Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant activity of Kaempferia(K.)parviflora rhizome extract and study its protective effect against male reproductive impairment induced by fenitrothion.Methods:The phytochemicals and an...Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant activity of Kaempferia(K.)parviflora rhizome extract and study its protective effect against male reproductive impairment induced by fenitrothion.Methods:The phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of K.parviflora ethanolic extract were assessed.Twenty-four male mice aged 4-weeks-old were assigned into four groups.Groups 1 to 4 respectively received extra virgin olive oil(served as the vehicle control),20 mg/kg body weight(bw)of fenitrothion,50 mg/kg bw of K.parviflora ethanolic extract,and 50 mg/kg bw of K.parviflora ethanolic extract plus 20 mg/kg bw of fenitrothion.Upon completion of 28 days of continuous feeding treatment,the mice were subjected to mating evaluation and the assessment of epididymal sperm quality,lipid peroxidation,testosterone level and histological evaluation.Results:Eight phytochemical compounds were detected in the ethanolic extract of K.parviflora via GC-MS.The extract exhibited a DPPH radical scavenging activity with an EC50 value of(0.870±0.007)mg/mL.Mice fed with fenitrothion in group 2 displayed an increase in relative testis weight,lipid peroxidation levels and a significant reduction in all sperm parameters(sperm concentration,progressive motility,and viability),as well as serum testosterone levels compared to the control mice in group 1(P<0.05).On the other hand,mice fed with K.parviflora ethanolic extract in group 3 showed a significant increase in serum testosterone levels compared to group 1.Mice co-administered with K.parviflora ethanolic extract and fenitrothion in group 4 exhibited a significant improvement in testosterone levels,sperm concentration,motility,and viability compared to the mice administered only with fenitrothion in group 2(P<0.05).Histological analysis of testicular tissue from group 4 further revealed improved testicular morphology in comparison to fenitrothion-treated mice.Conclusions:Eight bioactive compounds were identified in K.parviflora ethanolic extract and the extract exhibited antioxidative properties.Fenitrothion administration impairs testicular function,reducing sperm parameters and testosterone while increasing lipid peroxidation.However,K.parviflora ethanolic extract coadministration alleviates oxidative stress,improves sperm parameters and testosterone levels,and enhances testicular morphology.These findings suggest that K.parviflora ethanolic extract has the therapeutic potential in mitigating male reproductive adverse effects induced by fenitrothion.展开更多
Two new pentacyclic triterpene acids, 1a, 3b-dihydroxyl-olean-12-en-28-oic acid and 1a, 2a, 3b-trihydroxyl-olean-12-en-28-oic acid, were isolated from the arial parts of Sabia parviflora.
A new benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-5-hydroxyl-8-methoxyl-2- methyl-4'-methoxyl-benzylisoquinoline, was isolated from the arial parts of Sabia parviflora. Its structure was established on the...A new benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-5-hydroxyl-8-methoxyl-2- methyl-4'-methoxyl-benzylisoquinoline, was isolated from the arial parts of Sabia parviflora. Its structure was established on the basis of spectral analysis.展开更多
Kaempferia parviflora, a plant in the family Zingiberaceae, has been used in Thai traditional medicines for treating hypertension and promoting longevity with good health and wellbeing. However, its limited aqueous so...Kaempferia parviflora, a plant in the family Zingiberaceae, has been used in Thai traditional medicines for treating hypertension and promoting longevity with good health and wellbeing. However, its limited aqueous solubility and low dissolution restrict its bioavailability.The aim of the study was therefore to improve the dissolution rate of K. parviflora extracted with dichloromethane(KPD) by solid dispersions. Different water-soluble polymers were applied to improve dissolution of KPD. The solid dispersions in different ratios were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Only hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC) and polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol grafted copolymer(PVA-co-PEG) could be used to produce homogeneous, powdered solid dispersions. Physical characterization by scanning electron microscopy, hot stage microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry, in comparison with corresponding physical mixtures, showed the changes in solid state during the formation of solid dispersions. Dissolution of a selected marker,5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone(TMF), from KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVA-co-PEG solid dispersions was significantly improved, compared with pure KPD. The dissolution enhancement by solid dispersion was influenced by both type and content of polymers. The stability of KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVA-co-PEG solid dispersions was also good after 6-month storage in both longterm and accelerated conditions. These results identified that the KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVAco-PEG solid dispersions were an effective new approach for pharmaceutical application of K. parviflora.展开更多
