WHO prescribing indicators showed a low average number of drugs per prescription and low prescribing frequency of antipsychotics from the National List of Essential Medicines 2015 and the WHO Essential Medicines List 2019.The total mean drug cost of our study was 1396 Indian rupees.The total mean cost due to the investigation in our study was 1017.34 Indian rupees.Therefore,the total mean direct medical cost incurred on patients in our study was 4337.28 Indian rupees.CONCLUSION The information from the present study can be used for reviewing and updating treatment policy at the institutional level.展开更多
Heteroepitaxial growth of 3C-SiC on patterned Si substrates by low pressure chemical vapor deposition （LPCVD） has been investigated to improve the crystal quality of 3C-SiC films. Si substrates were patterned with p...Heteroepitaxial growth of 3C-SiC on patterned Si substrates by low pressure chemical vapor deposition （LPCVD） has been investigated to improve the crystal quality of 3C-SiC films. Si substrates were patterned with parallel lines,1 to 10μm wide and spaced 1 to 10μm apart,which was carried out by photolithography and reactive ion etching. Growth behavior on the patterned substrates was systematically studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. An airgap structure and a spherical shape were formed on the patterned Si substrates with different dimensions. The air gap formed after coalescence reduced the stress in the 3C-SiC films, solving the wafer warp and making it possible to grow thicker films. XRD patterns indicated that the films grown on the maskless patterned Si substrates were mainly composed of crystal planes with （111） orientation.展开更多
Dual pn junctions in lateral and vertical directions are formed by diffusing the p^＋ on the patterned n-well in standard CMOS technology, which are inserted under the inductor in order to reduce the currents in the s...Dual pn junctions in lateral and vertical directions are formed by diffusing the p^＋ on the patterned n-well in standard CMOS technology, which are inserted under the inductor in order to reduce the currents in the substrate induced by the electromagnetic field from the inductor. The thickness of high resistance is not equivalent to the width of the depletion region of the vertical pn junctions,but the depth of the bottom pn junction in the substrate are both proposed and validated. For the first time, through the grounded p^＋-diffusion layer shielding the suhstrate from the electric field of the inductor, the width of the depletion regions of the lateral and vertical pn junctions are changed by increasing the voltage applied to the n wells. The quality factor is improved or reduced with the thickness of high resistance by 19%. This phenomenon validates the theory that the pn junction substrate isolation can reduce the loss caused by the currents in the substrate induced by the electromagnetic field from the inductor.展开更多
In this study,the hexagonal NaYF_(4):Yb^(3+)/Ho^(3+)/Ce^(3+) microcrystals were synthesized controllably,and upconversion luminescence excited at 940 nm and its application in temperature-responsive anti-counterfeitin...In this study,the hexagonal NaYF_(4):Yb^(3+)/Ho^(3+)/Ce^(3+) microcrystals were synthesized controllably,and upconversion luminescence excited at 940 nm and its application in temperature-responsive anti-counterfeiting are reported.It is clarified that the Ln^(3+)(Ln=Y+Yb+Ho+Ce)density ratio of bottom plane to side plane in the unit cell can be regulated by Ce^(3+) doping.It is also proved that the energy transfer of Yb^(3+) to Ho^(3+) is responsible for the activation of Ho^(3+)under 940 nm excitation,while the cross relaxation between Ho^(3+)and Ce^(3+)participates in the redistribution of electron population of^(5)S_(2)/^(5)F_(4)and^(5)F_(5)levels.Both theory and experiment confirm that the intensity ratio of red to green emission(I_(R)/I_(G))as a function of temperature as an independent variable has good linear characteristics in the temperature range of 300-500 K.Due to the good responsiveness of multicolor luminescence to temperature,the hexagonal NaYF_(4):Yb^(3+)/Ho^(3+)/Ce^(3+) with tunable morphology is a promising candidate for advanced temperature-responsive upconversion anti-counterfeiting.Our results provide a new pathway for the controllable synthesis of hexagonal NaYF_(4)microcrystals as well as the regulation of upconversion luminescence that is excited by wavelengths other than 980 nm and its application in anti-counterfeiting.展开更多
