In this study,FeCr_(x)MnAlCu(x=0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0)high-entropy alloys were fabricated using vacuum arc melting,and the corrosion behavior of these alloys in 3.5wt%NaCl solution at room temperature was investigated by e...In this study,FeCr_(x)MnAlCu(x=0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0)high-entropy alloys were fabricated using vacuum arc melting,and the corrosion behavior of these alloys in 3.5wt%NaCl solution at room temperature was investigated by electrochemical dynamic potential polarization curves and immersion experiments.The microstructure results show that the high-entropy alloy with x=0 has a body-centered cubic phase structure,whereas the high-entropy alloys with x=0.5–2.0 have a mixed face-centered cubic+body-centered cubic dual-phase structure.The corrosion results show that the corrosion resistance of the high-entropy alloy is increased with the increase in Cr content.Among them,the high-entropy alloy with x=2.0 exhibits the optimal corrosion resistance:the highest self-corrosion potential(E_(corr)=−0.354 V vs.Ag/AgCl),the smallest self-corrosion current density(I_(corr)=1.991×10^(−6)A·cm^(−2)),and the smallest corrosion rate(0.0292 mm/a).The composite passivation film of oxides and hydroxides is formed on the surface of the corroded high-entropy alloys,and the Cr_(2)O_(3)content is increased with the increase in Cr content,which effectively improves the stability and protective properties of the passivation film.展开更多
The transition of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)from laboratory-scale devices to large-area commercial modules is fundamentally challenged by the poor uniformity and repeatability of conventional solution-based surface ...The transition of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)from laboratory-scale devices to large-area commercial modules is fundamentally challenged by the poor uniformity and repeatability of conventional solution-based surface passivation.To overcome this critical bottleneck,we introduce a vacuumevaporated passivation strategy using the thermally evaporable molecule bathophenanthroline(BPhen).This solvent-free approach yields highly uniform passivation layers,effectively suppressing surface defects and enhancing charge extraction through synergistic π-π stacking with the C60 electron transport layer.Our fully vacuum-evaporated PSCs achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 20.13%for champion cells and 18.42%for 5 cm×5 cm mini-modules.These results not only demonstrate the superiority of evaporated passivation for fabricating large-area devices but also establish a scalable and robust engineering pathway toward the commercial production of highperformance perovskite photovoltaics.展开更多
UV-absorbing additives have recently been demonstrated to be effective interfacial modifiers that simultaneously enhance the UV stability and crystallization of halide perovskite.However,the underlying mechanisms conc...UV-absorbing additives have recently been demonstrated to be effective interfacial modifiers that simultaneously enhance the UV stability and crystallization of halide perovskite.However,the underlying mechanisms concerning UV absorption,defect passivation,and efficacy optimization of these additives remain unresolved.Herein,two UV tautomeric absorbers(UV320 and UV327)are selected as defect-passivators for perovskites.The keto-enol tautomeric evolution processes and corresponding defect passivation performance/mechanism of both the original molecules and their tautomers are thoroughly compared and elucidated through experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations.The additional carbonyl(-C=O)groups generated through the keto-enol tautomeric process triggered by the Cl atom in UV327 ultimately provide superior chemical coordination and enhanced defect-passivation capability compared to the original counterparts.Moreover,the versatility of K-UV327 is further demonstrated by its optimization of SnO_(2)film quality,interfacial energy band alignment,charge extraction efficiency,and defect state suppression.The photodetector optimized by UV327's tautomer achieves an ultralow dark current density of 3.22×10^(-10)A cm^(-2),an enhanced linear dynamic range of 94.14 d B,and a fast response time of 23.35/26.19μs.Notably,unencapsulated devices maintain a stable response at 3900 Hz following 300 h exposure to 40%±5%relative humidity and 30 h UV irradiation.展开更多
The introduction of two-dimensional(2D)perovskite layers on top of three-dimensional(3D)perovskite films enhances the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,the electronic effect of the spac...The introduction of two-dimensional(2D)perovskite layers on top of three-dimensional(3D)perovskite films enhances the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,the electronic effect of the spacer cation and the quality of the 2D capping layer are critical factors in achieving the required results.In this study,we compared two fluorinated salts:4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamidine hydrochloride(4TF-BA·HCl)and 4-fluorobenzamidine hydrochloride(4F-BA·HCl)to engineer the 3D/2D perovskite films.Surprisingly,4F-BA formed a high-performance 3D/2D heterojunction,while4TF-BA produced an amorphous layer on the perovskite films.Our findings indicate that the balanced intramolecular charge polarization,which leads to effective hydrogen bonding,is more favorable in 4F-BA than in 4TF-BA,promoting the formation of a crystalline 2D perovskite.Nevertheless,4TF-BA managed to improve efficiency to 24%,surpassing the control device,primarily due to the natural passivation capabilities of benzamidine.Interestingly,the devices based on 4F-BA demonstrated an efficiency exceeding 25%with greater longevity under various storage conditions compared to 4TF-BA-based and the control devices.展开更多
We describe the design and synthesis of eco-friendly AgInS_(2)/ZnS QDs via a facile one-pot synthesis method for application in encryption and anti-counterfeiting.A significant enhancement in PLQY(up to 45%)and stabil...We describe the design and synthesis of eco-friendly AgInS_(2)/ZnS QDs via a facile one-pot synthesis method for application in encryption and anti-counterfeiting.A significant enhancement in PLQY(up to 45%)and stability are observed with increased ZnS shell thickness.By varying the Ag:In composition from 1:2 to 1:0.25,the PL emission of AgInS_(2)/ZnS QDs can be tuned from the visible to NIR(up to 900 nm).The ink fabricated with AgInS_(2)/ZnSQDs shows greater thermal and water stability compared to AgInS_(2)QDs.The patterns printed with these luminescent inks show excellent water and thermal stability and the capability to print on surfaces of any type and color,making them promising for practical use.These printed patterns are completely transparent/invisible in normal light and visible under 254 nm,365 nm and 464 nm(blue LED)illumination.These features offer rapid responsive and multi-layered information encryption,and sophisticated anti-counterfeiting.展开更多