[Objectives]To optimize the extraction process of polysaccharide in Embelia parviflora Wall.by response surface methodology,and to study the antioxidant activity in vitro of polysaccharide in E.parviflora,so as to pro...[Objectives]To optimize the extraction process of polysaccharide in Embelia parviflora Wall.by response surface methodology,and to study the antioxidant activity in vitro of polysaccharide in E.parviflora,so as to provide a basis for the further development and utilization of E.parviflora.[Methods]The solid-to-liquid ratio,extraction temperature,extraction time and extraction times were used as single factors to investigate the effects.On this basis,the response surface methodology(RSM)was used to optimize the extraction process of polysaccharide in E.parviflora.DPPH and ABTS free radicals were used to investigate the antioxidant capacity of polysaccharide in E.parviflora.[Results]The optimal solid-to-liquid ratio for extraction of polysaccharide from E.parviflora was 32∶1(mL/g),extraction temperature was 77℃,and extraction time was 36 min.The IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 0.04 and 0.03 mg/mL,respectively.[Conclusions]The optimized extraction process of polysaccharide in E.parviflora is stable,the extraction rate is high,and has strong antioxidant activity.It is expected to provide a reference for the industrial extraction of polysaccharide from E.parviflora.展开更多
Kaempferia parviflora plants derived from in vitro culture were grown in the glasshouse. A comparison of the yield of total phenolics and total flavonoids under varying extraction conditions from rhizomes harvested fr...Kaempferia parviflora plants derived from in vitro culture were grown in the glasshouse. A comparison of the yield of total phenolics and total flavonoids under varying extraction conditions from rhizomes harvested from plants of different ages was undertaken. The results showed that phenolic and flavonoid contents in the rhizomes were highest 8 months after planting. Another study found that 2 g rhizomes extracted in 50 ml of water at 90°C for 120 minutes gave the best yield of phenolics and flavonoids. Under these conditions, an average of 210 mg GAE/g dry weight of total phenolics and 81 μg QCE/g dry weight of total flavonoids were obtained.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Embelia parviflora Wall.polysaccharide on rheumatoid arthritis(RA)in rats.[Methods]RA rat model was induced by type II collagen.After successful modeling,the ...[Objectives]To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Embelia parviflora Wall.polysaccharide on rheumatoid arthritis(RA)in rats.[Methods]RA rat model was induced by type II collagen.After successful modeling,the rats were divided into model group,positive group,low,medium and high dose of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide groups,and normal control group.Body mass,toe volume and arthritis index were measured,and thymus index and spleen index were calculated.The levels of interleukin-1β,interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-αin serum and synovial tissue of ankle joint were detected by ELISA.[Results]Compared with the normal control group,the pathological changes such as synovial hyperplasia and unclear layer were observed in the model group,the body mass was decreased(P<0.05),the toe volume,arthritis index,thymus and spleen index were increased(P<0.05),and the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αin serum and ankle synovial tissue were increased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the histopathological changes in synovium of ankle joint in the positive group and the medium and high dose groups of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide were significantly improved,and the body mass was increased(P<0.05).The toe volume,arthritis index,thymus index and spleen index were decreased(P<0.05).The levels of IL-Iβ,IL-6 and TNF-αin serum and synovial tissue of ankle joint were increased(P<0.05),while there was no significant difference between the low dose group of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide and the model group(P>0.05).[Conclusions]E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide can reduce the body's inflammatory response and improve RA,which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α.展开更多
