This study investigates how pathogen-laden respiratory droplets transfer diseases viainanimate surfaces. Respiratory fluid ejections containing pathogens pose a significanthealth threat, especially in high-traffic are...This study investigates how pathogen-laden respiratory droplets transfer diseases viainanimate surfaces. Respiratory fluid ejections containing pathogens pose a significanthealth threat, especially in high-traffic areas such as hospitals, public transport, restaurants,and schools. When these droplets dry on surfaces, they form deposits that cantransfer pathogens to healthy individuals through contact and can be ingested via theoral or nasal route. The study examined the effects of varying salt and mucin concentrationsin respiratory fluid droplets containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results showedthat P. aeruginosa viability increased 10-fold at elevated mucin concentrations, whilechanges in salt concentration had minimal impact. Adhesive properties of the depositswere analyzed using atomic force spectroscopy and scotch tape test.Pathogen transferfrom the deposit to a fingerprint patterned model thumb at different relative humidity(RH) levels was assessed using confocal microscopy, showing significant pathogentransfer at elevated RH. Out of 106 CFU/mL pathogens in deposits, 17%‒38% arepotentially transferable, with most of the transfer occurring from the droplet’s edgedeposits. The study demonstrated that the combined variation in salt and mucin concentrationssignificantly influences the evaporation, flow, and precipitation dynamicsof droplets. These changes, in turn, affect the solutal deposition and distribution ofpathogens within the droplet, ultimately altering the survivability and transmissibilityof the pathogen.展开更多
Terrestrial pathogens are increasingly being detected in marine organisms,raising concerns about ecosystem sustainability,biodiversity loss,and threats to human health.Over the past two decades,reports of microbial co...Terrestrial pathogens are increasingly being detected in marine organisms,raising concerns about ecosystem sustainability,biodiversity loss,and threats to human health.Over the past two decades,reports of microbial contaminants crossing from land to sea have increased,suggesting shifts in pathogen ecology driven by environmental changes and human activities.Pathogens originating on land can spread,adapt,and persist in marine environments,infecting a wide range of hosts and potentially reentering terrestrial environments.Despite growing recognition of this issue,a comprehensive understanding of the distribution,diversity,and transmission pathways of these pathogens in marine ecosystems remains limited.In this Review,we provide a global analysis of terrestrial pathogen contamination in marine animal populations.Drawing from pathogen detection data across 66 countries,we used phylogenetic methods to infer land-to-sea transmission routes.We identified 179 terrestrial pathogen species,including 38 bacterial,39 viral,80 parasitic,and 22 fungal species,in 20 marine host species.Terrestrial pathogens are not only widespread but also highly diverse in marine ecosystems,highlighting the frequency and ecological significance of cross-system microbial exchange.By revealing the scale and complexity of land-to-sea pathogen flow,we show that climate change,pollution,and other anthropogenic pressures may intensify pathogen spillover events,with potential feedback effects on terrestrial systems.This highlights the urgent need for integrated surveillance and policy frameworks acknowledging the interconnectedness of terrestrial and marine health.Our work advocates a One Health approach to microbial ecology,stressing the need to safeguard marine and human populations from emerging cross-system threats.展开更多
Aerosol transmission plays an important role in airborne-spread diseases.The transmission variations across language-usage regions were observed during COVID-19,however the potential differences from languages on aero...Aerosol transmission plays an important role in airborne-spread diseases.The transmission variations across language-usage regions were observed during COVID-19,however the potential differences from languages on aerosol transmission are poorly understood.Here,fifty-one multilingual volunteers were recruited to speak same-semantic dialogues in three languages selected from eight different languages studied to investigate the emission characteristics of exhaled aerosol across languages.The findings revealed that the size of exhaled aerosol particles generated by speaking was predominantly concentrated below 1μm.The emission loads of exhaled aerosols during speaking and the associated potential risk of aerosol transmission across languages showed notable discrepancies.Additionally,the individual physiological factors such as age,gender and body mass index(BMI)also jointly influenced the exhaled aerosols during speaking.The machine learning model of random forest regression further revealed that language differences had a considerably greater impact on size-resolved exhaled aerosol emission concentrations than gender,but not than BMI.Thus,different language usages can influence the emission concentrations of exhaled aerosol during speaking,thereby impacting the potential for aerosol transmission across languages.This linguistic-induced diversity of transmission potentials could have played a non-negligible role in the disparate global dissemination patterns observed in aerosol-transmitted pandemics including COVID-19.展开更多
Mosquito-borne diseases present a significant threat to human health,with the possibility of outbreaks of new mosquito-borne diseases always looming.Unfortunately,current measures to combat these diseases such as vacc...Mosquito-borne diseases present a significant threat to human health,with the possibility of outbreaks of new mosquito-borne diseases always looming.Unfortunately,current measures to combat these diseases such as vaccines and drugs are often either unavailable or ineffective.However,recent studies on microbiomes may reveal promising strategies to fight these diseases.In this review,we examine recent advances in our understanding of the effects of both the mosquito and vertebrate microbiomes on mosquito-borne diseases.We argue that the mosquito microbiome can have direct and indirect impacts on the transmission of these diseases,with mosquito symbiotic microorganisms,particularly Wolbachia bacteria,showing potential for controlling mosquito-borne diseases.Moreover,the skin microbiome of vertebrates plays a significant role in mosquito preferences,while the gut microbiome has an impact on the progression of mosquito-borne diseases in humans.As researchers continue to explore the role of microbiomes in mosquito-borne diseases,we highlight some promising future directions for this field.Ultimately,a better understanding of the interplay between mosquitoes,their hosts,pathogens,and the microbiomes of mosquitoes and hosts may hold the key to preventing and controlling mosquito-borne diseases.展开更多