The soft actuator is characterized by high safety,flexibility,and adaptability.It is capable of both active and passive defor-mations.This paper presents a discrete degree of freedom(DOF)method for soft actuators to r...The soft actuator is characterized by high safety,flexibility,and adaptability.It is capable of both active and passive defor-mations.This paper presents a discrete degree of freedom(DOF)method for soft actuators to reveal DOF characteristics.The method draws on the superposition mechanism of the deformation characteristics of the sarcomere in the skeletal muscles of living organisms.Firstly,the multi-DOF deformation characteristics of the soft actuator are discretized into superimposed combinations of single-DOF micro-units.Then,the soft actuator was determined to contain deformation characteristics such as extension-contraction,bending,and twisting.Eighteen types of micro-units with basic deforma-tion characteristics were obtained depending on the axis and orientation.Further,the mapping relationship between the combination of micro-units and the motion characteristics of the soft actuator based on the GF set theory was established.Finally,an active-passive DOF co-structured soft actuator(APCSA)was developed.The graphical approach analyzes the experimental results,and it can be concluded that active and passive DOFs can coexist in the composite deformation of the soft actuator.展开更多
A novel trace nickel(Ni)doped tungsten(W)matrix with coated Ni on W grains was prepared by powder metallurgy method.The introduction of Ni can inhibit the reaction between W and barium-calcium aluminates(Ba-Ca alumina...A novel trace nickel(Ni)doped tungsten(W)matrix with coated Ni on W grains was prepared by powder metallurgy method.The introduction of Ni can inhibit the reaction between W and barium-calcium aluminates(Ba-Ca aluminates)during the impregnation process of the matrix.After cathode activation,the surface Ba:O molar ratio is 0.88:1.00,much higher than the Ba dispenser cathode without Ni doping.The XPS results of the cathode surface showed that the metallic Ba appeared on the activated cathode surface,forming dipoles with oxygen,and effectively reducing the cathode surface work function.The pulse electron emission current density at 1100℃_(b)(brightness temperature)was 18.26 A/cm^(2),and the calculated work function was 1.97 eV.It has a low evaporation rate and the accelerated lifetime test predict a lifetime of over 160000 h.First-principles calculations showed that the charge transfer and dipole moment in the NiW-BaO system were both increased compared to the Ba dispenser cathode,thus improving the emission performance of the Ni-W mixed matrix cathode.展开更多
Although the certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has achieved a high level of 27%,approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells,the device stability remain...Although the certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has achieved a high level of 27%,approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells,the device stability remains an urgent issue to be resolved for the commercialization.Defect passivation emerged as a viable approach to enhance the operational stability of the solar devices.Herein,phenylthiourea(PhTu)derivatives are selected as effective passivation agents to enhance the optoelectronic properties of printed methylammonium lead iodide(MAPbI_(3))films.It is demonstrated that incorporating a small amount of 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-thiourea(PhTu-COOH)significantly reduces the trap-state density and leads to longer carrier lifetime of the perovskite films.As a result,the inverted solar device made of Ph Tu-COOH-modified MAPbI_(3) perovskite film shows remarkably improved efficiency(from 17.29%to 20.22%)and obviously increased open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))(from 1.043 to 1.143 V),as compared with the pristine device.Moreover,the Ph Tu-COOH-modified PSCs exhibit enhanced operational stability due to the significantly reduced trap-state density.Finally,the optimized solar module fabricated with an active area of 11.28 cm^(2) delivers a high PCE of 17.07%with negligible V_(OC)loss,demonstrating the feasibility of the blade-coating method for large-area perovskite film deposition.展开更多
With the rapid growth of cloud computing,the number of data centers(DCs)continuously increases,leading to a high-energy consumption dilemma.Cooling,apart from IT equipment,represents the largest energy consumption in ...With the rapid growth of cloud computing,the number of data centers(DCs)continuously increases,leading to a high-energy consumption dilemma.Cooling,apart from IT equipment,represents the largest energy consumption in DCs.Passive design(PD)and active design(AD)are two important approaches in architectural design to reduce energy consumption.However,for DC cooling,few studies have summarized AD,and there are almost no studies on PD.Based on existing international research(2005-2024),this paper summarizes the current state of cooling strategies for DCs.PD encompasses floors,ceilings,and layout and zoning of racks.Additionally,other passive strategies not yet studied in DCs are critically examined.AD includes air,liquid,free,and two-phase cooling.This paper systematically compares the performance of different AD technologies on various KPIs,including energy,economic,and environmental indicators.This paper also explores the application of different cooling design strategies through best-practice examples and presents advanced algorithms for energy management in operational DCs.This study reveals that free cooling is widely employed,with Artificial Neural Networks emerging as the most popular algorithm for managing cooling energy.Finally,this paper suggests four future directions for reducing cooling energy in DCs,with a focus on the development of passive strategies.This paper provides an overview and guide to DC energy-consumption issues,emphasizes the importance of implementing passive and active design strategies to reduce DC cooling energy consumption,and provides directions and references for future energy-efficient DC designs.展开更多
Molecular engineering has demonstrated significant potential in modulating the crystallization and interfacial defect passivation of perovskite films.However,the deprotonation of conventional organic ammonium under li...Molecular engineering has demonstrated significant potential in modulating the crystallization and interfacial defect passivation of perovskite films.However,the deprotonation of conventional organic ammonium under light or thermal stress compromises the long-term operational stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,we designed two multifunctional deprotonation-resistant cycloalkyl amidines with different heteroatoms,tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboximidamide hydroiodide(TPCAI)and tetrahydro-2H-t hiopyran-4-carboximidamide hydroiodide(TTCAI),which were used to precisely regulate the crystallization process and interfacial properties of perovskite films.The larger dipole moment and enhanced electronic properties of sulfur-substituted TTCAI than TPCAI strengthen its interaction with the perovskite lattice.This interaction markedly slows down the crystallization rate,promotes preferential growth along the(100)crystal plane,reduces defect density,and effectively suppresses non-radiative recombination.TTCAI meanwhile construction of passivation layers on the surface and grain boundaries of the perovskite film through multiple hydrogen-bond interactions,passivates grain boundary defects,which significantly improves the film's environmental stability.Consequently,the TTCAI-modified device achieved a high efficiency of 25.58%,and the unencapsulated device retained 92%of its initial efficiency after 1200 h of storage at 65℃ under air(RH 30–65%).This study provides new insights into the rational design of multifunctional amidine ligands toward achieving efficient and stable PSCs.展开更多