A benzoic acid rare earth(Tb) complex was synthesized and characterized.The excitation and emission spectra of the complex were investigated,and then pure organic complex was incorporated with inorganic matrices(SiO2)...A benzoic acid rare earth(Tb) complex was synthesized and characterized.The excitation and emission spectra of the complex were investigated,and then pure organic complex was incorporated with inorganic matrices(SiO2) through sol-gel method.The composition and structure of the hybrid complex was characterized through the IR spectra,TG,TEM and fluorescent spectrometer.Furthermore,the polypropylene(PP) fluorescent fiber with the organic-inorganic hybrid was prepared by melt spinning.The fluorescent and mechanical properties of the fiber were also tested.The results showed that after sol-gel coating the average particulate dimension of the hybrid rare earth complex was less than 100 nm and thermal stability was improved.Meanwhile,the fiber possessed excellent fluorescent and mechanical properties,which could be used as a candidate applied to excellent fluorescent anti-counterfeiting fiber.展开更多
In this paper, a two-dimensional axisymmetric fluid model was established to investigate the influence of nitrogen impurity content on the discharge pattern and the relevant discharge characteristics in an atmosphere ...In this paper, a two-dimensional axisymmetric fluid model was established to investigate the influence of nitrogen impurity content on the discharge pattern and the relevant discharge characteristics in an atmosphere pressure helium dielectric barrier discharge(DBD). The results indicated that when the nitrogen content was increased from 1 to 100 ppm, the discharge pattern evolved from a concentric-ring pattern into a uniform pattern, and then returned to the concentricring pattern. In this process, the discharge mode at the current peak moment transformed from glow mode into Townsend mode, and then returned to glow mode. Further analyses revealed that with the increase of impurity level, the rate of Penning ionization at the pre-ionization stage increased at first and decreased afterwards, resulting in a similar evolution pattern of seed electron level. This evolution trend was believed to be resulted from the competition between the N2 partial pressure and the consumption rate of metastable species. Moreover, the discharge uniformity was found positively correlated with the spatial uniformity of seed electron density as well as the seed electron level. The reason for this correlation was explained by the reduction of radial electric field strength and the promotion of seed electron uniformity as pre-ionization level increases. The results obtained in this work may help better understand the pattern formation mechanism of atmospheric helium DBD under the variation of N2 impurity level, thereby providing a possible means of regulating the discharge performance in practical application scenarios.展开更多
The epitaxial growths of GaN films and GaN-based LEDs on various patterned sapphire substrates （PSSes） with different values of fill factor （f） and slanted angle （0） are investigated in detail. The threading dis...The epitaxial growths of GaN films and GaN-based LEDs on various patterned sapphire substrates （PSSes） with different values of fill factor （f） and slanted angle （0） are investigated in detail. The threading dislocation （TD） density is lower in the film grown on the PSS with a smaller fill factor, resulting in a higher internal quantum efficiency （IQE）. Also the ability of the LED to withstand the electrostatic discharge （ESD） increases as the fill factor decreases. The illumination output power of the LED is affected by both 0 and f. It is found that the illumination output power of the LED grown on the PSS with a lower production of tan 0 and f is higher than that with a higher production of tan 0 and f.展开更多
Pure organic room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have been attracting much attention recently. Herein, we report a facile approach combining heavy atom effect and external solvent stimuli to realize RTP. ...Pure organic room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have been attracting much attention recently. Herein, we report a facile approach combining heavy atom effect and external solvent stimuli to realize RTP. N-Allylquinolinium bromide under 365 nm UV exhibited intense green RTP emission with response upon adding chloroform. This interesting phenomenon endowed N-allylquinolinium bromide great potential as an anti-counterfeiting material.展开更多