Objective:To establish quality control parameters of a locally occurring medicinal plant,Malva parviflora which is utilized as folk medicine in Sialkot area in Pakistan.Methods:In pharmacognostic studies different typ...Objective:To establish quality control parameters of a locally occurring medicinal plant,Malva parviflora which is utilized as folk medicine in Sialkot area in Pakistan.Methods:In pharmacognostic studies different types of evaluations were carried out that focus on microscopic,macroscopic,fluorescence analysis and organoleptic evaluations.Results:The distinguishing characters of stem were the presence of parenchyma,cork cells,irregular shape calcium oxalate crystals,simple and compound starch granules and fusiform fibers with pits.Root microscopic characters were presence of simple and spherical starch granules with rounded or slit hilum,groups of lignified xylem fibers,reticulate vessek,and sieve tissues.Leaves microscopy indicated the presence of paracytic stomata,lignified fibers having pits,spiral and annular vessels,numerous sclereids while in fruit microscopy epicarp,thin walled cells endocarp,thin walled parenchyma and collenchyma of mesocarp and abundant thick walled endospermic cells containing aleurone grains and micro rosette crystals.Macroscopic study of leaves showed,5-7 lobed reniform-shape,glabrous-surface,reticulate-venation in the leaves.Macroscopic features of roots showed type of root-taproot,surface-glabrous and stem was 1-10dm tall simple to branched and may be prostrate or ascending.Similarly fruit was of schizocarp type.Conclusions:This study provides the scientific data for the proper identification and establishment of standards for the use of Malva parviflora.展开更多
A new sesquiterpene: 11,12,13-trihydroxy-4(15),7(8)-eudesmdien-9-one was isolated from Saussurea parviflora. The structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence.
A novel alkaloid was isolated from the stems and leaves of Stemona parviflora Wright. Based on the spectral methods, its structure was elucidated as parvineostemonine.
Callus and suspension cells culture of Kaempferia parviflora was successfully established. Meristematic shoots can be used for utilization of plant cell biosynthetic capabilities for obtaining useful products from val...Callus and suspension cells culture of Kaempferia parviflora was successfully established. Meristematic shoots can be used for utilization of plant cell biosynthetic capabilities for obtaining useful products from valuable medicinal plant to meet out the pharmaceutical demand and also for studying the metabolism. The medium containing combination of 0.2 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.2 mg/L napthyleneacetic acid (NAA) promoted the highest callus induction at 20%. Transferring the initiated callus on the medium with 1 mg/L 2,4-D enhanced the proliferation rate up to maximum fresh weight of 6.71 gm. Growth curve of cultured cells revealed that the cells continued to grow until 50 days of culture and showed the highest peak (fresh weight) at 40 days in all different initial weight tested ( 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 gram). Isolated embryogenic callus was found to produce the highest in weight when suspended in liquid medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D at 110 rpm resulted 13.5 gram fresh weight and 1080 mg dry weight.展开更多
Galinsona parviflora(Asteraceae)is a wide-spread annual weed that is invasive,colonizing new ground where it is able to persist.We studied the bio-mass structure of the G.parviflora population at the module level by u...Galinsona parviflora(Asteraceae)is a wide-spread annual weed that is invasive,colonizing new ground where it is able to persist.We studied the bio-mass structure of the G.parviflora population at the module level by using the methods of field plot invest-igation and weighing at 10 sample plots.Modular bio-mass was calculated and used for analysis of relation-ships between various modules.The results show that there was a positive correlation between plant height and modular biomass,between stem biomass and root biomass,stem biomass and capitulum biomass,above-ground biomass and underground biomass,and lastly,stem biomass and leaf biomass.The preferred model which measured all the relationships was a power function model with absolute coefficients(R2)ranging from 0.6303 to 0.9782.展开更多