This paper is dedicated to fixed-time passivity and synchronization for multi-weighted spatiotemporal directed networks.First,to achieve fixed-time passivity,a type of decentralized power-law controller is developed,i...This paper is dedicated to fixed-time passivity and synchronization for multi-weighted spatiotemporal directed networks.First,to achieve fixed-time passivity,a type of decentralized power-law controller is developed,in which only one parameter needs to be adjusted in the power-law terms;this greatly decreases the inconvenience of parameter adjustment.Second,several fixed-time passivity criteria with LMI forms are derived by using a Gauss divergence theorem to deal with the spatial diffusion of nodes and by applying the Hölder’s inequality to dispose rigorously the power-law term greater than one in the designed control scheme;this improves the previous theoretical analysis.Additionally,the fixed-time synchronization of spatiotemporal directed networks with multi-weights is addressed as a direct result of fixed-time strict passivity.Finally,a numerical example is presented in order to show the validity of the theoretical analysis.展开更多
Soil contaminated with heavy metals is a global health hazard.Nanomaterials,with their unique physical and chemical properties,hold significant potential for the remediation of soil polluted with heavy metals.They eff...Soil contaminated with heavy metals is a global health hazard.Nanomaterials,with their unique physical and chemical properties,hold significant potential for the remediation of soil polluted with heavy metals.They effectively reduce the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals through various mechanisms such as adsorption,precipitation,and oxidation-reduction.This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the cuttingedge applications of various nanomaterials,including nanometallic,nano non-metallic materials,nanoclay and mineral materials,and nano modified biochar materials,in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils.It specifically focuses on the key factors influencing the remediation efficacy of these nanomaterials,as well as the underlying remediation mechanisms and methods for performance optimization.The aims of this paper are to provide guidance for the further application of nanomaterials in the field of soil heavy metal remediation,and to offer insights that could promote the effective control of soil heavy metal pollution.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bot...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bottleneck,severely affecting device stability and long-term operational performance.Herein,we present a multifunctional strategy by incorporating highly thermally conductive Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) MXene nanosheets into the perovskite layer to simultaneously enhance thermal management and optoelectronic properties.The Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) nanosheets,embedded at perovskite grain boundaries,construct efficient thermal conduction pathways,significantly improving the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the film.This leads to a notable reduction in the device’s steady-state operating temperature from 42.96 to 39.97 under 100 mW cm^(−2) illumination,thereby alleviating heat-induced performance degradation.Beyond thermal regulation,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X),with high conductivity and negatively charged surface terminations,also serves as an effective defect passivation agent,reducing trap-assisted recombination,while simultaneously facilitating charge extraction and transport by optimizing interfacial energy alignment.As a result,the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC achieve a champion PCE of 25.13%and exhibit outstanding thermal stability,retaining 80%of the initial PCE after 500 h of thermal aging at 85 and 30±5%relative humidity.(In contrast,control PSC retain only 58%after 200 h.)Moreover,under continuous maximum power point tracking in N2 atmosphere,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC retained 70%of the initial PCE after 500 h,whereas the control PSC drop sharply to 20%.These findings highlight the synergistic role of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) in thermal management and optoelectronic performance,paving the way for the development of high-efficiency and heat-resistant perovskite photovoltaics.展开更多
Copper indium sulfur-based quantum dots(CIS QDs)are classified as one of well-known ternaryⅠ-Ⅲ-Ⅵsemiconductors,which have exciting promising applications in display and lighting devices,due to their unique merits s...Copper indium sulfur-based quantum dots(CIS QDs)are classified as one of well-known ternaryⅠ-Ⅲ-Ⅵsemiconductors,which have exciting promising applications in display and lighting devices,due to their unique merits such as non-toxicity,stability,and high photoluminescence quantum yield(PL QY).However,the emission full width at half maximum(FWHM)of CIS-based QDs typically extends to~140 nm,fundamentally limiting their use in high-color-purity light emitting.Herein,we report the rationally-designed CIS QDs with high efficiency and narrowband emission by chemical stoichiometry and gradient shell engineering,based on precisely controlling the dynamic growth and stoichiometric ratio.It is found that the accurate control on the growth kinetics and stoichiometry during the nucleation process of CIS QDs could enhance the crystallinity through gradual and organized crystalline growth,which effectively mitigates the formation of InCusubstitutional and Cu vacancies,thus suppressing the defect emission.Furthermore,the introduced InSx/ZnxGa_(1-x)S gradient shell on the surface of QDs cores could reduce the strain within interface,thereby eliminating the non-radiative recombination caused by the surface defects resulted from interface strain.As a result,a remarkable PLQY of 89%is achieved for the QDs.More importantly,their FWHM decreases to 70 nm,which is the narrowest one for CIS-based QDs ever reported,representing their bright future to be applied in high-definition display devices.展开更多
The non-radiative recombination on the perovskite surface caused by defects has a significant impact on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,we investigated the influence of the dual-site ...The non-radiative recombination on the perovskite surface caused by defects has a significant impact on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,we investigated the influence of the dual-site passivation strategy for treating the perovskite/C_(60)interface on the performance of inverted PSCs.Theoretical calculations show that 4-(2-Aminoethyl)tetrahydropyran,HCl(4 TH)tends to be horizontally arranged on the surface of perovskite,and the dual sites act simultaneously on perovskite.The experimental results show that 4 TH can passivate the surface of perovskite and adjust the interface energy level.The surface of the perovskite after passivation has a more compatible energy level with C_(60),promoting the transport of charge carriers.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of inverted PSCs following the 4 TH modification attains 25.02%.Furthermore,the modified unencapsulated device exhibited improved long-term and thermal stability.展开更多
