Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that maintains cellular homeostasis.It is essential for protecting organisms from environmental stress.Autophagy can help the host to eliminate invading pathogens,incl...Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that maintains cellular homeostasis.It is essential for protecting organisms from environmental stress.Autophagy can help the host to eliminate invading pathogens,including bacteria,viruses,fungi,and parasites.However,pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to interfere with autophagic signaling pathways or inhibit the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes to form autolysosomes.Moreover,host cell matrix degradation by different types of autophagy can be used for the proliferation and reproduction of pathogens.Thus,determining the roles and mechanisms of autophagy during pathogen infections will promote understanding of the mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions and provide new strategies for the treatment of infectious diseases.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to investigate in vitro antibacterial effect of alkaline hydrogen water on Escherichia coli,Salmonella,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.[Method] With Cortex cinnamomi extract...[Objective] The paper was to investigate in vitro antibacterial effect of alkaline hydrogen water on Escherichia coli,Salmonella,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.[Method] With Cortex cinnamomi extract（1 g/m L） and pure water as the control,the minimal inhibitory concentrations（MIC） against four kinds of common pathogenic microorganisms were tested through microdilution method.[Result] When the alkaline hydrogen water was diluted to 1/8 times of the original concentration,it had significant antibacterial effects on four kinds of common mi-croorganisms with the concentration of 1.5 ×10^5 CFU/m L,which had equivalent effect with C.cinnamomi extract group.[Conclusion]The alkaline hydrogen water has remarkable antibacterial effects on the four kinds of common microorganisms,which may provide a new important way for pre-venting disease occurrence and reducing the harms of pathogenic microorganisms.展开更多
Background:Developing highly sensitive,simple,and rapid detection techniques for the accurate detection of foodborne pathogens is critical for food safety.This study designed a microfluidic chip integrating recombinas...Background:Developing highly sensitive,simple,and rapid detection techniques for the accurate detection of foodborne pathogens is critical for food safety.This study designed a microfluidic chip integrating recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)and colloidal gold lateral chromatography for the visual detection of three high-risk foodborne pathogens:Escherichia coli O157:H7,Vibrio parahaemolyticus(VP),and Vibrio cholerae(VC).Methods:A lateral flow microfluidic chip was fabricated by integrating a chromatography test strip with a laser-ablated microfluidic structure.RPA primers targeting the rfbE gene of E.coli O157:H7,the toxR gene of VP,and the ctxA gene of V.cholerae were designed.The RPA products were validated by agarose gel electrophoresis,followed by optimization of the primer concentration,temperature,and reaction time.Results:The chip detected pathogens via RPA(at 40℃for 20 min)and a visual readout was obtained within 10 min,achieving 102 CFU/mL detection sensitivity for all three pathogens with high specificity,reproducibility,and stability.Conclusion:This microfluidic chip-based method enables portable on-site foodborne pathogen detection without the need for costly thermal cyclers/signal readers,thereby maintaining accuracy and affordability.展开更多
The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security.The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sa...The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security.The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sanitation and health facilities are of great importance.Excessive sludge is an inevitable byproduct of sewage that contains human and animal feces in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).It is an important sink of different pollutants and pathogens,and the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are important to minimize potential risks to the environment and public health.However,there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the diversity,exposure risks,assessment methods and inactivation techniques of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge.Based on this consideration,this review summarizes the control performance of pathogenic microorganisms such as enterovirus,Salmonella spp.,and Escherichia coli by different sludge treatment technologies,including composting,anaerobic digestion,aerobic digestion,and microwave irradiation,and the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganism inactivation in sludge treatment processes are discussed.Additionally,this study reviews the diversity,detection methods,and exposure risks of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge.This review advances the quantitative assessment of pathogenic microorganism risks involved in sludge reuse and is practically valuable to optimize the treatment and disposal of sludge for pathogenic microorganism control.展开更多
With the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),it is essential to share pathogens and their data information safely,transparently,and timely.At the same time,it is also worth exploring how to share the benefi...With the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),it is essential to share pathogens and their data information safely,transparently,and timely.At the same time,it is also worth exploring how to share the benefits of using the provided pathogenic microorganisms fairly and equitably.There are some mechanisms for the management and sharing of pathogenic microbial resources in the world,such as the World Health Organization(WHO),the United States,the Europe,and China.This paper studies these mechanisms and puts forward"PICC"principles,including public welfare principle,interests principle,classified principle,and category principle,to strengthen cooperation,improve efficiency,and maintain biosafety.展开更多
Infectious diseases are severe public health events that threaten global health.Prophylactic vaccines have been considered as the most effective strategy to train the immune system to recognize and clear pathogenic in...Infectious diseases are severe public health events that threaten global health.Prophylactic vaccines have been considered as the most effective strategy to train the immune system to recognize and clear pathogenic infections.However,the existing vaccines against infectious diseases have several limitations,such as difficulties in mass manufacturing and storage,weak immunogenicity,and low efficiency of available adjuvants.Biomaterials,especially functional polymers,are expected to break through these bottlenecks based on the advantages of biocompatibility,degradability,controlled synthesis,easy modification,precise targeting,and immune modulation,which are excellent carriers and adjuvants of vaccines.This review mainly summarizes the application of immunologically effective polymers-enhanced vaccines against viruses-and bacteria-related infectious diseases and predicted their potential improvements.展开更多