As a pathogen of a major public health concern with animal health importance,Campylobacter constitutes a clear and present threat to One Health.This organism colonizes the intestinal tract and is widely distributed am...As a pathogen of a major public health concern with animal health importance,Campylobacter constitutes a clear and present threat to One Health.This organism colonizes the intestinal tract and is widely distributed among various animal species,including livestock and poultry,companion animals,and wildlife.As a result of its broad distribu-tion,Campylobacter is exposed to antibiotics used in both human and veterinary medicine,which creates antibiotic selection pressure that has driven the development and rising prevalence of antibiotic resistant Campylobacter.This is particularly evident with the resistance to fluoroquinolone(FQ),which has become a great concern for public health.However,the increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter cannot be solely attributed to antibiotic usage,as interspecies transmission and subsequent clonal expansion also contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter.This is exemplified by the emergence and expansion of FQ-resistant Campylo-bacter clones in animal production systems where FQ antibiotics were never used,the transmission of extensively drug resistant Campylobacter from dogs to human patients,and the spread of antibiotic-resistant and hypervirulent Campylobacter from ruminants to humans.Another notable finding from recently published work is the emergence of antibiotic resistance genes of Gram-positive origin in Campylobacter,suggesting that genetic exchange between Campylobacter and Gram-positive bacteria occurs in the natural environment and is more frequent than previously realized.Once these“foreign”antibiotic resistance genes are presented in Campylobacter,they can further disseminate by clonal expansion or horizontal gene transfer among different Campylobacter species/strains.These findings indi-cate that the emergence and transmission of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in the ecosystem are complex and multidirectional,and are affected by multiple factors.Thus,a holistic and One Health approach is necessary to fully comprehend and mitigate antibiotic resistant Campylobacter.展开更多
文摘This study investigates how pathogen-laden respiratory droplets transfer diseases viainanimate surfaces. Respiratory fluid ejections containing pathogens pose a significanthealth threat, especially in high-traffic areas such as hospitals, public transport, restaurants,and schools. When these droplets dry on surfaces, they form deposits that cantransfer pathogens to healthy individuals through contact and can be ingested via theoral or nasal route. The study examined the effects of varying salt and mucin concentrationsin respiratory fluid droplets containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results showedthat P. aeruginosa viability increased 10-fold at elevated mucin concentrations, whilechanges in salt concentration had minimal impact. Adhesive properties of the depositswere analyzed using atomic force spectroscopy and scotch tape test.Pathogen transferfrom the deposit to a fingerprint patterned model thumb at different relative humidity(RH) levels was assessed using confocal microscopy, showing significant pathogentransfer at elevated RH. Out of 106 CFU/mL pathogens in deposits, 17%‒38% arepotentially transferable, with most of the transfer occurring from the droplet’s edgedeposits. The study demonstrated that the combined variation in salt and mucin concentrationssignificantly influences the evaporation, flow, and precipitation dynamicsof droplets. These changes, in turn, affect the solutal deposition and distribution ofpathogens within the droplet, ultimately altering the survivability and transmissibilityof the pathogen.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32370566)。
文摘Terrestrial pathogens are increasingly being detected in marine organisms,raising concerns about ecosystem sustainability,biodiversity loss,and threats to human health.Over the past two decades,reports of microbial contaminants crossing from land to sea have increased,suggesting shifts in pathogen ecology driven by environmental changes and human activities.Pathogens originating on land can spread,adapt,and persist in marine environments,infecting a wide range of hosts and potentially reentering terrestrial environments.Despite growing recognition of this issue,a comprehensive understanding of the distribution,diversity,and transmission pathways of these pathogens in marine ecosystems remains limited.In this Review,we provide a global analysis of terrestrial pathogen contamination in marine animal populations.Drawing from pathogen detection data across 66 countries,we used phylogenetic methods to infer land-to-sea transmission routes.We identified 179 terrestrial pathogen species,including 38 bacterial,39 viral,80 parasitic,and 22 fungal species,in 20 marine host species.Terrestrial pathogens are not only widespread but also highly diverse in marine ecosystems,highlighting the frequency and ecological significance of cross-system microbial exchange.By revealing the scale and complexity of land-to-sea pathogen flow,we show that climate change,pollution,and other anthropogenic pressures may intensify pathogen spillover events,with potential feedback effects on terrestrial systems.This highlights the urgent need for integrated surveillance and policy frameworks acknowledging the interconnectedness of terrestrial and marine health.Our work advocates a One Health approach to microbial ecology,stressing the need to safeguard marine and human populations from emerging cross-system threats.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Creative Research Group Funds(22221004)Guangzhou National Lab Grant(SRPG22-007)+1 种基金National Key Research&Development Program of China(2022YFC3702801 and 2023YFC3708200)the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22406008).