The hygroscopic nature and severe ions diffusion of conventional dopant Li-TFSI,along with interfacial ionic defects,limiting the efficiency and stability of n-i-p perovskite solar cells(PSCs).To address this,we propo...The hygroscopic nature and severe ions diffusion of conventional dopant Li-TFSI,along with interfacial ionic defects,limiting the efficiency and stability of n-i-p perovskite solar cells(PSCs).To address this,we propose a single-dopant strategy employing a multifunctional,star-shaped dopant 2,4,6-tris(3,4,5-tri fluorophenyl)boroxine(TBRX)with a Lewis acidic boroxine core and highly electronegative fluorinated aryl groups,incorporated into Spiro-OMeTAD.Theoretical and experimental results indicate that TBRX significantly enhances hole mobility,conductivity and the flatness of hole-transporting layer(HTL)while passivating interfacial defects(Pb^(2+),V_(I)),leading to a reinforced perovskite/HTL interface.Additionally,the corresponding p-dopant effectively reduces the energy barrier between the perovskite and the HTL,promoting efficient hole extraction.Consequently,Spiro-OMeTAD:TBRX-based devices deliver a high PCE of25.57%(certified at 25.01%)with excellent long-term operational stability obtained for over 1000 h,retaining~94%of its initial efficiency after 1000 h according to ISOS-L-2 protocols,highlighting the significance of utilizing multifunctional single-dopant framework.展开更多
Back-contacted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been demonstrated with merits of low material cost and weak ion migration,while the inferior buried surface restricts their performance and bifacial response.Herein,poly...Back-contacted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been demonstrated with merits of low material cost and weak ion migration,while the inferior buried surface restricts their performance and bifacial response.Herein,polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)with similar thermal expansion coefficient to perovskites and low tensile modulus is introduced at the substrate/crystal interface to release interface lattice strain and enhance crystallinity.Besides,PVDF can release free fluoride ions to interact with bare Pb^(2+)ions,reducing interface charge trap density and nonradiative recombination.As a result,an impressive efficiency of 13.37%is obtained,setting a new efficiency benchmark for back-contacted PSCs.Moreover,the PVDF-modified devices retain 100%of their initial efficiency after 1,200 h of maximum power point tracking at 60℃.Finally,a high bifaciality factor of 0.96 is obtained,leading to obvious increase of power output under simulated circumstance with reflected light.展开更多
During electrochemical machining(ECM),the passivation film formed on the surface of titanium alloy can lead to uneven dissolution and pitting.Solid particle erosion can effectively remove this passivation film.In this...During electrochemical machining(ECM),the passivation film formed on the surface of titanium alloy can lead to uneven dissolution and pitting.Solid particle erosion can effectively remove this passivation film.In this paper,the electrochemical dissolution behavior of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V(TA15)titanium alloy at without particle impact,low(15°)and high(90°)angle particle impact was investigated,and the influence of Al_(2)O_(3)particles on ECM was systematically expounded.It was found that under the condition of no particle erosion,the surface of electrochemically processed titanium alloy had serious pitting corrosion due to the influence of the passivation film,and the surface roughness(Sa)of the local area reached 10.088μm.Under the condition of a high-impact angle(90°),due to the existence of strain hardening and particle embedding,only the edge of the surface is dissolved,while the central area is almost insoluble,with the surface roughness(S_(a))reaching 16.086μm.On the contrary,under the condition of a low-impact angle(15°),the machining efficiency and surface quality of the material were significantly improved due to the ploughing effect and galvanic corrosion,and the surface roughness(S_(a))reached 2.823μm.Based on these findings,the electrochemical dissolution model of TA15 titanium alloy under different particle erosion conditions was established.展开更多
Cesium lead iodide perovskites offer promising stability and a bandgap near 1.7 eV,making them suitable as the top cell in tandem solar cells.However,the inorganic perovskite films suffer from a high defect density an...Cesium lead iodide perovskites offer promising stability and a bandgap near 1.7 eV,making them suitable as the top cell in tandem solar cells.However,the inorganic perovskite films suffer from a high defect density and substantial recombination losses,undermining their optoelectronic performances.Here,by activating the aromatic system,we develop 4-methoxybenzoylhydrazine(MeOBH)-modified CsPbI_(3) film with regulated crystallinity,suppressed non-radiative recombination,and improved interfacial energetic alignment.The resultant inorganic perovskite solar cells achieved a power conversion efficiency of 20.95%,along with enhanced phase stability owing to the strong coordination interaction between the lead cation and the hydrazide group.Encapsulated devices retain 90.4% of the initial performance after 624 h of maximum power point operation under the ISOS-L-1I protocol.展开更多
基金Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Major Special Program(24ZDWA008)Fourth Batch of Top Leading Talents Fund Projects in Gansu Province(ZZ2023G50100013)。
文摘In this study,FeCr_(x)MnAlCu(x=0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0)high-entropy alloys were fabricated using vacuum arc melting,and the corrosion behavior of these alloys in 3.5wt%NaCl solution at room temperature was investigated by electrochemical dynamic potential polarization curves and immersion experiments.The microstructure results show that the high-entropy alloy with x=0 has a body-centered cubic phase structure,whereas the high-entropy alloys with x=0.5–2.0 have a mixed face-centered cubic+body-centered cubic dual-phase structure.The corrosion results show that the corrosion resistance of the high-entropy alloy is increased with the increase in Cr content.Among them,the high-entropy alloy with x=2.0 exhibits the optimal corrosion resistance:the highest self-corrosion potential(E_(corr)=−0.354 V vs.Ag/AgCl),the smallest self-corrosion current density(I_(corr)=1.991×10^(−6)A·cm^(−2)),and the smallest corrosion rate(0.0292 mm/a).The composite passivation film of oxides and hydroxides is formed on the surface of the corroded high-entropy alloys,and the Cr_(2)O_(3)content is increased with the increase in Cr content,which effectively improves the stability and protective properties of the passivation film.
