The transition of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)from laboratory-scale devices to large-area commercial modules is fundamentally challenged by the poor uniformity and repeatability of conventional solution-based surface ...The transition of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)from laboratory-scale devices to large-area commercial modules is fundamentally challenged by the poor uniformity and repeatability of conventional solution-based surface passivation.To overcome this critical bottleneck,we introduce a vacuumevaporated passivation strategy using the thermally evaporable molecule bathophenanthroline(BPhen).This solvent-free approach yields highly uniform passivation layers,effectively suppressing surface defects and enhancing charge extraction through synergistic π-π stacking with the C60 electron transport layer.Our fully vacuum-evaporated PSCs achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 20.13%for champion cells and 18.42%for 5 cm×5 cm mini-modules.These results not only demonstrate the superiority of evaporated passivation for fabricating large-area devices but also establish a scalable and robust engineering pathway toward the commercial production of highperformance perovskite photovoltaics.展开更多
A demand for renewable alternatives that would be able to deal with the problems related to well-being is directly linked to the world’s growing needs to save energy and reduce environmental costs. For a project impl...A demand for renewable alternatives that would be able to deal with the problems related to well-being is directly linked to the world’s growing needs to save energy and reduce environmental costs. For a project implementation addressing these issues, it is essential to know the climatic conditions of the target area. Taking natural ventilation, climatic factors, and renewable alternatives as important sources of comfort, in this work, passive strategies, through the utilization of microclimate elements as well as the location of outside obstacles, were imposed on an initial and specific project. The objective was to introduce obstacles which could interfere in the field of external wind and evaluate whether this outside intervention is able to make changes in indoor air circulation. The wind fields for the studied cases were obtained by computational simulations, and their consequences were analyzed to attain thermal comfort. The method adopted to obtain the wind fields was a Petrov-Galerkin type method, which is a stabilized mixed finite element method of the Navier-Stokes equations considering the incompressibility and formulated in primitive variables, velocity and pressure. The obtained results point to the solutions that promote the increase or decrease of the wind-field intensity.展开更多
Interfacial defects and environmental instability at perovskite surfaces pose significant challenges for inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs). Surface post-treatment strategies have emerged as a viable approach to im...Interfacial defects and environmental instability at perovskite surfaces pose significant challenges for inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs). Surface post-treatment strategies have emerged as a viable approach to improve film quality and passivate defects. Although organic molecules can passivate both surfaces and grain boundaries via hydrogen or covalent bonding,their limited adsorption specificity often results in incomplete defect neutralization. In this work, we introduce a bilayer passivation approach employing phenethylammonium iodide(PEAI) and n-octylammonium iodide(OAI) to concurrently mitigate nonradiative recombination and improve stability. PEAI passivates undercoordinated Pb^(2+) at grain boundaries and surfaces, effectively eliminating deep-level traps and suppressing non-radiative losses. Meanwhile, OAI forms a hydrophobic barrier on the perovskite surface through its long alkyl chains, inhibiting moisture penetration without compromising interfacial charge transport. As a result, the perovskite film exhibits significantly enhanced optoelectronic performance and environmental stability,achieving a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 24.48%.展开更多
Film cooling is an indispensable scheme in the design of highly-efficient cooling configurations to satisfy the thermal protection requirement of turbine hot section components.During the last few decades,vast efforts...Film cooling is an indispensable scheme in the design of highly-efficient cooling configurations to satisfy the thermal protection requirement of turbine hot section components.During the last few decades,vast efforts have been paid on the discrete-hole film cooling enhancement.In this paper,some of the recent literatures related to the passive strategies(such as shaped film cooling holes,upstream ramps,shallow trenches,mesh-fed slots)and the active strategies(such as the use of pulsation modulating device or plasma actuator)for film cooling enhancement are surveyed,with the aim at presenting an updated overview about the state of the art in advanced film cooling.In addition,some challenging issues are also outlined to motivate further investigations in such a broad topic.展开更多