Morbidity associated with conjunctivitis is higher in developing countries,particularly among children,because of the poorer standards of living（Azari and Barney,2013;Yetman and Coody,1997）.Presently,little is known...Morbidity associated with conjunctivitis is higher in developing countries,particularly among children,because of the poorer standards of living（Azari and Barney,2013;Yetman and Coody,1997）.Presently,little is known regarding the microorganisms that cause conjunctivitis in the remote area of Chinese Tibet.In particular,it is difficult to monitor and control the occurrence of conjunctivitis in children from this area.展开更多
Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are an adequate wastewater treatment system with possibility to generate income, in particular by the use of plants of economic interest. However, very few studies deal with the bacteriologi...Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are an adequate wastewater treatment system with possibility to generate income, in particular by the use of plants of economic interest. However, very few studies deal with the bacteriological quality of plants after wastewater treatment. Thermotolerant coliforms and Sulfite-reducing bacteria were investigated on the above-ground biomass of a species of forage plant (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i>) as well as their removal in an experimental pilot consisting of four beds, for three months. Two beds were planted and two unplanted beds were used as control. Germs in the wastewater were significantly reduced in both filtrates, with higher removal efficiency of 97.4% for Thermotolerant coliforms and 87.5% for Sulfite-reducing bacteria, in the planted bed. Wastewater treatment resulted in bacteriological contamination of the above-ground plant biomass with a significant decreases in number of germs from 660 to 28 CFU/g (Thermotolerant coliforms) and from 15 to 0 CFU/g (Sulfite-reducing bacteria), when the harvest height increased from the base to the upper end of the plants. However, averages of 305 CFU/g of Thermotolerant coliforms and 5 CFU/g of Sulfite-reducing bacteria were obtained in the above-ground plant biomass which would not present any potential risks for a possible use of the plant biomass as fodder. Thus, the use of forage plant suggests good prospects for upgrading said plants for animal feed.展开更多
Electrochemiluminescence(ECL)technology has emerged as a pivotal tool in the field of pathogen detection due to its high sensitivity,strong specificity,operational convenience,and adaptability to complex biological sa...Electrochemiluminescence(ECL)technology has emerged as a pivotal tool in the field of pathogen detection due to its high sensitivity,strong specificity,operational convenience,and adaptability to complex biological samples.This paper systematically elucidates the fundamental mechanisms and classification characteristics of ECL technology,with a particular focus on its applications in detecting nucleic acids,proteins,metabolites,and drug-resistant mutants of pathogenic microorganisms.Through comparative analysis with traditional detection methods,the technological advantages and suitable scenarios of ECL are highlighted.Furthermore,this paper delves into the existing challenges of ECL technology in clinical applications,providing a theoretical basis for advancing its translational use in pathogen diagnostics.展开更多
BACKGROUND The frequent occurrence of respiratory diseases in the island reef environment of the navy severely affects the health of personnel and the combat effectiveness of the troops.Current common screening method...BACKGROUND The frequent occurrence of respiratory diseases in the island reef environment of the navy severely affects the health of personnel and the combat effectiveness of the troops.Current common screening methods can only indicate whether there is an infection with pathogenic microorganisms but not the degree of disease progression.Therefore,it is necessary to identify simple-to-operate and cost-effective methods that indicate the degree of disease progression,based on traditional screening methods.AIM To explores correlation between serum concentrations of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase(NAMPT),nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyltransferase 1(NMNAT1),and the risk of upper respiratory infections in the island reef envirsonment.METHODS A total of 600 cases of upper respiratory infections among naval officers and soldiers were included.Types of infection were confirmed through sputum culture combined with multiplex polymerase chain reaction.The serum concentrations of NAMPT and NMNAT1 were measured using ELISA,and infection severity was assessed using the pneumonia severity index(PSI).Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric tests and Spearman correlation analysis.RESULTS The serum concentrations of NAMPT and NMNAT1 in high-risk group patients with PSI were significantly lower than those in the medium and low-risk groups(P<0.05),and the concentrations increased in a stepwise manner with disease progression.However,within the same risk group,the differences in concentrations of NAMPT and NMNAT1among patients infected with different pathogens were not significant(P>0.05).CONCLUSIONConcentrations of NAMPT and NMNAT1 are closely related to severity of upper respiratory infections,and theircommon regulatory mechanisms provide new directions for development of broad-spectrum anti-infectionstrategies.展开更多
Digested wastewater contains pathogenic microorganisms and high ammonia concentrations,which can pose a potential risk to public health.Effective removal of pathogens and nitrogen is crucial for the post-treatment of ...Digested wastewater contains pathogenic microorganisms and high ammonia concentrations,which can pose a potential risk to public health.Effective removal of pathogens and nitrogen is crucial for the post-treatment of digested wastewater.Partial nitrification-anammox is an energy-saving nitrogen removal process.Free nitrous acid(FNA),an intermediate product of partial nitrification,has the potential to inactivate microorganisms.However,the efficiency and mechanisms of FNA-related inactivation in pathogens during partial nitrification remains unclear.In this study,Enterococcus and Escherichia coli(E.coli)were selected to investigate the efficiency and mechanisms of FNA-related inactivation in partial nitrification process.The results revealed that 83%±13%and 59%±27%of E.coli and Enterococcus were removed,respectively,in partial nitrification process at FNA concentrations of 0.023−0.028 mg/L.When the concentration of FNA increased from 0 to 0.5 mg/L,the inactivation efficiencies of E.coli and Enterococcus increased from 0 to 99.9%and 89.9%,respectively.Enterococcus exhibited a higher resistance to FNA attack compared to E.coli.3D-laser scanning microscopy(3D-LSM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)revealed that FNA exposure caused the surface collapse of E.coli and Enterococcus,as well as visible pore formation on the surface of E.coli cells.4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride n-hydrate(DAPI)/propidium iodide(PI)and biomolecule leakage confirmed that inactivation of E.coli and Enterococcus occurred due to breakdown of cell walls and cell membranes.These findings indicate that partial nitrification process can be used for the removal of residual pathogenic microorganisms.展开更多