基金financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFE0103600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52273189)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BG2024016,BZ2023052,BE2022026-2,BK20240756)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(No.202423h08050004)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2024T170622,2023M742526,GZB20240518)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(No.2024ZB061)the Suzhou science and technology plan project(Nos.ST202212,ST202312)supported by the Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nano&Soft Materials。
文摘The transition of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)from laboratory-scale devices to large-area commercial modules is fundamentally challenged by the poor uniformity and repeatability of conventional solution-based surface passivation.To overcome this critical bottleneck,we introduce a vacuumevaporated passivation strategy using the thermally evaporable molecule bathophenanthroline(BPhen).This solvent-free approach yields highly uniform passivation layers,effectively suppressing surface defects and enhancing charge extraction through synergistic π-π stacking with the C60 electron transport layer.Our fully vacuum-evaporated PSCs achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 20.13%for champion cells and 18.42%for 5 cm×5 cm mini-modules.These results not only demonstrate the superiority of evaporated passivation for fabricating large-area devices but also establish a scalable and robust engineering pathway toward the commercial production of highperformance perovskite photovoltaics.
基金the financial support from Xingdian Creative Industry Talent Project of Yunnan Province(No.XDYC-CYCX-2024-0025)Science and Technology Special Projects of Southwest United Graduate School and Innovative Team of Yunnan Province。
文摘UV-absorbing additives have recently been demonstrated to be effective interfacial modifiers that simultaneously enhance the UV stability and crystallization of halide perovskite.However,the underlying mechanisms concerning UV absorption,defect passivation,and efficacy optimization of these additives remain unresolved.Herein,two UV tautomeric absorbers(UV320 and UV327)are selected as defect-passivators for perovskites.The keto-enol tautomeric evolution processes and corresponding defect passivation performance/mechanism of both the original molecules and their tautomers are thoroughly compared and elucidated through experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations.The additional carbonyl(-C=O)groups generated through the keto-enol tautomeric process triggered by the Cl atom in UV327 ultimately provide superior chemical coordination and enhanced defect-passivation capability compared to the original counterparts.Moreover,the versatility of K-UV327 is further demonstrated by its optimization of SnO_(2)film quality,interfacial energy band alignment,charge extraction efficiency,and defect state suppression.The photodetector optimized by UV327's tautomer achieves an ultralow dark current density of 3.22×10^(-10)A cm^(-2),an enhanced linear dynamic range of 94.14 d B,and a fast response time of 23.35/26.19μs.Notably,unencapsulated devices maintain a stable response at 3900 Hz following 300 h exposure to 40%±5%relative humidity and 30 h UV irradiation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Programs-Intergovernmental International Cooperation in Science and Technology Innovation Project(Grant No.2022YFE0118400)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2023JJ50132)+1 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee(Grants Nos.JCYJ20220818100211025,and KCXST20221021111616039)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.20231128110928003)。
文摘The introduction of two-dimensional(2D)perovskite layers on top of three-dimensional(3D)perovskite films enhances the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,the electronic effect of the spacer cation and the quality of the 2D capping layer are critical factors in achieving the required results.In this study,we compared two fluorinated salts:4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamidine hydrochloride(4TF-BA·HCl)and 4-fluorobenzamidine hydrochloride(4F-BA·HCl)to engineer the 3D/2D perovskite films.Surprisingly,4F-BA formed a high-performance 3D/2D heterojunction,while4TF-BA produced an amorphous layer on the perovskite films.Our findings indicate that the balanced intramolecular charge polarization,which leads to effective hydrogen bonding,is more favorable in 4F-BA than in 4TF-BA,promoting the formation of a crystalline 2D perovskite.Nevertheless,4TF-BA managed to improve efficiency to 24%,surpassing the control device,primarily due to the natural passivation capabilities of benzamidine.Interestingly,the devices based on 4F-BA demonstrated an efficiency exceeding 25%with greater longevity under various storage conditions compared to 4TF-BA-based and the control devices.
基金NSERC for funding through an individual Discovery Grantthe Fonds de recherche du Qu ebec-Nature et technologies(FRQNT)for the Merit scholarship program for international students(PBEEE)fellowship+7 种基金the Chinese Scholarship Council and FRQNT for Post-Doctoral scholarshipsthe fund from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M673173)the National Science Foundation(NSFC)for Young Scientists of China(No.22005044)the UNESCO Chair in MATECSS for a Ph.D.Excellence ScholarshipMitacs Accelerate for fundingNESRC-DG and Dalhousie University for start-up fundingthe support of the National Basic Research Program of China(Project 2013CB933301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project 51272038)。
文摘We describe the design and synthesis of eco-friendly AgInS_(2)/ZnS QDs via a facile one-pot synthesis method for application in encryption and anti-counterfeiting.A significant enhancement in PLQY(up to 45%)and stability are observed with increased ZnS shell thickness.By varying the Ag:In composition from 1:2 to 1:0.25,the PL emission of AgInS_(2)/ZnS QDs can be tuned from the visible to NIR(up to 900 nm).The ink fabricated with AgInS_(2)/ZnSQDs shows greater thermal and water stability compared to AgInS_(2)QDs.The patterns printed with these luminescent inks show excellent water and thermal stability and the capability to print on surfaces of any type and color,making them promising for practical use.These printed patterns are completely transparent/invisible in normal light and visible under 254 nm,365 nm and 464 nm(blue LED)illumination.These features offer rapid responsive and multi-layered information encryption,and sophisticated anti-counterfeiting.