文摘Aerosol transmission plays an important role in airborne-spread diseases.The transmission variations across language-usage regions were observed during COVID-19,however the potential differences from languages on aerosol transmission are poorly understood.Here,fifty-one multilingual volunteers were recruited to speak same-semantic dialogues in three languages selected from eight different languages studied to investigate the emission characteristics of exhaled aerosol across languages.The findings revealed that the size of exhaled aerosol particles generated by speaking was predominantly concentrated below 1μm.The emission loads of exhaled aerosols during speaking and the associated potential risk of aerosol transmission across languages showed notable discrepancies.Additionally,the individual physiological factors such as age,gender and body mass index(BMI)also jointly influenced the exhaled aerosols during speaking.The machine learning model of random forest regression further revealed that language differences had a considerably greater impact on size-resolved exhaled aerosol emission concentrations than gender,but not than BMI.Thus,different language usages can influence the emission concentrations of exhaled aerosol during speaking,thereby impacting the potential for aerosol transmission across languages.This linguistic-induced diversity of transmission potentials could have played a non-negligible role in the disparate global dissemination patterns observed in aerosol-transmitted pandemics including COVID-19.
基金This work was funded by the grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2021YFC2300200,2018YFA0507202,2020YFC1200104,2021YFC2302405,2022YFC2303200,and 2022YFC2303400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32188101,31825001,and 81961160737),Yunnan Chenggong expert workstation(Nos.202005AF150034)+2 种基金Innovation Team Project of Yunnan Science and Technology Department(Nos.202105AE160020)Tsinghua-Foshan Innovation Special Fund(TFISF)(Nos.2022THFS6124)Shenzhen San-Ming Project for prevention and research on vector-borne diseases.
文摘Mosquito-borne diseases present a significant threat to human health,with the possibility of outbreaks of new mosquito-borne diseases always looming.Unfortunately,current measures to combat these diseases such as vaccines and drugs are often either unavailable or ineffective.However,recent studies on microbiomes may reveal promising strategies to fight these diseases.In this review,we examine recent advances in our understanding of the effects of both the mosquito and vertebrate microbiomes on mosquito-borne diseases.We argue that the mosquito microbiome can have direct and indirect impacts on the transmission of these diseases,with mosquito symbiotic microorganisms,particularly Wolbachia bacteria,showing potential for controlling mosquito-borne diseases.Moreover,the skin microbiome of vertebrates plays a significant role in mosquito preferences,while the gut microbiome has an impact on the progression of mosquito-borne diseases in humans.As researchers continue to explore the role of microbiomes in mosquito-borne diseases,we highlight some promising future directions for this field.Ultimately,a better understanding of the interplay between mosquitoes,their hosts,pathogens,and the microbiomes of mosquitoes and hosts may hold the key to preventing and controlling mosquito-borne diseases.
文摘As a pathogen of a major public health concern with animal health importance,Campylobacter constitutes a clear and present threat to One Health.This organism colonizes the intestinal tract and is widely distributed among various animal species,including livestock and poultry,companion animals,and wildlife.As a result of its broad distribu-tion,Campylobacter is exposed to antibiotics used in both human and veterinary medicine,which creates antibiotic selection pressure that has driven the development and rising prevalence of antibiotic resistant Campylobacter.This is particularly evident with the resistance to fluoroquinolone(FQ),which has become a great concern for public health.However,the increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter cannot be solely attributed to antibiotic usage,as interspecies transmission and subsequent clonal expansion also contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter.This is exemplified by the emergence and expansion of FQ-resistant Campylo-bacter clones in animal production systems where FQ antibiotics were never used,the transmission of extensively drug resistant Campylobacter from dogs to human patients,and the spread of antibiotic-resistant and hypervirulent Campylobacter from ruminants to humans.Another notable finding from recently published work is the emergence of antibiotic resistance genes of Gram-positive origin in Campylobacter,suggesting that genetic exchange between Campylobacter and Gram-positive bacteria occurs in the natural environment and is more frequent than previously realized.Once these“foreign”antibiotic resistance genes are presented in Campylobacter,they can further disseminate by clonal expansion or horizontal gene transfer among different Campylobacter species/strains.These findings indi-cate that the emergence and transmission of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in the ecosystem are complex and multidirectional,and are affected by multiple factors.Thus,a holistic and One Health approach is necessary to fully comprehend and mitigate antibiotic resistant Campylobacter.