This paper outlines the physiological responses of plants to pathogenic microbial infection and pest feeding stress,as well as the resistance characteristics of plants to diseases and pests,and proposes new directions...This paper outlines the physiological responses of plants to pathogenic microbial infection and pest feeding stress,as well as the resistance characteristics of plants to diseases and pests,and proposes new directions for future research on crop resistance to diseases and pests.The objective of this paper is to provide a reference framework for the breeding of crops with enhanced resistance to diseases and pests,the utilization of natural immunity in crops,and the efficient prevention and control of diseases and pests.This framework is intended to facilitate the healthy and sustainable development of the agricultural industry.展开更多
Introduction:The hypervirulent communityassociated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus,CA-MRSA)sequence type 8(ST8)clone has disseminated globally yet remains only sporadically documented in Chinese c...Introduction:The hypervirulent communityassociated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus,CA-MRSA)sequence type 8(ST8)clone has disseminated globally yet remains only sporadically documented in Chinese clinical settings.To date,staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks attributable to ST8 strains have not been reported in China.Methods:Comprehensive epidemiological and laboratory investigations were conducted,encompassing the isolation of pathogenic microorganisms from food samples,environmental swabs,and patient anal swabs.Recovered isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing,enterotoxin detection,whole-genome sequencing,and phylogenetic and prophage characterization.Results:Five S.aureus isolates were successfully recovered from seven specimens.All isolates were identified as ST8(CC8)-spa t024,harbored enterotoxin genes(sea,seq,and sek),and demonstrated penicillin resistance.Rice balls contaminated with the pathogen were identified as the outbreak source.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the outbreak ST8 strains clustered within a distinct evolutionary subclade(Clade II.1)and exhibited close genetic relatedness to European lineages.The sea,seq,and sek genes were localized on a prophage carrying a type D immune evasion cluster that also encoded the sak and scn genes.Conclusions:This represents the first documented ST8-spa t024 methicillin-susceptible S.aureus food poisoning outbreak in China,involving a toxigenic clone with characteristics associated with hypervirulent lineages,thereby highlighting an emerging public health threat.Enhanced surveillance of ST8 strains among food products and food handlers is urgently needed.展开更多
Frequent outbreaks of respiratory diseases caused by the spread of pathogenic microorganisms poses a great threat to human health.Disposable surgical masks(SM)can limit the transmission to some extent but the inabilit...Frequent outbreaks of respiratory diseases caused by the spread of pathogenic microorganisms poses a great threat to human health.Disposable surgical masks(SM)can limit the transmission to some extent but the inability to self-sterilize leads to a potential source of cross-contamination as well as causing hazardous impacts on the soil and aquatic ecosystems.Herein,a sunlight-triggered photoactive self-sterilization metal–organic framework(MOF)film modified SM is reported.The MOF film can be prepared easily and quickly by the co-assembly of UiO-66 nanoparticles and metal-phenolic networks(MPNs,the complexation of tannic acid and iron ions).Unlike the traditional MPN only assisted assembly,this MOF film exhibited a dramatic synergetic photodynamic and photothermal self-sterilization ability for protective equipment surfaces under simulated-solar irradiation without any extra photosensitizers or photothermal agents.A study of the mechanism revealed that the light absorption region of UiO-66 can be expanded by the MPNs,demonstrating a unique photocatalytic sensitization,and thus the MOF film can utilize the sunlight extensively to achieve a photodynamic property.Moreover,such an MOF film demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility,haemocompatibility and breathability,indicating the security of the skin-touched application.This dual-modal photocatalytic MOF film are promising for the long-term usage of disposable protective equipment and for mitigating the heavy burden on the environment.展开更多
The application of essential oils has been shown to be an effective and sustainable alternative against the multiplication of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in food.The aim of this work was to study the antimi...The application of essential oils has been shown to be an effective and sustainable alternative against the multiplication of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in food.The aim of this work was to study the antimicrobial activity effect of Cerrado Rosemary(Baccharis dracunculifolia DC.),Pepper Rosemary(Lippia sidoides Cham.),Mandarin(Citrus nobilis Lour.),Mexican Lime(Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)essential oils,and the thymol and R-limonene compounds against strains of Penicillium expansum,Pichia kudriavzevii,Salmonella Thypimurium and Staphylococcus aureus.The essential oils were characterized in terms of their chemical composition,the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,and Minimum Bactericidal and Fungicidal Concentration;using the microdilution method in 96-well plates.In addition,effects from mixtures of the essential oils,and the isolated compounds in sub-inhibitory concentrations were performed.The Pepper Rosemary essential oil and thymol,separately,showed the lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values against all the microorganisms evaluated,with the lowest ranging from 0.03 to 1.25 mg.mL^(-1) for P.expansum and 0.31-1.25 mg.mL^(-1) for S.Thypimurium.Mandarin and Mexican lime,have an enhanced antimicrobial effect when used in mixture.The Rlimonene compound showed a synergistic additive effect when combined with the essential oils,against S.aureus strains only.The application of thymol and Lippia was able to reduce growth by 3 log10 for S.aureus and S.Typhimurium in 24 h.Therefore,the Pepper Rosemary essential oil,applied freely or in combination with the thymol compound,has greater potential for use as an antifungal and bactericidal agent,against the microorganisms evaluated.展开更多
Pathogenic microbial strains and specimens are crucial national and strategic biological resources.Preservation and management of the pathogenic microbial resources,as an integral component of biosafety,play an import...Pathogenic microbial strains and specimens are crucial national and strategic biological resources.Preservation and management of the pathogenic microbial resources,as an integral component of biosafety,play an important role in the national biosafety system and in the overall framework of national security.Sound preservation and management rely on the effective designation of preservation institutions,strengthened operation and management of preservation institutions,standardized description and data specifications,establishment of preservation information management systems,and promotion of resource-sharing and utilization.Firm protection and efficient sharing and utility of pathogenic microbial resources are expected to make a unique contribution to the sustainable development of the national economy.展开更多