Metal halide perovskites,particularly the quasi-two-dimensional perovskite subclass,have exhibited considerable potential for next-generation electroluminescent materials for lighting and display.Nevertheless,the pres...Metal halide perovskites,particularly the quasi-two-dimensional perovskite subclass,have exhibited considerable potential for next-generation electroluminescent materials for lighting and display.Nevertheless,the presence of defects within these perovskites has a substantial influence on the emission efficiency and durability of the devices.In this study,we revealed a synergistic passivation mechanism on perovskite films by using a dual-functional compound of potassium bromide.The dual functional potassium bromide on the one hand can passivate the defects of halide vacancies with bromine anions and,on the other hand,can screen the charged defects at the grain boundaries with potassium cations.This approach effectively reduces the probability of carriers quenching resulting from charged defects capture and consequently enhances the radiative recombination efficiency of perovskite thin films,leading to a significant enhancement of photoluminescence quantum yield to near-unity values(95%).Meanwhile,the potassium bromide treatment promoted the growth of homogeneous and smooth film,facilitating the charge carrier injection in the devices.Consequently,the perovskite light-emitting diodes based on this strategy achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency of~21%and maximum luminance of~60,000 cd m^(-2).This work provides a deeper insight into the passivation mechanism of ionic compound additives in perovskite with the solution method.展开更多
Teaching design incorporating a sense of sustainability to architecture students is a challenge today, primarily because of the trend to label every design as sustainable or green even though it is no different from a...Teaching design incorporating a sense of sustainability to architecture students is a challenge today, primarily because of the trend to label every design as sustainable or green even though it is no different from a more traditional one. The result is a ＂green-washed＂ education in architecture. To address this issue, this paper describes a teaching methodology of architectural design with a special focus on sustainability implemented in the Graduate School of Architecture in Clemson. This method includes an analysis of the location, the climate conditions, the materials needed and the construction process. Knowing that sustainable design is generally perceived as being expensive, there is a special focus on simplicity and affordability. Rather than relying on expensive technical solutions, students are encouraged to design for the given environment and apply passive strategies. In the approach discussed in this paper, the design process is a number of logical scientific decisions rather than an intuitive draft. The goal of this pedagogy is to raise awareness about how to handle global resources carefully and to show the importance of the later performance of the project as a key to design. The teaching strategy is described here along with the successful participation by our graduate students in a number of refereed competitions.展开更多
The empirical study uses black swan approach to analyze the performance of South African （ZA） listed property loan stocks （PLSs）. Although there are no empirical studies on black swan perspective and performance o...The empirical study uses black swan approach to analyze the performance of South African （ZA） listed property loan stocks （PLSs）. Although there are no empirical studies on black swan perspective and performance of listed real estate funds, the study found that there are similar traits of investing in listed real estate funds from emerging markets＇ perspective and what black swan advocates such as passive investment strategy and non-normality distribution of returns from listed real estate funds. Furthermore, the individual return of each fund was higher the return of the property loan stocks index and the probabilities of all variables confirm that they （variables） are significant when alpha is 10% at confidence level of 90%.展开更多
INTRODUCTION Recent development has seen a drastic increase in energy use trends in Saudi Arabian buildings leading to a demand for an effective course of action for energy conservation and production.A case study-bas...INTRODUCTION Recent development has seen a drastic increase in energy use trends in Saudi Arabian buildings leading to a demand for an effective course of action for energy conservation and production.A case study-based research initiative explor-ing near-zero energy potential in Saudi Arabia was undertaken.A 4-bedroom detached single-family faculty residence at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals(KFUPM)representing common regional housing design trends was utilized.A base case simulation model of the house was developed and val-idated using short-term and real-time energy consumption data.Three sets of strategies:passive design strategies,representative codes and standards,and renewable technology were employed in the new design of the house.Passive strategies com-prised a green roof,a ventilated wall system,a sloped roof,and insulation for thermal bridges.These alternatives helped reduce the annual energy consumption of the house by 17.2%.The most recent version of the International Energy Conserva-tion Code(IECC 2012)was also incorporated along with ASHRAE Standard 62.2 for ventilation.The code and standard together reduced the annual energy consumption by 31.1%.Solar PV was then utilized to reduce grid utilization for the remainder of the house energy loads.This strategy provided 24.7%of the total energy consumed annually.A combination of strategies showed a 70.7%energy consumption reduction,thereby decreasing the energy index of the house from 162.9 to 47.7 kWh/m^(2)/yr.The Zero Energy Building(ZEB)concepts and strategies utilized in this study demonstrate a socially responsible approach to achieving near-zero energy performance for an existing house.展开更多