Carbon dots(CDs) with fluorescence(FL) and room-temperature phosphorescence(RTP) optical properties have attracted dramatically growing interest in anti-counterfeiting application. Herein, color-tunable and stable FL ...Carbon dots(CDs) with fluorescence(FL) and room-temperature phosphorescence(RTP) optical properties have attracted dramatically growing interest in anti-counterfeiting application. Herein, color-tunable and stable FL and ultralong RTP(to naked eyes ~14 s) are successfully achieved in CDs system. Encoding information and patterns fabricated by directly screen-printing method are invisible to eyes under natural light. Interestingly, clear and multicolor patterns with tunable FL and RTP emissions are identified under the 365 nm, 395 nm and 465 nm excitation and removal of them, indicating potential application of carbon dots with different FL and RTP outputs in the high-level photonic anti-counterfeiting field.展开更多
Anti-counterfeiting labels with various fluorescent colors are of great importance in information encryption-decryption,but are still limited to static information display.Therefore,it is urgent to develop new materia...Anti-counterfeiting labels with various fluorescent colors are of great importance in information encryption-decryption,but are still limited to static information display.Therefore,it is urgent to develop new materials and encryption-decryption logic for improving the security level of secret information.In this study,an organohydrogel made up of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)(pDMA)hydrogel network and polyoctadecyl methacrylate(pSMA)organogel network that copolymerized with two fluorophores,6-acrylamidopicolinic acid moieties(6APA,fluorescent ligand)and spiropyran units(SPMA,photochromic monomer),was prepared by a two-step interpenetrating method.As UV light of 365nm and 254nm can both cleave C_(spiro)-O bonds of SPMA,and the green fluorescence of 6APA-Tb^(3+) can only be excited by 254nm light,the organohydrogel displays yellow and red under the irradiation of 254nm and 365 nm,respectively.In addition to wavelength selectivity,these two fluorophores are thermal-responsive,leading to the fluorescence variation of the organohydrogel during heating process.As a result,secret information loaded on the organohydrogel can be decrypted by the irradiation of UV light,and the authenticity of the information can be further identified by thermal stimulation.Our fluorescent organohydrogel can act as an effective anti-counterfeiting label to improve the information security and protect the information from being cracked.展开更多
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22361011)Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects(No.ZK[2023]General 040)the Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory Platform Project(No.ZSYS[2025]008)。
文摘This investigation focuses on the utilization of cucurbit[6]uril(Q[6])as the host compound for the development of long-lasting afterglow materials.By strategically manipulating the outer surface interactions of Q[6],classical aggregation-caused quenching(ACQ)compounds such as fluorescein sodium(FluNa)and calcein sodium(CalNa)were transformed into afterglow materials with varying colors and durations upon exposure to ultraviolet light.This transformation was facilitated through a host-vip doping method combined with coordination with metal ions.Even at a reduced doping concentration of 5×10^(-5)wt%,the materials exhibit remarkable afterglow properties,lasting up to 2 s,with a phosphorescence lifetime of up to 150 ms.Moreover,by adjusting the concentration of the vip compound,the persistent luminescence color of the materials could be easily transitioned from orange to yellow and subsequently to green.These findings suggest that the developed afterglow materials hold significant potential for multilevel anti-counterfeiting and information encryption applications when exposed to ultraviolet light.The supramolecular assembly strategy,which relies on the outer surface interactions of cucurbit[n]uril,offers a simpler and more efficient approach to crafting multi-color luminescent materials.Additionally,this method opens avenues for enhancing the application potential of aggregation-caused quenching(ACQ)compounds in various technological domains.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22101267 and 82103686)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(202300410477 and 24230042123)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2021M692905 and 2024T170832).