The epidemiological characteristics of emerging infectious disease outbreaks in recent years have underscored the critical importance of controlling imported infectious diseases.In this study,we implemented dynamic tr...The epidemiological characteristics of emerging infectious disease outbreaks in recent years have underscored the critical importance of controlling imported infectious diseases.In this study,we implemented dynamic tracking of microbial invasions by monitoring environmental microbes at the customs and ports.From July to September 2024,a total of 126 environmental samples were collected from three ports of entry in Shenzhen,China.Metagenomic analysis detected 55 non-viral microbial communities and 12 viral taxa.Among these,26.8%of the bacteria,100%of the fungi,71.4%of the protists,and none of the archaea exhibited potential pathogenic properties.Viruses were the most prevalent,including bacteriophages(100%),unclassified viruses(96.8%),giant viruses(27.8%),fungal viruses(4.8%),and vertebrate viruses(1.6%).No statistical differences were observed in viral distribution across areas(χ^(2)=18.70,P=0.541),sites(χ^(2)=14.02,P=0.597),or ports of entry(χ^(2)=10.27,P=0.247).However,viral distribution varied significantly across three sampling months(χ^(2)=21.06,P=0.002),with a higher proportion of giant viruses detected in July.Thirty-nine and forty microorganisms were identified across the six areas and five sites,respectively,with relatively few area/site-specific microorganisms.Four distinct disinfection level zones were categorized:relatively safe zone,less safe zone,general disinfection zone and key disinfection zone.Two strains of viruses with potential pathogenicity were identified:pigeon circovirus and Influenza A virus(H4N2).This study established a metagenomics-based surveillance framework for microbial risk assessment in high-risk port environments and proposed a four-tier disinfection strategy to prioritize high-contact zones.Our findings highlighted environmental metagenomics as a critical complement to traveler screening and provided early warning signals for the prevention and control of imported infectious diseases.展开更多
Xenotransplantation has entered the clinical phase in an effort to address the global organ shortage.However,recent clinical studies have revealed that current xenografts from gene-edited(GE)pigs still pose a risk of ...Xenotransplantation has entered the clinical phase in an effort to address the global organ shortage.However,recent clinical studies have revealed that current xenografts from gene-edited(GE)pigs still pose a risk of immune rejection and biosafety concerns.In this study,we successfully produced a large batch of 582 GE cloned(GEC)pigs with 10-(GTKO/CMAHKO/β4GalNT2KO/hCD46/hCD55/hCD59/hTBM/hCD39/hEPCR/hCD47)gene edits via gene editing and somatic cell cloning technologies,and successfully obtained the F1 generation.Phenotypic character ization of 10-GEC pigs revealed the deletion of three xenoantigens and the expression of seven human transgenes across various tissues.Digital droplet polymerase chain reaction and whole-genome sequencing revealed two cop ies of hCD46/hCD55/hCD59/hTBM/hCD39 and one copy of hEPCR/hCD47 in the pig genome with minimal off-target effects or damage to the porcine functional genes.The validation results showed that 10-GEC pigs could effectively inhibit attacks from human antibodies,complement and macrophages on porcine endothelial cells,and alleviated coagulation abnormalities between pigs and humans.Large-scale screening of pathogens revealed no evidence of 47 pathogens,including cytomegalovirus,in our 10-GEC pigs.Kidney,heart and liver xenografts from these 10-GEC pigs were transplanted into nonhuman primates(NHPs),which worked normally without hyperacute rejection(HAR).Among NHPs,the heart and liver orthotopic transplant recipients survived for 3 and 4 days,respectively,while the two kidney transplant recipients survived for 23 and 16 days,respectively.Pathological analysis showed interstitial hemorrhage and fibrosis,cellular hyperplasia with minor antibodies and complement deposition,but significantly reduced infiltration of CD68^(+)macrophages in 10-GEC pig kidney xenografts.In summary,we success fully produced specific pathogen-free 10-GEC donor pigs that resulted in effective mitigation of immune rejection upon multiorgan transplantation to NHPs.展开更多
Nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domains(NODs)are pattern recognition receptors involved in the detection of intracellular pathogenic microorganisms and important members of the NOD-like receptor family.These cytopl...Nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domains(NODs)are pattern recognition receptors involved in the detection of intracellular pathogenic microorganisms and important members of the NOD-like receptor family.These cytoplasmic receptors play a crucial role in orchestrating the innate immune response and are implicated in the progression of various inflammatory disorders,as well as inflammation-related neoplasms.In this review,we summarised the recent developments in NOD1 and NOD2 studies with a particular focus on their role in gynaecological malignancies.These findings emphasise the critical and dynamic roles of NOD1 and NOD2 proteins in gynaecologic cancers and provide insights into integrative therapeutic strategies targeting the NODassociated signalling cascades.展开更多
Plants encounter numerous microorganisms in the environment.However,only a few microbes are pathogenic to a plant species.To colonize plants,pathogens should be able to bypass or suppress multiple layers of the plant ...Plants encounter numerous microorganisms in the environment.However,only a few microbes are pathogenic to a plant species.To colonize plants,pathogens should be able to bypass or suppress multiple layers of the plant defense system,composed of pre-formed physico-chemical barriers and post-invasive immune systems.Thus,each plant pathogenic microorganism has its own host range,depending on the direction in which it is specialized or adapted.But,simultaneously,this specialization results in a lack of adaptation to most other plants,which have different immune components compared to the host plant species of a given pathogen.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81871312 and 81701546)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(No.182300410327)。
文摘Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that maintains cellular homeostasis.It is essential for protecting organisms from environmental stress.Autophagy can help the host to eliminate invading pathogens,including bacteria,viruses,fungi,and parasites.However,pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to interfere with autophagic signaling pathways or inhibit the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes to form autolysosomes.Moreover,host cell matrix degradation by different types of autophagy can be used for the proliferation and reproduction of pathogens.Thus,determining the roles and mechanisms of autophagy during pathogen infections will promote understanding of the mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions and provide new strategies for the treatment of infectious diseases.