Mosques have intermittent operational schedules with short-term occupancy during the five daily prayers.The occupancy level of the daily prayers is a fraction compared to the mandatory Friday prayers with full occupan...Mosques have intermittent operational schedules with short-term occupancy during the five daily prayers.The occupancy level of the daily prayers is a fraction compared to the mandatory Friday prayers with full occupancy.Usually,the same thermal control mechanism is operated within the same large prayer hall to maintain the thermal comfort of the occupants.Yet,the comfort requirements are often not met due to the short span of operation during prayer times.Nevertheless,mosques have a very high energy usage as the same energyintensive system is operated even during minimal occupancy profiles.The current research aims at using a passive approach towards design to achieve the comfort conditions during the low occupancy daily prayer times without employing mechanical intervention.Numerical simulations are carried out on a validated model of the case study building to investigate the impact of the west-facing Qiblah wall as the congregation stands in proximity to this wall.The design alternatives are tested in conjunction with ventilation strategies to holistically assess the thermal comfort of the occupants.Results show that as much as 4-6℃reduction in indoor wall surface temperature can be achieved with a suitable Qiblah wall design,which reduces the mean radiant temperature of the occupants by 2-4℃.Combined with ventilation strategies,thermal comfort can be significantly improved by at least 40%for the prayers during the hottest times of the day,and as much as 80%for night-time prayers.Results suggest that suitable comfort conditions can be achieved without the need for air-conditioning for at least two or three of the five daily prayers.展开更多
Bubbles are known to affect energy and mass transfer in gas-evolving electrodes,including those in water splitting,chlorine generation,direct methanol fuel cells,and carbon dioxide generation.As bubbles vigorously evo...Bubbles are known to affect energy and mass transfer in gas-evolving electrodes,including those in water splitting,chlorine generation,direct methanol fuel cells,and carbon dioxide generation.As bubbles vigorously evolve in electrochemical reactions,undesired blockage of active sites and ion conducting pathways result in serious energy losses.Since new advances are made with the development of new theories,materials,and techniques,this review discusses the recent works on promoting bubble removal in electrochemical systems with the aim of guiding and motivating future research in this area.We first provide the mechanism of bubble evolution in electrochemical systems and the resultant overpotentials in detail.Then,recent advances in mitigating bubble issues are presented from the perspectives of passive and active strategies.Passive strategies act on the macro-and micro-structures of the electrode,surface wettability,and electrolyte properties.Active strategies employ out-fields,including flowing electrolytes,acoustic fields,magnetic forces,and photothermal effects,to guide bubbles out of reaction sites aiming at high reaction rates,whereas external energy is needed.Finally,the pros and cons of both strategies and future outlooks are presented.This review leads to design guidelines for highperformance gas-evolving electrochemical systems.展开更多
Parametric architecture can be used to improve design quality by integrating and coordinating design components,and any change in one parameter affects the final design.Daylight is a crucial parameter in designing ene...Parametric architecture can be used to improve design quality by integrating and coordinating design components,and any change in one parameter affects the final design.Daylight is a crucial parameter in designing energy-efficient buildings.In this research,daylight inside a building was improved by designing a kinetic shading system with independent units parametrically responding to sunlight through 3D rotation(around the centers of the units)and 2D movement(on the surface of the shading system).Various patterns were determined to create the unit’s basic form and allow the designer to have a wide range of options.The units were defined with the plugin“Grasshopper.”Their rotation was parametrically controlled on the basis of sun path and weather data by using“Honeybee”and“Ladybug”plugins to provide constant optimized daylighting inside the building.Results showed that the use of such a shading system in optimal situations can greatly increase the efficiency of indoor daylight.展开更多
It is well known that the passive strategies applying in traditional buildings respond satisfactory to climatic requirements and succeed to provide maximum indoor comfort with minimum energy consumption.From this poin...It is well known that the passive strategies applying in traditional buildings respond satisfactory to climatic requirements and succeed to provide maximum indoor comfort with minimum energy consumption.From this point of view,it is interesting to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of the vernacular strategies to improve the environmental performance of the building's envelope under desert climate conditions.The research tries to address this issue and was undertaken in southern Algeria where a very hot and arid climate prevails.The effect of some selected passive cooling strategies on enhancing the building's envelope climate performance was examined.These strategies are inspired from the local vernacular architecture,and they are expected to provide satisfactory indoor thermal comfort for users and to reduce the energy cooling demand from residential buildings.Applying field and computational investigations,two existing residential buildings were tested:a typical residential unit and a contemporary vernacular(neo-vernacular)building.In the latter,climate responsive strategies inspired from vernacular architecture were applied.A comparison based on site measurements was carried out on the two selected buildings which differ from their envelope design properties and components.展开更多