文摘The application of aggregation-induced emission(AIE)materials in biological imaging holds multiple significances,including improving detection sensitivity and specificity,optimizing the imaging process,expanding the scope of application,and promoting advancements in biomedical research.In this work,the propeller ligand was constructed through McMurry coupling reaction and Suzuki coupling reaction by using dimethoxybenzophenone as the starting material.Then,an imine condensation reaction was carried out in chloroform solution,using a 3:2 molar ratio of precursor to tri(2-aminoethyl)amine to synthesize C3 symmetric porous organic cage CB.The structures of the compounds were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMR),electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR).The optical investigation results reveal that ligand L-B and the porous organic cage C_(B) demonstrate remarkable aggregation-induced emission(AIE)properties in a tetrahydrofuran/water mixed solvent system,along with a pronounced response to tetrahydrofuran vapor stimuli.Consequently,Furthermore,given its unique cage-like structure,high quantum yield,and outstanding AIE behavior,the porous organic cage C_(B) holds promise for applications in cell imaging.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFB3812400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52203353 and52433004)。
文摘The development of organic afterglow materials with high environmental stability and multi-mode luminescence remains a significant challenge in luminescent anti-counterfeiting.In this work,an organic luminescent molecule was encapsulated within polyacrylamide microspheres and embedded in a gold nanorod-doped,ferric ion-crosslinked hydrogel exhibiting upper critical solution temperature behavior.The obtained composites exhibited fluorescence,thermally activated delayed fluorescence,and phosphorescence.Through the application of extrusion or uniaxial stretching,the orientation of the gold nanorods was modulated,enabling polarization-dependent luminescence through transverse surface plasmon resonance absorption.At 300%uniaxial strain,the polarized fluorescence intensity difference at 520 nm reached 0.29.Furthermore,ultraviolet irradiation was employed to locally disrupt the orientation of the gold nanorods,resulting in depolarization within the irradiated regions.These areas displayed non-polarized fluorescence,while the non-irradiated regions retained both emission and fluorescence polarization characteristics.Localized imprinting was employed to modulate material thickness,thereby controlling the density of gold nanorods.Thinner regions exhibited weaker transverse localized surface plasmon resonance absorption,while thicker regions showed stronger absorption,enabling the coexistence of blue–green fluorescence and polarization patterns.Local humidification effectively reduced phosphorescence intensity,enhancing the material's environmental responsiveness.The composite demonstrated excellent reversibility over multiple stretching–selfhealing cycles and pattern-switching processes,highlighting its strong potential for multidimensional optical encryption and intelligent anticounterfeiting applications.
文摘Counterfeiting is still a pervasive global issue,affecting multiple industries and hindering industrial innovation,while causing substantial financial losses,reputational damage,and risks to consumer safety.From luxury goods and pharmaceuticals to electronics and automotive parts,counterfeit products infiltrate supply chains,leading to a loss of revenue for legitimate businesses and undermining consumer trust.Traditional anti-counterfeiting measures,such as holograms,serial numbers,and barcodes,have proven to be insufficient as counterfeiters continuously develop more sophisticated replication techniques.As a result,there is a growing need for more advanced,secure,and reliable methods to prevent counterfeiting.This paper presents a novel,holistic anti-counterfeiting platform that integrates Near Field Communication(NFC)-enabled mobile applications with blockchain technology to provide an innovative,secure,and consumer-friendly authentication mechanism.Our approach addresses key gaps in existing solutions by incorporating dynamic product identifiers,which make replication significantly more difficult.The system enables consumers to verify the authenticity of products instantly using their smartphones,enhancing transparency and trust in the supply chain.Blockchain technology plays a crucial role in our proposed solution by providing an immutable,decentralized ledger that records product authentication data.This ensures that product verification records cannot be tampered with or altered,adding a layer of security that is absent in conventional systems.Additionally,NFC technology enhances security by offering unique identification capabilities,enabling real-time product verification.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed system,real-world testing was conducted across different industries.The results demonstrated the platform’s ability to significantly reduce counterfeit products in the supply chain,offering businesses and consumers a more robust and reliable authentication method.By leveraging the combined strengths of blockchain and NFC,this solution represents a significant advancement in the fight against counterfeiting,ensuring enhanced security,transparency,and consumer trust.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22171105 and 22471096)Natural Sci-ence Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022YQ14,ZR2022QB127 and ZR2022QB221)Special Foundation of Taishan Scholar Project and Young Innovative Team Project for Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province(2024KJH053).