文摘[Objective] The paper was to investigate in vitro antibacterial effect of alkaline hydrogen water on Escherichia coli,Salmonella,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.[Method] With Cortex cinnamomi extract（1 g/m L） and pure water as the control,the minimal inhibitory concentrations（MIC） against four kinds of common pathogenic microorganisms were tested through microdilution method.[Result] When the alkaline hydrogen water was diluted to 1/8 times of the original concentration,it had significant antibacterial effects on four kinds of common mi-croorganisms with the concentration of 1.5 ×10^5 CFU/m L,which had equivalent effect with C.cinnamomi extract group.[Conclusion]The alkaline hydrogen water has remarkable antibacterial effects on the four kinds of common microorganisms,which may provide a new important way for pre-venting disease occurrence and reducing the harms of pathogenic microorganisms.
基金funded by a Scientific Research Project from the Hunan Provincial Department of Education(23C0201)the Excellent Youth Program of Hunan Provincial Department of Education(23B0561)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2024JJ7137,2024JJ7133).
文摘Background:Developing highly sensitive,simple,and rapid detection techniques for the accurate detection of foodborne pathogens is critical for food safety.This study designed a microfluidic chip integrating recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)and colloidal gold lateral chromatography for the visual detection of three high-risk foodborne pathogens:Escherichia coli O157:H7,Vibrio parahaemolyticus(VP),and Vibrio cholerae(VC).Methods:A lateral flow microfluidic chip was fabricated by integrating a chromatography test strip with a laser-ablated microfluidic structure.RPA primers targeting the rfbE gene of E.coli O157:H7,the toxR gene of VP,and the ctxA gene of V.cholerae were designed.The RPA products were validated by agarose gel electrophoresis,followed by optimization of the primer concentration,temperature,and reaction time.Results:The chip detected pathogens via RPA(at 40℃for 20 min)and a visual readout was obtained within 10 min,achieving 102 CFU/mL detection sensitivity for all three pathogens with high specificity,reproducibility,and stability.Conclusion:This microfluidic chip-based method enables portable on-site foodborne pathogen detection without the need for costly thermal cyclers/signal readers,thereby maintaining accuracy and affordability.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51925807,52091542)the Excellent Innovation Project of Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences(CAS RCEES-EEI-2019-02).
文摘The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security.The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sanitation and health facilities are of great importance.Excessive sludge is an inevitable byproduct of sewage that contains human and animal feces in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).It is an important sink of different pollutants and pathogens,and the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are important to minimize potential risks to the environment and public health.However,there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the diversity,exposure risks,assessment methods and inactivation techniques of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge.Based on this consideration,this review summarizes the control performance of pathogenic microorganisms such as enterovirus,Salmonella spp.,and Escherichia coli by different sludge treatment technologies,including composting,anaerobic digestion,aerobic digestion,and microwave irradiation,and the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganism inactivation in sludge treatment processes are discussed.Additionally,this study reviews the diversity,detection methods,and exposure risks of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge.This review advances the quantitative assessment of pathogenic microorganism risks involved in sludge reuse and is practically valuable to optimize the treatment and disposal of sludge for pathogenic microorganism control.
基金sponsored by“the Pilot Task of Science and Technology System Reform of the National Health Commission of China”“National Natural Science Foundation of China(82161148010‐4)”.
文摘With the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),it is essential to share pathogens and their data information safely,transparently,and timely.At the same time,it is also worth exploring how to share the benefits of using the provided pathogenic microorganisms fairly and equitably.There are some mechanisms for the management and sharing of pathogenic microbial resources in the world,such as the World Health Organization(WHO),the United States,the Europe,and China.This paper studies these mechanisms and puts forward"PICC"principles,including public welfare principle,interests principle,classified principle,and category principle,to strengthen cooperation,improve efficiency,and maintain biosafety.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFC2603500/2022YFC2603501 and 2021YFC2400600/2021YFC2400603/2021YFC2400604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52273158,U21A2099,52022095,51973216,and 51873207)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province(Nos.20220204018YY,20210509005RQ,20210504001GH,and 20200404182YY)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2019230)the Special Project for City–Academy Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation of Changchun(No.21SH14)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,JLU.
文摘Infectious diseases are severe public health events that threaten global health.Prophylactic vaccines have been considered as the most effective strategy to train the immune system to recognize and clear pathogenic infections.However,the existing vaccines against infectious diseases have several limitations,such as difficulties in mass manufacturing and storage,weak immunogenicity,and low efficiency of available adjuvants.Biomaterials,especially functional polymers,are expected to break through these bottlenecks based on the advantages of biocompatibility,degradability,controlled synthesis,easy modification,precise targeting,and immune modulation,which are excellent carriers and adjuvants of vaccines.This review mainly summarizes the application of immunologically effective polymers-enhanced vaccines against viruses-and bacteria-related infectious diseases and predicted their potential improvements.