基金The Central Government Guides Local Foundation for Science and Technology Development(Grant No.YDZJSX2024B004).
文摘The soft actuator is characterized by high safety,flexibility,and adaptability.It is capable of both active and passive defor-mations.This paper presents a discrete degree of freedom(DOF)method for soft actuators to reveal DOF characteristics.The method draws on the superposition mechanism of the deformation characteristics of the sarcomere in the skeletal muscles of living organisms.Firstly,the multi-DOF deformation characteristics of the soft actuator are discretized into superimposed combinations of single-DOF micro-units.Then,the soft actuator was determined to contain deformation characteristics such as extension-contraction,bending,and twisting.Eighteen types of micro-units with basic deforma-tion characteristics were obtained depending on the axis and orientation.Further,the mapping relationship between the combination of micro-units and the motion characteristics of the soft actuator based on the GF set theory was established.Finally,an active-passive DOF co-structured soft actuator(APCSA)was developed.The graphical approach analyzes the experimental results,and it can be concluded that active and passive DOFs can coexist in the composite deformation of the soft actuator.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2341209 and 52130407).
文摘A novel trace nickel(Ni)doped tungsten(W)matrix with coated Ni on W grains was prepared by powder metallurgy method.The introduction of Ni can inhibit the reaction between W and barium-calcium aluminates(Ba-Ca aluminates)during the impregnation process of the matrix.After cathode activation,the surface Ba:O molar ratio is 0.88:1.00,much higher than the Ba dispenser cathode without Ni doping.The XPS results of the cathode surface showed that the metallic Ba appeared on the activated cathode surface,forming dipoles with oxygen,and effectively reducing the cathode surface work function.The pulse electron emission current density at 1100℃_(b)(brightness temperature)was 18.26 A/cm^(2),and the calculated work function was 1.97 eV.It has a low evaporation rate and the accelerated lifetime test predict a lifetime of over 160000 h.First-principles calculations showed that the charge transfer and dipole moment in the NiW-BaO system were both increased compared to the Ba dispenser cathode,thus improving the emission performance of the Ni-W mixed matrix cathode.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62205103)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2023JJ40216)the Elite Youth Program by the Department of Education of Hunan Province(Grant No.24B0663)。
文摘Although the certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has achieved a high level of 27%,approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells,the device stability remains an urgent issue to be resolved for the commercialization.Defect passivation emerged as a viable approach to enhance the operational stability of the solar devices.Herein,phenylthiourea(PhTu)derivatives are selected as effective passivation agents to enhance the optoelectronic properties of printed methylammonium lead iodide(MAPbI_(3))films.It is demonstrated that incorporating a small amount of 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-thiourea(PhTu-COOH)significantly reduces the trap-state density and leads to longer carrier lifetime of the perovskite films.As a result,the inverted solar device made of Ph Tu-COOH-modified MAPbI_(3) perovskite film shows remarkably improved efficiency(from 17.29%to 20.22%)and obviously increased open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))(from 1.043 to 1.143 V),as compared with the pristine device.Moreover,the Ph Tu-COOH-modified PSCs exhibit enhanced operational stability due to the significantly reduced trap-state density.Finally,the optimized solar module fabricated with an active area of 11.28 cm^(2) delivers a high PCE of 17.07%with negligible V_(OC)loss,demonstrating the feasibility of the blade-coating method for large-area perovskite film deposition.
文摘With the rapid growth of cloud computing,the number of data centers(DCs)continuously increases,leading to a high-energy consumption dilemma.Cooling,apart from IT equipment,represents the largest energy consumption in DCs.Passive design(PD)and active design(AD)are two important approaches in architectural design to reduce energy consumption.However,for DC cooling,few studies have summarized AD,and there are almost no studies on PD.Based on existing international research(2005-2024),this paper summarizes the current state of cooling strategies for DCs.PD encompasses floors,ceilings,and layout and zoning of racks.Additionally,other passive strategies not yet studied in DCs are critically examined.AD includes air,liquid,free,and two-phase cooling.This paper systematically compares the performance of different AD technologies on various KPIs,including energy,economic,and environmental indicators.This paper also explores the application of different cooling design strategies through best-practice examples and presents advanced algorithms for energy management in operational DCs.This study reveals that free cooling is widely employed,with Artificial Neural Networks emerging as the most popular algorithm for managing cooling energy.Finally,this paper suggests four future directions for reducing cooling energy in DCs,with a focus on the development of passive strategies.This paper provides an overview and guide to DC energy-consumption issues,emphasizes the importance of implementing passive and active design strategies to reduce DC cooling energy consumption,and provides directions and references for future energy-efficient DC designs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22471218)Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Chemistry&Biology(22JHQ002)+3 种基金Program for Young Talents of Shaanxi Province(5113190023)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2025JC-YBMS-147 and2024JC-ZDXM-08)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY24B010002)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2025A1515012305)。
文摘Molecular engineering has demonstrated significant potential in modulating the crystallization and interfacial defect passivation of perovskite films.However,the deprotonation of conventional organic ammonium under light or thermal stress compromises the long-term operational stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,we designed two multifunctional deprotonation-resistant cycloalkyl amidines with different heteroatoms,tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboximidamide hydroiodide(TPCAI)and tetrahydro-2H-t hiopyran-4-carboximidamide hydroiodide(TTCAI),which were used to precisely regulate the crystallization process and interfacial properties of perovskite films.The larger dipole moment and enhanced electronic properties of sulfur-substituted TTCAI than TPCAI strengthen its interaction with the perovskite lattice.This interaction markedly slows down the crystallization rate,promotes preferential growth along the(100)crystal plane,reduces defect density,and effectively suppresses non-radiative recombination.TTCAI meanwhile construction of passivation layers on the surface and grain boundaries of the perovskite film through multiple hydrogen-bond interactions,passivates grain boundary defects,which significantly improves the film's environmental stability.Consequently,the TTCAI-modified device achieved a high efficiency of 25.58%,and the unencapsulated device retained 92%of its initial efficiency after 1200 h of storage at 65℃ under air(RH 30–65%).This study provides new insights into the rational design of multifunctional amidine ligands toward achieving efficient and stable PSCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62373317)the Tianshan Talent Training Program(2022TSYCCX0013)+3 种基金the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang(2021D01D10)the Basic Research Foundation for Universities of Xinjiang(XJEDU2023P023)the Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Applied Mathematics(XJDX1401)the Intelligent Control and Optimization Research Platform in Xinjiang University.
