Fine particulate matter(particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm or less;PM2.5)causes millions of premature deaths globally1,but not all particles are equally harmful2-4.Current air-pollution control strategies,pr...Fine particulate matter(particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm or less;PM2.5)causes millions of premature deaths globally1,but not all particles are equally harmful2-4.Current air-pollution control strategies,prioritizing PM2.5 mass reduction,have provided considerable health benefits but further refinements based on differences in the toxicity of various emission sources may provide greater benefits5-7.Here we integrated field measurements with air-quality modelling to assess the unequal toxicities of PM2.5 from various anthropogenic sources.展开更多
The risk of exposure to particulate matter(PM)has been consistently highlighted globally owing to its detrimental effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and in the development of lung cancer.Additionall...The risk of exposure to particulate matter(PM)has been consistently highlighted globally owing to its detrimental effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and in the development of lung cancer.Additionally,PM promotes cancer cell metastasis;however,research elucidating the precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and the strategies to inhibit it remains limited.The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism underlying PM-induced cancer metastasis and investigate the preventive role of ginsenoside Rg3.We treated macrophages with PM and confirmed an increase in the expression and secretion of chemokines,such as CCL3,CCL4,and CCL5.This effect was mediated by the MAPK and NF-kB pathways,and Rg3 inhibited this process by suppressing chemokine expression.These chemokines regulate the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)markers in cancer cells,including Snail,Slug,ZEB1,and E-cadherin.The regulated EMT markers increased the motility of cancer cells in vitro.Furthermore,an increase in CCL3,CCL4,and CCL5 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)was confirmed in a PM inhalation mouse model,and Rg3 reduced PM-induced cancer metastasis.The study findings suggest the potential use of Rg3 as a therapeutic agent to prevent PM-induced cancer metastasis.展开更多
Objective Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to ultrafine particulate matter(UPM,aerodynamic diameter<0.1μm)is associated with adverse cardiovascular events.Previous studies have found that Shenlian(SL)extra...Objective Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to ultrafine particulate matter(UPM,aerodynamic diameter<0.1μm)is associated with adverse cardiovascular events.Previous studies have found that Shenlian(SL)extract possesses anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties and has a promising protective effect at all stages of the atherosclerotic disease process.In this study,we aimed to investigated whether SL improves UPM-aggravated myocardial ischemic injury by inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis.Methods We established a mouse model of MI+UPM.Echocardiographic measurement,measurement of myocardialinfarct size,biochemical analysis,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),histopathological analysis,Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling(TUNEL),Western blotting(WB),Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)and so on were used to explore the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of SL in vivo and in vitro.Results SL treatment can attenuate UPM-induced cardiac dysfunction by improving left ventricular ejection fraction,fractional shortening,and decreasing cardiac infarction area.SL significantly reduced the levels of myocardial enzymes and attenuated UPM-induced morphological alterations.Moreover,SL significantly reduced expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6,TNF-α,and MCP-1.UPM further increased the infiltration of macrophages in myocardial tissue,whereas SL intervention reversed this phenomenon.UPM also triggered myocardial apoptosis,which was markedly attenuated by SL treatment.The results of in vitro experiments revealed that SL prevented cell damage caused by exposure to UPM combined with hypoxia by reducing the expression of the inflammatory factor NF-κB and inhibiting apoptosis in H9c2 cells.Conclusion Overall,both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that SL attenuated UPMaggravated myocardial ischemic injury by inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis.The mechanisms were related to the downregulation of macrophages infiltrating heart tissues.展开更多
Serious fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))pollution and rapidly increasing of ground-level ozone(O_(3))concentrations are concern issues in China.To achieve the comprehensive control of PM_(2.5)-O_(3) composite air pol...Serious fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))pollution and rapidly increasing of ground-level ozone(O_(3))concentrations are concern issues in China.To achieve the comprehensive control of PM_(2.5)-O_(3) composite air pollution,exploring the common sources of PM_(2.5) and VOCs is essential.However,previous researches most carried out either PM_(2.5) or VOCs source appointment.In this study,we applied the ensemble source apportionment method to explore the impacts of common sources on PM_(2.5)-VOCs.Subsequently,we obtained the ensemble source impacts on O_(3) combining the extracted VOCs source profile and ozone formation potential.We found that the focus of environmentalmanagement and source control should be varied accordingly for different pollutants.Vehicle emission was the largest contributor(41%)to PM_(2.5)-VOCs,while industrial emission was the main common source(51%)to O_(3).The result showed that the O_(3) production rate is not only related to the VOCs emission,but also to the reactivity of VOCs.In addition,sensitivity tests revealed that temperature was the main factor affecting O_(3) formation.The study provides a framework to explore the common sources impact on PM_(2.5) and VOCs,which is benefit to address both PM_(2.5) and O_(3) mitigations.展开更多
Mesoscale eddies are widespread in the global ocean,significantly influencing the physical,chemical,and biological structures of water column.Based on the CTD data and suspended particulate matter(SPM)data collected a...Mesoscale eddies are widespread in the global ocean,significantly influencing the physical,chemical,and biological structures of water column.Based on the CTD data and suspended particulate matter(SPM)data collected at 36 hydrographic stations during a field cruise in southern Mozambique Channel,combined with satellite altimeter observations,we identified a series of mesoscale eddies traversing the Mozambique Channel.Our hydrographic measurements,coupled with in situ chlorophyll fluorescence data,reveal that these eddies significantly influence thermohaline structure and chlorophyll distribution,which in turn affects primary productivity and SPM concentrations in the upper ocean.The cyclonic eddies facilitate the upwelling of cold subsurface water,leading to a shallowing of the pycnocline and the creation of a low-temperature anomaly with variable salinity anomalies at different depths.Conversely,anticyclonic eddies submerge warm surface water,deepening the pycnocline,and resulting in a high-temperature anomaly accompanied by distinct salinity patterns.Significantly,a coastal anticyclonic eddy was observed to intercept terrestrial material from the Delagoa Bight,redirecting it west of 36°E.This study presents unique and quasi-synchronous CTD datasets capturing mesoscale eddy impacts,and provided valuable insights into SPM variability within the often-neglected southern Mozambique Channel.展开更多