文摘Stimuli-responsive luminescent switching materials with multifunctional properties are highly essential for advanced photonic applications,yet achieving such capabilities in halide perovskites continues to pose a signif-icant challenge.In this work,we explore a new water-stimuli-responsive zero-dimensional(0D)Sb-based halide of[PhPz]_(2)SbCl_(7)·2H_(2)O(PhPz=phenylpiperazine),which consists of isolated[SbCl_(6)]^(3-) octahedra in[PhPz]2+cationic matrix with vip H_(2)O molecules.Under UV excitation,[PhPz]_(2)SbCl_(7)·2H_(2)O emits intense broadband red light with maximum emission at 645 nm,and combined optical characterization and theoretical calculations confirm that this luminescence originates from self-trapped excitons(STEs).Interestingly,the free water molecules can reversibly leave and entry the crystal lattice during heating-cooling cycles accompanied by the formation of dehydrated phase,which displays strong yellow emission with maximum peak at 580 nm.Therefore,reversible luminescent switching between red and yellow emission is achieved through controllable removal and adsorption process of vip H_(2)O.By virtue of this reversible thermochromic switching,this halide can be used to detect the trace amount of water in various organic solvents and humidity of moist air.In addition,such switchable dual emission further realizes application in anti-counterfeiting and information encryption-decryption.This work deepens the understanding of structure-property relationships and expands the application range of oD metal halides.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22201057 and 22472044)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.LR22B010001 and LQ23B010001)。
文摘In this work,we synthesize two luminescent Pt(Ⅱ)complexes using differentπ-conjugated bidentate ligands.Both complexes are assembled into three-dimensional(3D)networks through non-classical intermolecular interactions in the crystal state.Unexpectedly,substituting pyridine with the more extensivelyπ-conjugated quinoline significantly increases the dihedral angles between the phenyl and quinolyl groups of the bidentate ligands.This alteration disrupts theπ-πinteractions between molecules,resulting in distinct optical properties upon exposure to external stimuli.By integrating these complexes into polymers,we fabricate electrospun films containing luminescent nanofibers that exhibit reversible optical changes.These findings have paved the way for the development of high-performance optical encryption and anti-counterfeiting materials,achieved through the employment of simple chromophores.
基金supported by Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Innovation and Development Joint Fund(CSTB2025NSCQ-LZX0001)Ongoing Research Funding Program,(ORF-2025-762)King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,National Natural Science Foundationof China(11974063).
文摘Low-dimensional lead-free metal halides have emerged as promising candidates for anti-counterfeiting applications,characterized by their low toxicity,diverse crystal structures,and exceptional optical properties.Conventional anti-counterfeiting technologies based on low-dimensional metal halides are often constrained by complex and time-consuming heating and solvent treatments that may insufficiently modify the luminescent characteristics of emitters,thus hindering their practical implementation in effective anti-counterfeiting strategies.In this study,we employ an innovative alloying strategy in low-dimensional zinc halides Cs_(2)ZnCl_(4) to enhance their luminescent performance.By introducing self-trapped exciton(STE)states through the alloying of Cu^(+)and Sb^(3+)ions in Cs_(2)ZnCl_(4),we achieve bright blue and red photoluminescence(PL)centered at 492 nm and 744 nm,respectively,under 266 nm excitation,with only red emission observed under 365 nm excitation.This approach enables instant and reliable anti-counterfeiting applications.This work presents new opportunities for developing robust anti-counterfeiting and information encryption/decryption technologies.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52375438)the Guangdong Talent Project(Grant No.2023TQ07Z453)+1 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Programs(Grant Nos.JCYJ20220818100408019 and JSGG20220831101401003)Jiangyin-SUSTech Innovation Fund。
文摘Microgrooves with diverse cross-sections are required in various fields but remain a significant challenge in precision machining,especially for hard-to-machine materials.Patterned laser ablation offers an avenue for fabricating microgrooves on any material with notably enhanced shape diversity.However,it is hard to precisely control the grooves'cross-sectional profiles due to the complex ablation process,including the diffraction-induced energy distribution variations away from the focal plane and the inconsistent polarization-related energy absorption.These factors complicate the relationship between beam spot shape and ablated groove shape,making it challenging to design appropriate spot shapes for specific groove requirements.Here,we propose an adaptive beam-shaping method for laser spot design to improve microgrooves'shape accuracy.Combining laser diffraction and polarization effects,a profile evolution model of the laser ablation is established to accurately predict groove shapes,guiding the iterative beam-shaping procedure.The beam spot shape is iteratively fine-tuned until the deviation between the simulated and the target grooves'profile meets the accuracy requirements.The grooves'profile deviations are significantly reduced,with the final profile's root mean square error decreased to less than 0.5μm when processing microgrooves with a width of 10μm.Various microgrooves with precise cross-sections,including triangles,trapezoids,and functionally contoured micro structures,are achieved by patterned laser direct writing assisted with the adaptive beam-shaping method.This method paves the way for laser ablation of microgrooves with high shape accuracy for traditional hard-to-machine materials.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20232ACB204002&20232BAB202044)Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(20212BCD42004&20242BCC32010).