文摘This paper is dedicated to fixed-time passivity and synchronization for multi-weighted spatiotemporal directed networks.First,to achieve fixed-time passivity,a type of decentralized power-law controller is developed,in which only one parameter needs to be adjusted in the power-law terms;this greatly decreases the inconvenience of parameter adjustment.Second,several fixed-time passivity criteria with LMI forms are derived by using a Gauss divergence theorem to deal with the spatial diffusion of nodes and by applying the Hölder’s inequality to dispose rigorously the power-law term greater than one in the designed control scheme;this improves the previous theoretical analysis.Additionally,the fixed-time synchronization of spatiotemporal directed networks with multi-weights is addressed as a direct result of fixed-time strict passivity.Finally,a numerical example is presented in order to show the validity of the theoretical analysis.
基金the Natural Science Research Initiation Fund Project of China West Normal University(No.23KE001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42407186,42277033,and 42171045)+1 种基金the Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province(No.202401AT070304)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.Y2024QC28)for their financial support。
文摘Soil contaminated with heavy metals is a global health hazard.Nanomaterials,with their unique physical and chemical properties,hold significant potential for the remediation of soil polluted with heavy metals.They effectively reduce the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals through various mechanisms such as adsorption,precipitation,and oxidation-reduction.This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the cuttingedge applications of various nanomaterials,including nanometallic,nano non-metallic materials,nanoclay and mineral materials,and nano modified biochar materials,in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils.It specifically focuses on the key factors influencing the remediation efficacy of these nanomaterials,as well as the underlying remediation mechanisms and methods for performance optimization.The aims of this paper are to provide guidance for the further application of nanomaterials in the field of soil heavy metal remediation,and to offer insights that could promote the effective control of soil heavy metal pollution.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62374029,22175029,62474033,and W2433038)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.YESS20220550)+2 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0250)the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen Innovation Committee(JCYJ20210324135614040)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.ZYGX2022J032).
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bottleneck,severely affecting device stability and long-term operational performance.Herein,we present a multifunctional strategy by incorporating highly thermally conductive Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) MXene nanosheets into the perovskite layer to simultaneously enhance thermal management and optoelectronic properties.The Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) nanosheets,embedded at perovskite grain boundaries,construct efficient thermal conduction pathways,significantly improving the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the film.This leads to a notable reduction in the device’s steady-state operating temperature from 42.96 to 39.97 under 100 mW cm^(−2) illumination,thereby alleviating heat-induced performance degradation.Beyond thermal regulation,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X),with high conductivity and negatively charged surface terminations,also serves as an effective defect passivation agent,reducing trap-assisted recombination,while simultaneously facilitating charge extraction and transport by optimizing interfacial energy alignment.As a result,the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC achieve a champion PCE of 25.13%and exhibit outstanding thermal stability,retaining 80%of the initial PCE after 500 h of thermal aging at 85 and 30±5%relative humidity.(In contrast,control PSC retain only 58%after 200 h.)Moreover,under continuous maximum power point tracking in N2 atmosphere,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)-modified PSC retained 70%of the initial PCE after 500 h,whereas the control PSC drop sharply to 20%.These findings highlight the synergistic role of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) in thermal management and optoelectronic performance,paving the way for the development of high-efficiency and heat-resistant perovskite photovoltaics.