基金supported by Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman(UTAR)Research Fund(IPSR/RMC/UTARRF 2021-C2/40).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant activity of Kaempferia(K.)parviflora rhizome extract and study its protective effect against male reproductive impairment induced by fenitrothion.Methods:The phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of K.parviflora ethanolic extract were assessed.Twenty-four male mice aged 4-weeks-old were assigned into four groups.Groups 1 to 4 respectively received extra virgin olive oil(served as the vehicle control),20 mg/kg body weight(bw)of fenitrothion,50 mg/kg bw of K.parviflora ethanolic extract,and 50 mg/kg bw of K.parviflora ethanolic extract plus 20 mg/kg bw of fenitrothion.Upon completion of 28 days of continuous feeding treatment,the mice were subjected to mating evaluation and the assessment of epididymal sperm quality,lipid peroxidation,testosterone level and histological evaluation.Results:Eight phytochemical compounds were detected in the ethanolic extract of K.parviflora via GC-MS.The extract exhibited a DPPH radical scavenging activity with an EC50 value of(0.870±0.007)mg/mL.Mice fed with fenitrothion in group 2 displayed an increase in relative testis weight,lipid peroxidation levels and a significant reduction in all sperm parameters(sperm concentration,progressive motility,and viability),as well as serum testosterone levels compared to the control mice in group 1(P<0.05).On the other hand,mice fed with K.parviflora ethanolic extract in group 3 showed a significant increase in serum testosterone levels compared to group 1.Mice co-administered with K.parviflora ethanolic extract and fenitrothion in group 4 exhibited a significant improvement in testosterone levels,sperm concentration,motility,and viability compared to the mice administered only with fenitrothion in group 2(P<0.05).Histological analysis of testicular tissue from group 4 further revealed improved testicular morphology in comparison to fenitrothion-treated mice.Conclusions:Eight bioactive compounds were identified in K.parviflora ethanolic extract and the extract exhibited antioxidative properties.Fenitrothion administration impairs testicular function,reducing sperm parameters and testosterone while increasing lipid peroxidation.However,K.parviflora ethanolic extract coadministration alleviates oxidative stress,improves sperm parameters and testosterone levels,and enhances testicular morphology.These findings suggest that K.parviflora ethanolic extract has the therapeutic potential in mitigating male reproductive adverse effects induced by fenitrothion.
文摘Two new pentacyclic triterpene acids, 1a, 3b-dihydroxyl-olean-12-en-28-oic acid and 1a, 2a, 3b-trihydroxyl-olean-12-en-28-oic acid, were isolated from the arial parts of Sabia parviflora.
基金We are greatly indebted to Professor X. H. Hu for his help in identification of the plant material and to Professors B. R. Bai and P. Su for measuring NMR spectra.
文摘A new benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-5-hydroxyl-8-methoxyl-2- methyl-4'-methoxyl-benzylisoquinoline, was isolated from the arial parts of Sabia parviflora. Its structure was established on the basis of spectral analysis.
文摘Kaempferia parviflora, a plant in the family Zingiberaceae, has been used in Thai traditional medicines for treating hypertension and promoting longevity with good health and wellbeing. However, its limited aqueous solubility and low dissolution restrict its bioavailability.The aim of the study was therefore to improve the dissolution rate of K. parviflora extracted with dichloromethane(KPD) by solid dispersions. Different water-soluble polymers were applied to improve dissolution of KPD. The solid dispersions in different ratios were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Only hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC) and polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol grafted copolymer(PVA-co-PEG) could be used to produce homogeneous, powdered solid dispersions. Physical characterization by scanning electron microscopy, hot stage microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry, in comparison with corresponding physical mixtures, showed the changes in solid state during the formation of solid dispersions. Dissolution of a selected marker,5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone(TMF), from KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVA-co-PEG solid dispersions was significantly improved, compared with pure KPD. The dissolution enhancement by solid dispersion was influenced by both type and content of polymers. The stability of KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVA-co-PEG solid dispersions was also good after 6-month storage in both longterm and accelerated conditions. These results identified that the KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVAco-PEG solid dispersions were an effective new approach for pharmaceutical application of K. parviflora.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(81660701)Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(2016GXNSFAA380148)+1 种基金Scientific Research Innovation Program of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine(YJSZ201712)Program of Key Laboratory for Purification and Quality Analysis of TCM Extraction in Guangxi Universities(Gui Jiao Ke Yan[2014]No.6).