This paper discusses the design and building process of a net-zero energy solar-powered house developed for the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition to promote high-performance design while using traditional passive strat...This paper discusses the design and building process of a net-zero energy solar-powered house developed for the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition to promote high-performance design while using traditional passive strategies.This project,sponsored by the Department of Energy,brought together students from architecture,engineering,and marketing departments to design and build the house of the future.The challenge was to design a net-zero energy completely solar-powered house that is economically viable,aesthetically pleasant,and completely functional as well.Given that a net-zero energy building will rely on the functional interdependency of a building’s passive and active elements,the UNC Charlotte entry-the UrbanEden house-tried to effectively integrate those elements and deliver a best practice.To that end,the building envelope embraced passive strategies to minimize the annual heating and cooling loads and to optimize natural lighting.Several design ideas were tested via energy simulation to optimize energy and comfort performance.The estimated energy demand led into the design of the photovoltaic system,which has the dual function of producing energy and acting as a shading device.The modular configuration of the house accommodated the transportation of the house across the country while enhancing the future expansion of the house for bigger size applications.Daylighting simulation was performed to finalize the building openings and address the lighting needs.This paper reports a way of effectively designing and constructing a net-zero energy,comfortable,and affordable solar house.展开更多
This article describes research needs for sustainable buildings as defi ned in a July 2009 National Science Foundationsponsored workshop.This workshop brought together building researchers with researchers in the area...This article describes research needs for sustainable buildings as defi ned in a July 2009 National Science Foundationsponsored workshop.This workshop brought together building researchers with researchers in the areas of distributed renewable energy and multifunctional materials to engage their expertise and identify overlapping research needs and opportunities.An overview of sustainable building design provided the broad context for discussion.This overview was followed by focused presentations in building control systems,advanced building envelopes,and systems and process integration.In addition,presentations on distributed renewable energy and multi-functional materials supported the participants in outlining and generating research needs that connect the topic areas.The primary outcome from this part of the workshop was the identifi cation of key sustainable building research needs in:transformative measurements;passive strategies;regional solutions and living labs;systems integration;storage and cascades;adoption of international advances;and implementation and market transformation.These needs,along with associated technical challenges and potential impacts,are described in this paper to guide sustainable building research.展开更多
基金financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFE0103600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52273189)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BG2024016,BZ2023052,BE2022026-2,BK20240756)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(No.202423h08050004)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2024T170622,2023M742526,GZB20240518)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(No.2024ZB061)the Suzhou science and technology plan project(Nos.ST202212,ST202312)supported by the Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nano&Soft Materials。
文摘The transition of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)from laboratory-scale devices to large-area commercial modules is fundamentally challenged by the poor uniformity and repeatability of conventional solution-based surface passivation.To overcome this critical bottleneck,we introduce a vacuumevaporated passivation strategy using the thermally evaporable molecule bathophenanthroline(BPhen).This solvent-free approach yields highly uniform passivation layers,effectively suppressing surface defects and enhancing charge extraction through synergistic π-π stacking with the C60 electron transport layer.Our fully vacuum-evaporated PSCs achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 20.13%for champion cells and 18.42%for 5 cm×5 cm mini-modules.These results not only demonstrate the superiority of evaporated passivation for fabricating large-area devices but also establish a scalable and robust engineering pathway toward the commercial production of highperformance perovskite photovoltaics.
基金the FAPERJ(State of Rio de Janeiro research supporting foundation)
文摘A demand for renewable alternatives that would be able to deal with the problems related to well-being is directly linked to the world’s growing needs to save energy and reduce environmental costs. For a project implementation addressing these issues, it is essential to know the climatic conditions of the target area. Taking natural ventilation, climatic factors, and renewable alternatives as important sources of comfort, in this work, passive strategies, through the utilization of microclimate elements as well as the location of outside obstacles, were imposed on an initial and specific project. The objective was to introduce obstacles which could interfere in the field of external wind and evaluate whether this outside intervention is able to make changes in indoor air circulation. The wind fields for the studied cases were obtained by computational simulations, and their consequences were analyzed to attain thermal comfort. The method adopted to obtain the wind fields was a Petrov-Galerkin type method, which is a stabilized mixed finite element method of the Navier-Stokes equations considering the incompressibility and formulated in primitive variables, velocity and pressure. The obtained results point to the solutions that promote the increase or decrease of the wind-field intensity.