基金supported by“Science and Technology Innovation 2025”of Ningbo Foundation(No.2020Z061)the general scientific research project of the Department of Education of Zhejiang Province(Nos.Y202147973 and Y202250313)+2 种基金Scientific Research Project Funded by Ningbo University of Technology(Nos.2022KQ11 and 2022TS26)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62165001)the special fund for“Guangxi Bagui Scholars”。
文摘Copper indium sulfur-based quantum dots(CIS QDs)are classified as one of well-known ternaryⅠ-Ⅲ-Ⅵsemiconductors,which have exciting promising applications in display and lighting devices,due to their unique merits such as non-toxicity,stability,and high photoluminescence quantum yield(PL QY).However,the emission full width at half maximum(FWHM)of CIS-based QDs typically extends to~140 nm,fundamentally limiting their use in high-color-purity light emitting.Herein,we report the rationally-designed CIS QDs with high efficiency and narrowband emission by chemical stoichiometry and gradient shell engineering,based on precisely controlling the dynamic growth and stoichiometric ratio.It is found that the accurate control on the growth kinetics and stoichiometry during the nucleation process of CIS QDs could enhance the crystallinity through gradual and organized crystalline growth,which effectively mitigates the formation of InCusubstitutional and Cu vacancies,thus suppressing the defect emission.Furthermore,the introduced InSx/ZnxGa_(1-x)S gradient shell on the surface of QDs cores could reduce the strain within interface,thereby eliminating the non-radiative recombination caused by the surface defects resulted from interface strain.As a result,a remarkable PLQY of 89%is achieved for the QDs.More importantly,their FWHM decreases to 70 nm,which is the narrowest one for CIS-based QDs ever reported,representing their bright future to be applied in high-definition display devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62305015,No.22005013)。
文摘The non-radiative recombination on the perovskite surface caused by defects has a significant impact on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,we investigated the influence of the dual-site passivation strategy for treating the perovskite/C_(60)interface on the performance of inverted PSCs.Theoretical calculations show that 4-(2-Aminoethyl)tetrahydropyran,HCl(4 TH)tends to be horizontally arranged on the surface of perovskite,and the dual sites act simultaneously on perovskite.The experimental results show that 4 TH can passivate the surface of perovskite and adjust the interface energy level.The surface of the perovskite after passivation has a more compatible energy level with C_(60),promoting the transport of charge carriers.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of inverted PSCs following the 4 TH modification attains 25.02%.Furthermore,the modified unencapsulated device exhibited improved long-term and thermal stability.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22175029,62474033,62374029 and W2433038)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0250)+2 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2025A1515010313)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.ZYGX2022J032)the Foundation of China Petroleum&Chemical Corporation(Nos.30000000-23ZC0607-0127 and 36850000-23-ZC0607-0045)for financial support。
文摘The hygroscopic nature and severe ions diffusion of conventional dopant Li-TFSI,along with interfacial ionic defects,limiting the efficiency and stability of n-i-p perovskite solar cells(PSCs).To address this,we propose a single-dopant strategy employing a multifunctional,star-shaped dopant 2,4,6-tris(3,4,5-tri fluorophenyl)boroxine(TBRX)with a Lewis acidic boroxine core and highly electronegative fluorinated aryl groups,incorporated into Spiro-OMeTAD.Theoretical and experimental results indicate that TBRX significantly enhances hole mobility,conductivity and the flatness of hole-transporting layer(HTL)while passivating interfacial defects(Pb^(2+),V_(I)),leading to a reinforced perovskite/HTL interface.Additionally,the corresponding p-dopant effectively reduces the energy barrier between the perovskite and the HTL,promoting efficient hole extraction.Consequently,Spiro-OMeTAD:TBRX-based devices deliver a high PCE of25.57%(certified at 25.01%)with excellent long-term operational stability obtained for over 1000 h,retaining~94%of its initial efficiency after 1000 h according to ISOS-L-2 protocols,highlighting the significance of utilizing multifunctional single-dopant framework.
基金economically supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62474102)Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,China(2024CXGC010302)。
文摘Back-contacted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been demonstrated with merits of low material cost and weak ion migration,while the inferior buried surface restricts their performance and bifacial response.Herein,polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)with similar thermal expansion coefficient to perovskites and low tensile modulus is introduced at the substrate/crystal interface to release interface lattice strain and enhance crystallinity.Besides,PVDF can release free fluoride ions to interact with bare Pb^(2+)ions,reducing interface charge trap density and nonradiative recombination.As a result,an impressive efficiency of 13.37%is obtained,setting a new efficiency benchmark for back-contacted PSCs.Moreover,the PVDF-modified devices retain 100%of their initial efficiency after 1,200 h of maximum power point tracking at 60℃.Finally,a high bifaciality factor of 0.96 is obtained,leading to obvious increase of power output under simulated circumstance with reflected light.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52175414)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(No.BK20220134)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.NE2023002)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(No.KYCX24_0559)。
文摘During electrochemical machining(ECM),the passivation film formed on the surface of titanium alloy can lead to uneven dissolution and pitting.Solid particle erosion can effectively remove this passivation film.In this paper,the electrochemical dissolution behavior of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V(TA15)titanium alloy at without particle impact,low(15°)and high(90°)angle particle impact was investigated,and the influence of Al_(2)O_(3)particles on ECM was systematically expounded.It was found that under the condition of no particle erosion,the surface of electrochemically processed titanium alloy had serious pitting corrosion due to the influence of the passivation film,and the surface roughness(Sa)of the local area reached 10.088μm.Under the condition of a high-impact angle(90°),due to the existence of strain hardening and particle embedding,only the edge of the surface is dissolved,while the central area is almost insoluble,with the surface roughness(S_(a))reaching 16.086μm.On the contrary,under the condition of a low-impact angle(15°),the machining efficiency and surface quality of the material were significantly improved due to the ploughing effect and galvanic corrosion,and the surface roughness(S_(a))reached 2.823μm.Based on these findings,the electrochemical dissolution model of TA15 titanium alloy under different particle erosion conditions was established.
基金financially supported by the National Ten Thousand Talent Program (H.C.)。
文摘Cesium lead iodide perovskites offer promising stability and a bandgap near 1.7 eV,making them suitable as the top cell in tandem solar cells.However,the inorganic perovskite films suffer from a high defect density and substantial recombination losses,undermining their optoelectronic performances.Here,by activating the aromatic system,we develop 4-methoxybenzoylhydrazine(MeOBH)-modified CsPbI_(3) film with regulated crystallinity,suppressed non-radiative recombination,and improved interfacial energetic alignment.The resultant inorganic perovskite solar cells achieved a power conversion efficiency of 20.95%,along with enhanced phase stability owing to the strong coordination interaction between the lead cation and the hydrazide group.Encapsulated devices retain 90.4% of the initial performance after 624 h of maximum power point operation under the ISOS-L-1I protocol.