文摘Morbidity associated with conjunctivitis is higher in developing countries,particularly among children,because of the poorer standards of living（Azari and Barney,2013;Yetman and Coody,1997）.Presently,little is known regarding the microorganisms that cause conjunctivitis in the remote area of Chinese Tibet.In particular,it is difficult to monitor and control the occurrence of conjunctivitis in children from this area.
文摘Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are an adequate wastewater treatment system with possibility to generate income, in particular by the use of plants of economic interest. However, very few studies deal with the bacteriological quality of plants after wastewater treatment. Thermotolerant coliforms and Sulfite-reducing bacteria were investigated on the above-ground biomass of a species of forage plant (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i>) as well as their removal in an experimental pilot consisting of four beds, for three months. Two beds were planted and two unplanted beds were used as control. Germs in the wastewater were significantly reduced in both filtrates, with higher removal efficiency of 97.4% for Thermotolerant coliforms and 87.5% for Sulfite-reducing bacteria, in the planted bed. Wastewater treatment resulted in bacteriological contamination of the above-ground plant biomass with a significant decreases in number of germs from 660 to 28 CFU/g (Thermotolerant coliforms) and from 15 to 0 CFU/g (Sulfite-reducing bacteria), when the harvest height increased from the base to the upper end of the plants. However, averages of 305 CFU/g of Thermotolerant coliforms and 5 CFU/g of Sulfite-reducing bacteria were obtained in the above-ground plant biomass which would not present any potential risks for a possible use of the plant biomass as fodder. Thus, the use of forage plant suggests good prospects for upgrading said plants for animal feed.
基金supported by the Joint Funds for the innovation of science and Technology,Fujian province(Grant number:2021Y9014).
文摘Electrochemiluminescence(ECL)technology has emerged as a pivotal tool in the field of pathogen detection due to its high sensitivity,strong specificity,operational convenience,and adaptability to complex biological samples.This paper systematically elucidates the fundamental mechanisms and classification characteristics of ECL technology,with a particular focus on its applications in detecting nucleic acids,proteins,metabolites,and drug-resistant mutants of pathogenic microorganisms.Through comparative analysis with traditional detection methods,the technological advantages and suitable scenarios of ECL are highlighted.Furthermore,this paper delves into the existing challenges of ECL technology in clinical applications,providing a theoretical basis for advancing its translational use in pathogen diagnostics.
文摘BACKGROUND The frequent occurrence of respiratory diseases in the island reef environment of the navy severely affects the health of personnel and the combat effectiveness of the troops.Current common screening methods can only indicate whether there is an infection with pathogenic microorganisms but not the degree of disease progression.Therefore,it is necessary to identify simple-to-operate and cost-effective methods that indicate the degree of disease progression,based on traditional screening methods.AIM To explores correlation between serum concentrations of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase(NAMPT),nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyltransferase 1(NMNAT1),and the risk of upper respiratory infections in the island reef envirsonment.METHODS A total of 600 cases of upper respiratory infections among naval officers and soldiers were included.Types of infection were confirmed through sputum culture combined with multiplex polymerase chain reaction.The serum concentrations of NAMPT and NMNAT1 were measured using ELISA,and infection severity was assessed using the pneumonia severity index(PSI).Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric tests and Spearman correlation analysis.RESULTS The serum concentrations of NAMPT and NMNAT1 in high-risk group patients with PSI were significantly lower than those in the medium and low-risk groups(P<0.05),and the concentrations increased in a stepwise manner with disease progression.However,within the same risk group,the differences in concentrations of NAMPT and NMNAT1among patients infected with different pathogens were not significant(P>0.05).CONCLUSIONConcentrations of NAMPT and NMNAT1 are closely related to severity of upper respiratory infections,and theircommon regulatory mechanisms provide new directions for development of broad-spectrum anti-infectionstrategies.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(China)(No.2208085ME145)the Key Project of Science and Technology in Anhui Province(China)(No.1801041130)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC0408502).
文摘Digested wastewater contains pathogenic microorganisms and high ammonia concentrations,which can pose a potential risk to public health.Effective removal of pathogens and nitrogen is crucial for the post-treatment of digested wastewater.Partial nitrification-anammox is an energy-saving nitrogen removal process.Free nitrous acid(FNA),an intermediate product of partial nitrification,has the potential to inactivate microorganisms.However,the efficiency and mechanisms of FNA-related inactivation in pathogens during partial nitrification remains unclear.In this study,Enterococcus and Escherichia coli(E.coli)were selected to investigate the efficiency and mechanisms of FNA-related inactivation in partial nitrification process.The results revealed that 83%±13%and 59%±27%of E.coli and Enterococcus were removed,respectively,in partial nitrification process at FNA concentrations of 0.023−0.028 mg/L.When the concentration of FNA increased from 0 to 0.5 mg/L,the inactivation efficiencies of E.coli and Enterococcus increased from 0 to 99.9%and 89.9%,respectively.Enterococcus exhibited a higher resistance to FNA attack compared to E.coli.3D-laser scanning microscopy(3D-LSM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)revealed that FNA exposure caused the surface collapse of E.coli and Enterococcus,as well as visible pore formation on the surface of E.coli cells.4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride n-hydrate(DAPI)/propidium iodide(PI)and biomolecule leakage confirmed that inactivation of E.coli and Enterococcus occurred due to breakdown of cell walls and cell membranes.These findings indicate that partial nitrification process can be used for the removal of residual pathogenic microorganisms.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Innovation Guidance Project of Zhaoqing in 2023(2023040308006)Major Science and Technology Special Project of Yunnan Province(202202AE090036)+1 种基金Open Project of Yunnan State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources(gzkf2022004)Innovation Platform Construction Project of Zhaoqing University in 2024(202413004).