基金financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2021YFB3800102)the Key Research Project of Hefei Normal University (No. 2023QN08)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U22A20142, 52302324, and 52272252)CASHIPS Director's Fund (Nos. YZJJ-GGZX-2022-01 and YZJJ202304-CX)Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology Center (No. 2023-ZM01X011)。
文摘Interfacial defects and environmental instability at perovskite surfaces pose significant challenges for inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs). Surface post-treatment strategies have emerged as a viable approach to improve film quality and passivate defects. Although organic molecules can passivate both surfaces and grain boundaries via hydrogen or covalent bonding,their limited adsorption specificity often results in incomplete defect neutralization. In this work, we introduce a bilayer passivation approach employing phenethylammonium iodide(PEAI) and n-octylammonium iodide(OAI) to concurrently mitigate nonradiative recombination and improve stability. PEAI passivates undercoordinated Pb^(2+) at grain boundaries and surfaces, effectively eliminating deep-level traps and suppressing non-radiative losses. Meanwhile, OAI forms a hydrophobic barrier on the perovskite surface through its long alkyl chains, inhibiting moisture penetration without compromising interfacial charge transport. As a result, the perovskite film exhibits significantly enhanced optoelectronic performance and environmental stability,achieving a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 24.48%.
基金financial support for this project from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1508212 and 51706097)National Science and Technology Major Project,China(No.2017-III-00110037)。
文摘Film cooling is an indispensable scheme in the design of highly-efficient cooling configurations to satisfy the thermal protection requirement of turbine hot section components.During the last few decades,vast efforts have been paid on the discrete-hole film cooling enhancement.In this paper,some of the recent literatures related to the passive strategies(such as shaped film cooling holes,upstream ramps,shallow trenches,mesh-fed slots)and the active strategies(such as the use of pulsation modulating device or plasma actuator)for film cooling enhancement are surveyed,with the aim at presenting an updated overview about the state of the art in advanced film cooling.In addition,some challenging issues are also outlined to motivate further investigations in such a broad topic.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(File no.FDCT-0082/2021/A2,0010/2022/AMJ,006/2022/ALC)UM's research fund(File no.MYRG2022-00241-IAPME,MYRGCRG2022-00009-FHS)+2 种基金the research fund from Wuyi University(EF38/IAPME-XGC/2022/WYU)the Natural Science Foundation of China(61935017,62175268)Science,Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(Project Nos.JCYJ20220530113015035,JCYJ20210324120204011,and KQTD2015071710313656).
文摘Metal halide perovskites,particularly the quasi-two-dimensional perovskite subclass,have exhibited considerable potential for next-generation electroluminescent materials for lighting and display.Nevertheless,the presence of defects within these perovskites has a substantial influence on the emission efficiency and durability of the devices.In this study,we revealed a synergistic passivation mechanism on perovskite films by using a dual-functional compound of potassium bromide.The dual functional potassium bromide on the one hand can passivate the defects of halide vacancies with bromine anions and,on the other hand,can screen the charged defects at the grain boundaries with potassium cations.This approach effectively reduces the probability of carriers quenching resulting from charged defects capture and consequently enhances the radiative recombination efficiency of perovskite thin films,leading to a significant enhancement of photoluminescence quantum yield to near-unity values(95%).Meanwhile,the potassium bromide treatment promoted the growth of homogeneous and smooth film,facilitating the charge carrier injection in the devices.Consequently,the perovskite light-emitting diodes based on this strategy achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency of~21%and maximum luminance of~60,000 cd m^(-2).This work provides a deeper insight into the passivation mechanism of ionic compound additives in perovskite with the solution method.