文摘[Objectives]To optimize the extraction process of polysaccharide in Embelia parviflora Wall.by response surface methodology,and to study the antioxidant activity in vitro of polysaccharide in E.parviflora,so as to provide a basis for the further development and utilization of E.parviflora.[Methods]The solid-to-liquid ratio,extraction temperature,extraction time and extraction times were used as single factors to investigate the effects.On this basis,the response surface methodology(RSM)was used to optimize the extraction process of polysaccharide in E.parviflora.DPPH and ABTS free radicals were used to investigate the antioxidant capacity of polysaccharide in E.parviflora.[Results]The optimal solid-to-liquid ratio for extraction of polysaccharide from E.parviflora was 32∶1(mL/g),extraction temperature was 77℃,and extraction time was 36 min.The IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS were 0.04 and 0.03 mg/mL,respectively.[Conclusions]The optimized extraction process of polysaccharide in E.parviflora is stable,the extraction rate is high,and has strong antioxidant activity.It is expected to provide a reference for the industrial extraction of polysaccharide from E.parviflora.
文摘Kaempferia parviflora plants derived from in vitro culture were grown in the glasshouse. A comparison of the yield of total phenolics and total flavonoids under varying extraction conditions from rhizomes harvested from plants of different ages was undertaken. The results showed that phenolic and flavonoid contents in the rhizomes were highest 8 months after planting. Another study found that 2 g rhizomes extracted in 50 ml of water at 90°C for 120 minutes gave the best yield of phenolics and flavonoids. Under these conditions, an average of 210 mg GAE/g dry weight of total phenolics and 81 μg QCE/g dry weight of total flavonoids were obtained.
基金Supported by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine High-level Key Discipline Construction Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Ethnic Minority Pharmacy (Zhuang Pharmacy) (zyyzdxk-2023165)Young Talent Cultivation Program of Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital (2022001)+4 种基金Key R&D Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Department (Guike AB21196057)Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Interdisciplinary Innovation Team Project (GZKJ2309)Funding Project of High-level Talent Cultivation and Innovation Team of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine (2022A008)The Third Batch of"Qihuang Project"High-Level Talent Team Training Project of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine (202414)Three-year Action Plan for the Construction of High-level Talents Team of Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital in 2023 (GZCX20231203).
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Embelia parviflora Wall.polysaccharide on rheumatoid arthritis(RA)in rats.[Methods]RA rat model was induced by type II collagen.After successful modeling,the rats were divided into model group,positive group,low,medium and high dose of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide groups,and normal control group.Body mass,toe volume and arthritis index were measured,and thymus index and spleen index were calculated.The levels of interleukin-1β,interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-αin serum and synovial tissue of ankle joint were detected by ELISA.[Results]Compared with the normal control group,the pathological changes such as synovial hyperplasia and unclear layer were observed in the model group,the body mass was decreased(P<0.05),the toe volume,arthritis index,thymus and spleen index were increased(P<0.05),and the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αin serum and ankle synovial tissue were increased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the histopathological changes in synovium of ankle joint in the positive group and the medium and high dose groups of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide were significantly improved,and the body mass was increased(P<0.05).The toe volume,arthritis index,thymus index and spleen index were decreased(P<0.05).The levels of IL-Iβ,IL-6 and TNF-αin serum and synovial tissue of ankle joint were increased(P<0.05),while there was no significant difference between the low dose group of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide and the model group(P>0.05).[Conclusions]E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide can reduce the body's inflammatory response and improve RA,which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α.