文摘This paper outlines the physiological responses of plants to pathogenic microbial infection and pest feeding stress,as well as the resistance characteristics of plants to diseases and pests,and proposes new directions for future research on crop resistance to diseases and pests.The objective of this paper is to provide a reference framework for the breeding of crops with enhanced resistance to diseases and pests,the utilization of natural immunity in crops,and the efficient prevention and control of diseases and pests.This framework is intended to facilitate the healthy and sustainable development of the agricultural industry.
基金Supported by the Health Commission of Zhejiang Province Medical Science and Technology Program Project(No.2025HY1485)the Planned Science and Technology Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province of China(No.2023ZL352)the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(No.2024-2G-4363).
文摘Introduction:The hypervirulent communityassociated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus,CA-MRSA)sequence type 8(ST8)clone has disseminated globally yet remains only sporadically documented in Chinese clinical settings.To date,staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks attributable to ST8 strains have not been reported in China.Methods:Comprehensive epidemiological and laboratory investigations were conducted,encompassing the isolation of pathogenic microorganisms from food samples,environmental swabs,and patient anal swabs.Recovered isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing,enterotoxin detection,whole-genome sequencing,and phylogenetic and prophage characterization.Results:Five S.aureus isolates were successfully recovered from seven specimens.All isolates were identified as ST8(CC8)-spa t024,harbored enterotoxin genes(sea,seq,and sek),and demonstrated penicillin resistance.Rice balls contaminated with the pathogen were identified as the outbreak source.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the outbreak ST8 strains clustered within a distinct evolutionary subclade(Clade II.1)and exhibited close genetic relatedness to European lineages.The sea,seq,and sek genes were localized on a prophage carrying a type D immune evasion cluster that also encoded the sak and scn genes.Conclusions:This represents the first documented ST8-spa t024 methicillin-susceptible S.aureus food poisoning outbreak in China,involving a toxigenic clone with characteristics associated with hypervirulent lineages,thereby highlighting an emerging public health threat.Enhanced surveillance of ST8 strains among food products and food handlers is urgently needed.
基金support from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(no.ZR2022QB040 and ZR2022QH006)the Incubation Program of Youth Innovation of Shandong Province.
文摘Frequent outbreaks of respiratory diseases caused by the spread of pathogenic microorganisms poses a great threat to human health.Disposable surgical masks(SM)can limit the transmission to some extent but the inability to self-sterilize leads to a potential source of cross-contamination as well as causing hazardous impacts on the soil and aquatic ecosystems.Herein,a sunlight-triggered photoactive self-sterilization metal–organic framework(MOF)film modified SM is reported.The MOF film can be prepared easily and quickly by the co-assembly of UiO-66 nanoparticles and metal-phenolic networks(MPNs,the complexation of tannic acid and iron ions).Unlike the traditional MPN only assisted assembly,this MOF film exhibited a dramatic synergetic photodynamic and photothermal self-sterilization ability for protective equipment surfaces under simulated-solar irradiation without any extra photosensitizers or photothermal agents.A study of the mechanism revealed that the light absorption region of UiO-66 can be expanded by the MPNs,demonstrating a unique photocatalytic sensitization,and thus the MOF film can utilize the sunlight extensively to achieve a photodynamic property.Moreover,such an MOF film demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility,haemocompatibility and breathability,indicating the security of the skin-touched application.This dual-modal photocatalytic MOF film are promising for the long-term usage of disposable protective equipment and for mitigating the heavy burden on the environment.
基金grateful to National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq),codes 140214/2023-2,130605/2023-9Foundation for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel(CAPES)codes 001 for financing research projects.
文摘The application of essential oils has been shown to be an effective and sustainable alternative against the multiplication of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in food.The aim of this work was to study the antimicrobial activity effect of Cerrado Rosemary(Baccharis dracunculifolia DC.),Pepper Rosemary(Lippia sidoides Cham.),Mandarin(Citrus nobilis Lour.),Mexican Lime(Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)essential oils,and the thymol and R-limonene compounds against strains of Penicillium expansum,Pichia kudriavzevii,Salmonella Thypimurium and Staphylococcus aureus.The essential oils were characterized in terms of their chemical composition,the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,and Minimum Bactericidal and Fungicidal Concentration;using the microdilution method in 96-well plates.In addition,effects from mixtures of the essential oils,and the isolated compounds in sub-inhibitory concentrations were performed.The Pepper Rosemary essential oil and thymol,separately,showed the lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values against all the microorganisms evaluated,with the lowest ranging from 0.03 to 1.25 mg.mL^(-1) for P.expansum and 0.31-1.25 mg.mL^(-1) for S.Thypimurium.Mandarin and Mexican lime,have an enhanced antimicrobial effect when used in mixture.The Rlimonene compound showed a synergistic additive effect when combined with the essential oils,against S.aureus strains only.The application of thymol and Lippia was able to reduce growth by 3 log10 for S.aureus and S.Typhimurium in 24 h.Therefore,the Pepper Rosemary essential oil,applied freely or in combination with the thymol compound,has greater potential for use as an antifungal and bactericidal agent,against the microorganisms evaluated.
基金National Science and Technology Major Project on Important Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control(2018ZX10734-404):Key technology research for standardized identification of important pathogens and establishment of relevant reference librariesPublic Welfare Scientific Research Program on Health(201302006):Research on important issues and potential measures of laboratory biosafety in China in the new era.