文摘Teaching design incorporating a sense of sustainability to architecture students is a challenge today, primarily because of the trend to label every design as sustainable or green even though it is no different from a more traditional one. The result is a ＂green-washed＂ education in architecture. To address this issue, this paper describes a teaching methodology of architectural design with a special focus on sustainability implemented in the Graduate School of Architecture in Clemson. This method includes an analysis of the location, the climate conditions, the materials needed and the construction process. Knowing that sustainable design is generally perceived as being expensive, there is a special focus on simplicity and affordability. Rather than relying on expensive technical solutions, students are encouraged to design for the given environment and apply passive strategies. In the approach discussed in this paper, the design process is a number of logical scientific decisions rather than an intuitive draft. The goal of this pedagogy is to raise awareness about how to handle global resources carefully and to show the importance of the later performance of the project as a key to design. The teaching strategy is described here along with the successful participation by our graduate students in a number of refereed competitions.
文摘The empirical study uses black swan approach to analyze the performance of South African （ZA） listed property loan stocks （PLSs）. Although there are no empirical studies on black swan perspective and performance of listed real estate funds, the study found that there are similar traits of investing in listed real estate funds from emerging markets＇ perspective and what black swan advocates such as passive investment strategy and non-normality distribution of returns from listed real estate funds. Furthermore, the individual return of each fund was higher the return of the property loan stocks index and the probabilities of all variables confirm that they （variables） are significant when alpha is 10% at confidence level of 90%.
文摘INTRODUCTION Recent development has seen a drastic increase in energy use trends in Saudi Arabian buildings leading to a demand for an effective course of action for energy conservation and production.A case study-based research initiative explor-ing near-zero energy potential in Saudi Arabia was undertaken.A 4-bedroom detached single-family faculty residence at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals(KFUPM)representing common regional housing design trends was utilized.A base case simulation model of the house was developed and val-idated using short-term and real-time energy consumption data.Three sets of strategies:passive design strategies,representative codes and standards,and renewable technology were employed in the new design of the house.Passive strategies com-prised a green roof,a ventilated wall system,a sloped roof,and insulation for thermal bridges.These alternatives helped reduce the annual energy consumption of the house by 17.2%.The most recent version of the International Energy Conserva-tion Code(IECC 2012)was also incorporated along with ASHRAE Standard 62.2 for ventilation.The code and standard together reduced the annual energy consumption by 31.1%.Solar PV was then utilized to reduce grid utilization for the remainder of the house energy loads.This strategy provided 24.7%of the total energy consumed annually.A combination of strategies showed a 70.7%energy consumption reduction,thereby decreasing the energy index of the house from 162.9 to 47.7 kWh/m^(2)/yr.The Zero Energy Building(ZEB)concepts and strategies utilized in this study demonstrate a socially responsible approach to achieving near-zero energy performance for an existing house.
文摘Mosques have intermittent operational schedules with short-term occupancy during the five daily prayers.The occupancy level of the daily prayers is a fraction compared to the mandatory Friday prayers with full occupancy.Usually,the same thermal control mechanism is operated within the same large prayer hall to maintain the thermal comfort of the occupants.Yet,the comfort requirements are often not met due to the short span of operation during prayer times.Nevertheless,mosques have a very high energy usage as the same energyintensive system is operated even during minimal occupancy profiles.The current research aims at using a passive approach towards design to achieve the comfort conditions during the low occupancy daily prayer times without employing mechanical intervention.Numerical simulations are carried out on a validated model of the case study building to investigate the impact of the west-facing Qiblah wall as the congregation stands in proximity to this wall.The design alternatives are tested in conjunction with ventilation strategies to holistically assess the thermal comfort of the occupants.Results show that as much as 4-6℃reduction in indoor wall surface temperature can be achieved with a suitable Qiblah wall design,which reduces the mean radiant temperature of the occupants by 2-4℃.Combined with ventilation strategies,thermal comfort can be significantly improved by at least 40%for the prayers during the hottest times of the day,and as much as 80%for night-time prayers.Results suggest that suitable comfort conditions can be achieved without the need for air-conditioning for at least two or three of the five daily prayers.
基金P.Tan thanks the funding support from Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2008085ME155)National Innovative Talents Program(GG2090007001)+1 种基金Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Program(KJ2090130001)USTC Startup Program(KY2090000044).