文摘Flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)demonstrate significant potential for applications in wearable elec-tronics,military camouflage,and flexible smart displays.As a crucial electrochromic material,poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS)is widely used in FECDs due to its excellent mechanical flexibility,tunable conductivity,and non-toxicity.However,the manufacturing process for patterned PEDOT:PSS electrochromic devices remains intricate,costly,and challenging to personalize.To address this challenge,we have developed a 3D-printable ink with controllable rheological properties through a concentration-tuning strategy,enabling programmable,patterned printing of PEDOT-based conductive polymer electrochromic layers.The 3D-printed FECDs exhibit outstanding electrochromic performance,including a high optical contrast(up to 47.9%at 635 nm),fast response times(t_(c)=1.6 s;t_(b)=0.6 s),high coloration efficiency(352 cm^(2) C^(-1)),and good cycling stability(with only a 9.3%decrease in optical contrast after 100 electrochemical cycles).Finally,we utilize 3D printing technology to construct flexible,patterned PEDOT:PSS electrochromic devices with bespoke butterfly designs.This work establishes the theoretical foundation for the application of 3D printing technology in PEDOT:PSS flexible electrochromic devices.
基金Project supported by the Science and Technology International Cooperation Project of Qinghai Province (2022-HZ-807)the Open Project Salt Lake Chemical Engineering Research Complex,Qinghai University (2023-DXSSZZ-04)。
文摘Er^(3+)-and Tm^(3+)-doped Ca_(x)Sr_(2-x)Nb_(2)O_(7)(C_(x)S_(2-x)N,x=0.6,0.8,1,0,1.2,1,4) phosphors with layered pe rovskite structure were designed.These phosphors exhibit a dominant emission peak at 549 nm under980 nm laser excitation,attributed to the^(4)S_(3/2)→^(4)I_(15/2)transition.By increasing the content of Ca^(2+),the crystal field regulation of rare earth ions is realized and the luminescence enhancement is induced,which is manifested by the increase of^(2)H_(11/2),^(4)S_(3/2)→^(4)I_(15/2)emission.Furthermore,the temperature sensing sensitivities of C_(0.6)S_(1.4)N:Er,Tm and C_(0.6)S_(1.4)N:Er,Tm based on non-thermally coupled energy levels were studied.Finally,an anti-counterfeiting imprint was prepared using phosphors,which have high brightness and excellent photothermal stability.This work not only confirms that closer ionic radii substitution enables to increase the electronic density of states,improve the crystal field symmetry and enhance the luminescence,but also provides a promising phosphor system for temperature sensing and anti-counterfeiting applications,opening up new prospects in the optimization of the optical properties of phosphors.
文摘BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Research in developing nations relating to the cost of treatment is scarce when compared with developed countries.Thus,the drug utilization research studies from developing nations are most needed,and their number has been growing.AIM To evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs and direct medical cost analysis in patients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia.METHODS The present study was observational in type and based on a retrospective cohort to evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs using World Health Organization(WHO)core prescribing indicators and anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose indicators.We also calculated direct medical costs for a period of 6 months.RESULTS This study has found that atypical antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia in every age group and subcategories of schizophrenia.The evaluation based on WHO prescribing indicators showed a low average number of drugs per prescription and low prescribing frequency of antipsychotics from the National List of Essential Medicines 2015 and the WHO Essential Medicines List 2019.The total mean drug cost of our study was 1396 Indian rupees.The total mean cost due to the investigation in our study was 1017.34 Indian rupees.Therefore,the total mean direct medical cost incurred on patients in our study was 4337.28 Indian rupees.CONCLUSION The information from the present study can be used for reviewing and updating treatment policy at the institutional level.