基金M.Phil degree project and was fully funded under the grant number 36-79/155 by University College of Pharmacy,University of the Punjab,Lahore,PakistanTechnical support is also provided by GCU,Lahore,Pakistan
文摘Objective:To establish quality control parameters of a locally occurring medicinal plant,Malva parviflora which is utilized as folk medicine in Sialkot area in Pakistan.Methods:In pharmacognostic studies different types of evaluations were carried out that focus on microscopic,macroscopic,fluorescence analysis and organoleptic evaluations.Results:The distinguishing characters of stem were the presence of parenchyma,cork cells,irregular shape calcium oxalate crystals,simple and compound starch granules and fusiform fibers with pits.Root microscopic characters were presence of simple and spherical starch granules with rounded or slit hilum,groups of lignified xylem fibers,reticulate vessek,and sieve tissues.Leaves microscopy indicated the presence of paracytic stomata,lignified fibers having pits,spiral and annular vessels,numerous sclereids while in fruit microscopy epicarp,thin walled cells endocarp,thin walled parenchyma and collenchyma of mesocarp and abundant thick walled endospermic cells containing aleurone grains and micro rosette crystals.Macroscopic study of leaves showed,5-7 lobed reniform-shape,glabrous-surface,reticulate-venation in the leaves.Macroscopic features of roots showed type of root-taproot,surface-glabrous and stem was 1-10dm tall simple to branched and may be prostrate or ascending.Similarly fruit was of schizocarp type.Conclusions:This study provides the scientific data for the proper identification and establishment of standards for the use of Malva parviflora.
基金This work was financed by The NNSFC (No. 29972017) and the FMEC (No. 98073003).
文摘A new sesquiterpene: 11,12,13-trihydroxy-4(15),7(8)-eudesmdien-9-one was isolated from Saussurea parviflora. The structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30123005) and Bicoll Biotechnology Shanghai Co Ltd. Authors thank Professor Qiong Xin ZHONG (Department of Biological Science Hainan Normal University) for collecting Stemona parviflora
文摘A novel alkaloid was isolated from the stems and leaves of Stemona parviflora Wright. Based on the spectral methods, its structure was elucidated as parvineostemonine.
文摘Callus and suspension cells culture of Kaempferia parviflora was successfully established. Meristematic shoots can be used for utilization of plant cell biosynthetic capabilities for obtaining useful products from valuable medicinal plant to meet out the pharmaceutical demand and also for studying the metabolism. The medium containing combination of 0.2 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.2 mg/L napthyleneacetic acid (NAA) promoted the highest callus induction at 20%. Transferring the initiated callus on the medium with 1 mg/L 2,4-D enhanced the proliferation rate up to maximum fresh weight of 6.71 gm. Growth curve of cultured cells revealed that the cells continued to grow until 50 days of culture and showed the highest peak (fresh weight) at 40 days in all different initial weight tested ( 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 gram). Isolated embryogenic callus was found to produce the highest in weight when suspended in liquid medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D at 110 rpm resulted 13.5 gram fresh weight and 1080 mg dry weight.
基金The research was funded by Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Project(No.2004214001)Liaoning Province Education Department Science and Technology Research Project(No.2005275)。
文摘Galinsona parviflora(Asteraceae)is a wide-spread annual weed that is invasive,colonizing new ground where it is able to persist.We studied the bio-mass structure of the G.parviflora population at the module level by using the methods of field plot invest-igation and weighing at 10 sample plots.Modular bio-mass was calculated and used for analysis of relation-ships between various modules.The results show that there was a positive correlation between plant height and modular biomass,between stem biomass and root biomass,stem biomass and capitulum biomass,above-ground biomass and underground biomass,and lastly,stem biomass and leaf biomass.The preferred model which measured all the relationships was a power function model with absolute coefficients(R2)ranging from 0.6303 to 0.9782.