文摘Bubbles are known to affect energy and mass transfer in gas-evolving electrodes,including those in water splitting,chlorine generation,direct methanol fuel cells,and carbon dioxide generation.As bubbles vigorously evolve in electrochemical reactions,undesired blockage of active sites and ion conducting pathways result in serious energy losses.Since new advances are made with the development of new theories,materials,and techniques,this review discusses the recent works on promoting bubble removal in electrochemical systems with the aim of guiding and motivating future research in this area.We first provide the mechanism of bubble evolution in electrochemical systems and the resultant overpotentials in detail.Then,recent advances in mitigating bubble issues are presented from the perspectives of passive and active strategies.Passive strategies act on the macro-and micro-structures of the electrode,surface wettability,and electrolyte properties.Active strategies employ out-fields,including flowing electrolytes,acoustic fields,magnetic forces,and photothermal effects,to guide bubbles out of reaction sites aiming at high reaction rates,whereas external energy is needed.Finally,the pros and cons of both strategies and future outlooks are presented.This review leads to design guidelines for highperformance gas-evolving electrochemical systems.
文摘Parametric architecture can be used to improve design quality by integrating and coordinating design components,and any change in one parameter affects the final design.Daylight is a crucial parameter in designing energy-efficient buildings.In this research,daylight inside a building was improved by designing a kinetic shading system with independent units parametrically responding to sunlight through 3D rotation(around the centers of the units)and 2D movement(on the surface of the shading system).Various patterns were determined to create the unit’s basic form and allow the designer to have a wide range of options.The units were defined with the plugin“Grasshopper.”Their rotation was parametrically controlled on the basis of sun path and weather data by using“Honeybee”and“Ladybug”plugins to provide constant optimized daylighting inside the building.Results showed that the use of such a shading system in optimal situations can greatly increase the efficiency of indoor daylight.
文摘It is well known that the passive strategies applying in traditional buildings respond satisfactory to climatic requirements and succeed to provide maximum indoor comfort with minimum energy consumption.From this point of view,it is interesting to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of the vernacular strategies to improve the environmental performance of the building's envelope under desert climate conditions.The research tries to address this issue and was undertaken in southern Algeria where a very hot and arid climate prevails.The effect of some selected passive cooling strategies on enhancing the building's envelope climate performance was examined.These strategies are inspired from the local vernacular architecture,and they are expected to provide satisfactory indoor thermal comfort for users and to reduce the energy cooling demand from residential buildings.Applying field and computational investigations,two existing residential buildings were tested:a typical residential unit and a contemporary vernacular(neo-vernacular)building.In the latter,climate responsive strategies inspired from vernacular architecture were applied.A comparison based on site measurements was carried out on the two selected buildings which differ from their envelope design properties and components.
文摘This paper discusses the design and building process of a net-zero energy solar-powered house developed for the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition to promote high-performance design while using traditional passive strategies.This project,sponsored by the Department of Energy,brought together students from architecture,engineering,and marketing departments to design and build the house of the future.The challenge was to design a net-zero energy completely solar-powered house that is economically viable,aesthetically pleasant,and completely functional as well.Given that a net-zero energy building will rely on the functional interdependency of a building’s passive and active elements,the UNC Charlotte entry-the UrbanEden house-tried to effectively integrate those elements and deliver a best practice.To that end,the building envelope embraced passive strategies to minimize the annual heating and cooling loads and to optimize natural lighting.Several design ideas were tested via energy simulation to optimize energy and comfort performance.The estimated energy demand led into the design of the photovoltaic system,which has the dual function of producing energy and acting as a shading device.The modular configuration of the house accommodated the transportation of the house across the country while enhancing the future expansion of the house for bigger size applications.Daylighting simulation was performed to finalize the building openings and address the lighting needs.This paper reports a way of effectively designing and constructing a net-zero energy,comfortable,and affordable solar house.
文摘This article describes research needs for sustainable buildings as defi ned in a July 2009 National Science Foundationsponsored workshop.This workshop brought together building researchers with researchers in the areas of distributed renewable energy and multifunctional materials to engage their expertise and identify overlapping research needs and opportunities.An overview of sustainable building design provided the broad context for discussion.This overview was followed by focused presentations in building control systems,advanced building envelopes,and systems and process integration.In addition,presentations on distributed renewable energy and multi-functional materials supported the participants in outlining and generating research needs that connect the topic areas.The primary outcome from this part of the workshop was the identifi cation of key sustainable building research needs in:transformative measurements;passive strategies;regional solutions and living labs;systems integration;storage and cascades;adoption of international advances;and implementation and market transformation.These needs,along with associated technical challenges and potential impacts,are described in this paper to guide sustainable building research.