文摘Heteroepitaxial growth of 3C-SiC on patterned Si substrates by low pressure chemical vapor deposition （LPCVD） has been investigated to improve the crystal quality of 3C-SiC films. Si substrates were patterned with parallel lines,1 to 10μm wide and spaced 1 to 10μm apart,which was carried out by photolithography and reactive ion etching. Growth behavior on the patterned substrates was systematically studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. An airgap structure and a spherical shape were formed on the patterned Si substrates with different dimensions. The air gap formed after coalescence reduced the stress in the 3C-SiC films, solving the wafer warp and making it possible to grow thicker films. XRD patterns indicated that the films grown on the maskless patterned Si substrates were mainly composed of crystal planes with （111） orientation.
文摘Dual pn junctions in lateral and vertical directions are formed by diffusing the p^＋ on the patterned n-well in standard CMOS technology, which are inserted under the inductor in order to reduce the currents in the substrate induced by the electromagnetic field from the inductor. The thickness of high resistance is not equivalent to the width of the depletion region of the vertical pn junctions,but the depth of the bottom pn junction in the substrate are both proposed and validated. For the first time, through the grounded p^＋-diffusion layer shielding the suhstrate from the electric field of the inductor, the width of the depletion regions of the lateral and vertical pn junctions are changed by increasing the voltage applied to the n wells. The quality factor is improved or reduced with the thickness of high resistance by 19%. This phenomenon validates the theory that the pn junction substrate isolation can reduce the loss caused by the currents in the substrate induced by the electromagnetic field from the inductor.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11575059)Natural Science Foundation of Huzhou City(2018YZ08)。
文摘In this study,the hexagonal NaYF_(4):Yb^(3+)/Ho^(3+)/Ce^(3+) microcrystals were synthesized controllably,and upconversion luminescence excited at 940 nm and its application in temperature-responsive anti-counterfeiting are reported.It is clarified that the Ln^(3+)(Ln=Y+Yb+Ho+Ce)density ratio of bottom plane to side plane in the unit cell can be regulated by Ce^(3+) doping.It is also proved that the energy transfer of Yb^(3+) to Ho^(3+) is responsible for the activation of Ho^(3+)under 940 nm excitation,while the cross relaxation between Ho^(3+)and Ce^(3+)participates in the redistribution of electron population of^(5)S_(2)/^(5)F_(4)and^(5)F_(5)levels.Both theory and experiment confirm that the intensity ratio of red to green emission(I_(R)/I_(G))as a function of temperature as an independent variable has good linear characteristics in the temperature range of 300-500 K.Due to the good responsiveness of multicolor luminescence to temperature,the hexagonal NaYF_(4):Yb^(3+)/Ho^(3+)/Ce^(3+) with tunable morphology is a promising candidate for advanced temperature-responsive upconversion anti-counterfeiting.Our results provide a new pathway for the controllable synthesis of hexagonal NaYF_(4)microcrystals as well as the regulation of upconversion luminescence that is excited by wavelengths other than 980 nm and its application in anti-counterfeiting.
基金Project supported by the Chinese Ministry of Education (208005)Young Scientist Backbone of Heilongjiang Common Higher University (1154G03)
文摘A benzoic acid rare earth(Tb) complex was synthesized and characterized.The excitation and emission spectra of the complex were investigated,and then pure organic complex was incorporated with inorganic matrices(SiO2) through sol-gel method.The composition and structure of the hybrid complex was characterized through the IR spectra,TG,TEM and fluorescent spectrometer.Furthermore,the polypropylene(PP) fluorescent fiber with the organic-inorganic hybrid was prepared by melt spinning.The fluorescent and mechanical properties of the fiber were also tested.The results showed that after sol-gel coating the average particulate dimension of the hybrid rare earth complex was less than 100 nm and thermal stability was improved.Meanwhile,the fiber possessed excellent fluorescent and mechanical properties,which could be used as a candidate applied to excellent fluorescent anti-counterfeiting fiber.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51877086)