文摘Pathogenic microbial strains and specimens are crucial national and strategic biological resources.Preservation and management of the pathogenic microbial resources,as an integral component of biosafety,play an important role in the national biosafety system and in the overall framework of national security.Sound preservation and management rely on the effective designation of preservation institutions,strengthened operation and management of preservation institutions,standardized description and data specifications,establishment of preservation information management systems,and promotion of resource-sharing and utilization.Firm protection and efficient sharing and utility of pathogenic microbial resources are expected to make a unique contribution to the sustainable development of the national economy.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC2605300&2024YFC2311500).
文摘The epidemiological characteristics of emerging infectious disease outbreaks in recent years have underscored the critical importance of controlling imported infectious diseases.In this study,we implemented dynamic tracking of microbial invasions by monitoring environmental microbes at the customs and ports.From July to September 2024,a total of 126 environmental samples were collected from three ports of entry in Shenzhen,China.Metagenomic analysis detected 55 non-viral microbial communities and 12 viral taxa.Among these,26.8%of the bacteria,100%of the fungi,71.4%of the protists,and none of the archaea exhibited potential pathogenic properties.Viruses were the most prevalent,including bacteriophages(100%),unclassified viruses(96.8%),giant viruses(27.8%),fungal viruses(4.8%),and vertebrate viruses(1.6%).No statistical differences were observed in viral distribution across areas(χ^(2)=18.70,P=0.541),sites(χ^(2)=14.02,P=0.597),or ports of entry(χ^(2)=10.27,P=0.247).However,viral distribution varied significantly across three sampling months(χ^(2)=21.06,P=0.002),with a higher proportion of giant viruses detected in July.Thirty-nine and forty microorganisms were identified across the six areas and five sites,respectively,with relatively few area/site-specific microorganisms.Four distinct disinfection level zones were categorized:relatively safe zone,less safe zone,general disinfection zone and key disinfection zone.Two strains of viruses with potential pathogenicity were identified:pigeon circovirus and Influenza A virus(H4N2).This study established a metagenomics-based surveillance framework for microbial risk assessment in high-risk port environments and proposed a four-tier disinfection strategy to prioritize high-contact zones.Our findings highlighted environmental metagenomics as a critical complement to traveler screening and provided early warning signals for the prevention and control of imported infectious diseases.
基金Major Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province(202102AA100054,202102AA310047)Basic Strengthening Program(2023-JCJQ-ZD-118-00/173)+2 种基金Xingdian Talent Support Program(XDYC-KJLJ-2022-0004)Major Science and Technology Project,Yunnan Province(202102AA310047,202102AA100054)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFA0110700).
文摘Xenotransplantation has entered the clinical phase in an effort to address the global organ shortage.However,recent clinical studies have revealed that current xenografts from gene-edited(GE)pigs still pose a risk of immune rejection and biosafety concerns.In this study,we successfully produced a large batch of 582 GE cloned(GEC)pigs with 10-(GTKO/CMAHKO/β4GalNT2KO/hCD46/hCD55/hCD59/hTBM/hCD39/hEPCR/hCD47)gene edits via gene editing and somatic cell cloning technologies,and successfully obtained the F1 generation.Phenotypic character ization of 10-GEC pigs revealed the deletion of three xenoantigens and the expression of seven human transgenes across various tissues.Digital droplet polymerase chain reaction and whole-genome sequencing revealed two cop ies of hCD46/hCD55/hCD59/hTBM/hCD39 and one copy of hEPCR/hCD47 in the pig genome with minimal off-target effects or damage to the porcine functional genes.The validation results showed that 10-GEC pigs could effectively inhibit attacks from human antibodies,complement and macrophages on porcine endothelial cells,and alleviated coagulation abnormalities between pigs and humans.Large-scale screening of pathogens revealed no evidence of 47 pathogens,including cytomegalovirus,in our 10-GEC pigs.Kidney,heart and liver xenografts from these 10-GEC pigs were transplanted into nonhuman primates(NHPs),which worked normally without hyperacute rejection(HAR).Among NHPs,the heart and liver orthotopic transplant recipients survived for 3 and 4 days,respectively,while the two kidney transplant recipients survived for 23 and 16 days,respectively.Pathological analysis showed interstitial hemorrhage and fibrosis,cellular hyperplasia with minor antibodies and complement deposition,but significantly reduced infiltration of CD68^(+)macrophages in 10-GEC pig kidney xenografts.In summary,we success fully produced specific pathogen-free 10-GEC donor pigs that resulted in effective mitigation of immune rejection upon multiorgan transplantation to NHPs.
基金financially supported by the grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(82173333 and 81601261)CSCO(Y-Gilead 2024-PT-0189,Y-Young 2024-0251)。
文摘Nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domains(NODs)are pattern recognition receptors involved in the detection of intracellular pathogenic microorganisms and important members of the NOD-like receptor family.These cytoplasmic receptors play a crucial role in orchestrating the innate immune response and are implicated in the progression of various inflammatory disorders,as well as inflammation-related neoplasms.In this review,we summarised the recent developments in NOD1 and NOD2 studies with a particular focus on their role in gynaecological malignancies.These findings emphasise the critical and dynamic roles of NOD1 and NOD2 proteins in gynaecologic cancers and provide insights into integrative therapeutic strategies targeting the NODassociated signalling cascades.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(NRF-RS-2025-00512558NRF-RS-2024-00333777 to D.C.and NRF-RS-2024-00333225 to S.O.).
文摘Plants encounter numerous microorganisms in the environment.However,only a few microbes are pathogenic to a plant species.To colonize plants,pathogens should be able to bypass or suppress multiple layers of the plant defense system,composed of pre-formed physico-chemical barriers and post-invasive immune systems.Thus,each plant pathogenic microorganism has its own host range,depending on the direction in which it is specialized or adapted.But,simultaneously,this specialization results in a lack of adaptation to most other plants,which have different immune components compared to the host plant species of a given pathogen.