文摘In this paper, a two-dimensional axisymmetric fluid model was established to investigate the influence of nitrogen impurity content on the discharge pattern and the relevant discharge characteristics in an atmosphere pressure helium dielectric barrier discharge(DBD). The results indicated that when the nitrogen content was increased from 1 to 100 ppm, the discharge pattern evolved from a concentric-ring pattern into a uniform pattern, and then returned to the concentricring pattern. In this process, the discharge mode at the current peak moment transformed from glow mode into Townsend mode, and then returned to glow mode. Further analyses revealed that with the increase of impurity level, the rate of Penning ionization at the pre-ionization stage increased at first and decreased afterwards, resulting in a similar evolution pattern of seed electron level. This evolution trend was believed to be resulted from the competition between the N2 partial pressure and the consumption rate of metastable species. Moreover, the discharge uniformity was found positively correlated with the spatial uniformity of seed electron density as well as the seed electron level. The reason for this correlation was explained by the reduction of radial electric field strength and the promotion of seed electron uniformity as pre-ionization level increases. The results obtained in this work may help better understand the pattern formation mechanism of atmospheric helium DBD under the variation of N2 impurity level, thereby providing a possible means of regulating the discharge performance in practical application scenarios.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61006084 and 61076119)the Technical Corporation Innovation Foundation of Suzhou Industrial Park,China (Grant No. SG0962)
文摘The epitaxial growths of GaN films and GaN-based LEDs on various patterned sapphire substrates （PSSes） with different values of fill factor （f） and slanted angle （0） are investigated in detail. The threading dislocation （TD） density is lower in the film grown on the PSS with a smaller fill factor, resulting in a higher internal quantum efficiency （IQE）. Also the ability of the LED to withstand the electrostatic discharge （ESD） increases as the fill factor decreases. The illumination output power of the LED is affected by both 0 and f. It is found that the illumination output power of the LED grown on the PSS with a lower production of tan 0 and f is higher than that with a higher production of tan 0 and f.
基金the financial support from the Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. YJKYYQ20170009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC Nos. 21722603 and 21871083)the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission
文摘Pure organic room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have been attracting much attention recently. Herein, we report a facile approach combining heavy atom effect and external solvent stimuli to realize RTP. N-Allylquinolinium bromide under 365 nm UV exhibited intense green RTP emission with response upon adding chloroform. This interesting phenomenon endowed N-allylquinolinium bromide great potential as an anti-counterfeiting material.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 2019CFA056)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Wuhan University and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2042021kf0226)。
文摘Carbon dots(CDs) with fluorescence(FL) and room-temperature phosphorescence(RTP) optical properties have attracted dramatically growing interest in anti-counterfeiting application. Herein, color-tunable and stable FL and ultralong RTP(to naked eyes ~14 s) are successfully achieved in CDs system. Encoding information and patterns fabricated by directly screen-printing method are invisible to eyes under natural light. Interestingly, clear and multicolor patterns with tunable FL and RTP emissions are identified under the 365 nm, 395 nm and 465 nm excitation and removal of them, indicating potential application of carbon dots with different FL and RTP outputs in the high-level photonic anti-counterfeiting field.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB3204300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52103246)+1 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(No.LQ22E030015)Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo,China(No.20221JCGY010301).
文摘Anti-counterfeiting labels with various fluorescent colors are of great importance in information encryption-decryption,but are still limited to static information display.Therefore,it is urgent to develop new materials and encryption-decryption logic for improving the security level of secret information.In this study,an organohydrogel made up of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)(pDMA)hydrogel network and polyoctadecyl methacrylate(pSMA)organogel network that copolymerized with two fluorophores,6-acrylamidopicolinic acid moieties(6APA,fluorescent ligand)and spiropyran units(SPMA,photochromic monomer),was prepared by a two-step interpenetrating method.As UV light of 365nm and 254nm can both cleave C_(spiro)-O bonds of SPMA,and the green fluorescence of 6APA-Tb^(3+) can only be excited by 254nm light,the organohydrogel displays yellow and red under the irradiation of 254nm and 365 nm,respectively.In addition to wavelength selectivity,these two fluorophores are thermal-responsive,leading to the fluorescence variation of the organohydrogel during heating process.As a result,secret information loaded on the organohydrogel can be decrypted by the irradiation of UV light,and the authenticity of the information can be further identified by thermal stimulation.Our fluorescent organohydrogel can act as an effective anti-counterfeiting label to improve the information security and protect the information from being cracked.