Air pollution is fourth major cause of death worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that particulate matter(PM)may affect kidneys,and the effect may be size and composition dependent.In this study,PM_(0.1),PM_(2.5),and PM...Air pollution is fourth major cause of death worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that particulate matter(PM)may affect kidneys,and the effect may be size and composition dependent.In this study,PM_(0.1),PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)were collected from ambient air and given to BALB/c male mice at 0.25 mg/m^(3) concentration in whole-body inhalation chamber for 28days(6 h/day,5 days/week)to assess their effect on kidney.Physico-chemical characterization of PM particles by SEM,ICP-MS and HPLC showed their various shapes along with the presence of metals and poly aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).Following PM exposure,increased serum creatinine levels were observed in animals along with dilated tubules,protein cast deposition,necrosis,immune infiltration,collagen deposition,and shrunken glomeruli in kidney.Immunofluorescence staining showed higher expressions of kidney injury molecule1(KIM-1),cystatin C,β2 microglobulin(β2M),and alpha smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)and fibronectin,suggesting renal injury and fibrosis.PM exposure also increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content and decreased superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2)activity,which in turn leads to induction of inflammation.Mechanistically,PM exposure further inhibited the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signalling and induced kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B(NF-κB).Interestingly,the effect of PM_(2.5)was more severe than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10),leading to higher levels of proinflammatory NF-κB and greater Nrf2 inhibition.Overall,our findings suggested that inhalation exposure to size-segregated PM can cause kidney damage and fibrosis,and PM_(2.5)showed higher toxicity than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10).展开更多
Controlling the adhesion of potentially corrosive substances from flue gas on grate bar is crucial for extending the operational lifespan of the equipment.The adhesive behaviour and mechanism of ultrafine particulate ...Controlling the adhesion of potentially corrosive substances from flue gas on grate bar is crucial for extending the operational lifespan of the equipment.The adhesive behaviour and mechanism of ultrafine particulate matters(UPM)throughout the sintering process were elucidated,and measures to control adhesion on grate bars were developed.Research findings indicated that a small quantity of UPM were found on grate bar during the initial sintering stages(ignition stage and middle stageⅠandⅡ).The main compositions of UPM were FexOy-rich,CaO-rich,and aluminium silicate-rich particles.In contrast,corrosive substances like alkali metal compounds were almost absent.These UPM adhered onto grate bar primarily through inertial impaction.When moving to the final sintering stages(middle stageⅢand temperature rising stage),many UPM rich in corrosive substances like NaCl and KCl adhered to the grate bar.These UPM adhered to grate bar through thermal diffusion and vortex deposition.Solid waste water washing technology can greatly decrease the quantity of UPM(rich in NaCl and KCl)on the grate bar due to vortex deposition and thermal diffusion,and it represents a potentially promising way to control adhesion and corrosion on grate bars.展开更多
Objective Several epidemiological observational studies have related particulate matter(PM)exposure to Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),but many confounding factors make it difficult to draw causal links from observati...Objective Several epidemiological observational studies have related particulate matter(PM)exposure to Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),but many confounding factors make it difficult to draw causal links from observational studies.The objective of this study was to explore the causal association between PM_(2.5)exposure,its absorbance,and IBD.Methods We assessed the association of PM_(2.5)and PM_(2.5)absorbance with the two primary forms of IBD(Crohn’s disease[CD]and ulcerative colitis[UC])using Mendelian randomization(MR)to explore the causal relationship.We conducted two-sample MR analyses with aggregated data from the UK Biobank genome-wide association study.Single-nucleotide polymorphisms linked with PM_(2.5)concentrations or their absorbance were used as instrumental variables(IVs).We used inverse variance weighting(IVW)as the primary analytical approach and four other standard methods as supplementary analyses for quality control.Results The results of MR demonstrated that PM_(2.5)had an adverse influence on UC risk(odds ratio[OR]=1.010;95%confidence interval[CI]=1.001–1.019,P=0.020).Meanwhile,the results of IVW showed that PM_(2.5)absorbance was also causally associated with UC(OR=1.012;95%CI=1.004–1.019,P=0.002).We observed no causal relationship between PM_(2.5),PM_(2.5)absorbance,and CD.The results of sensitivity analysis indicated the absence of heterogeneity or pleiotropy,ensuring the reliability of MR results.Conclusion Based on two-sample MR analyses,there are potential positive causal relationships between PM_(2.5),PM_(2.5)absorbance,and UC.展开更多
Objective The effects of prolonged exposure to persistently elevated atmospheric pollutants,commonly termed air pollution waves,on fertility intentions remain inadequately understood.This study aims to investigate the...Objective The effects of prolonged exposure to persistently elevated atmospheric pollutants,commonly termed air pollution waves,on fertility intentions remain inadequately understood.This study aims to investigate the association between particulate matter(PM)exposure and fertility intentions.Methods In this nationwide cross-sectional study,we analyzed data from 10,747 participants(5496 females and 5251 males).PM waves were defined as periods lasting 3‒6 consecutive days during which the daily average concentrations exceeded China’s Ambient Air Quality Standards Grade II thresholds(PM2.5>75μg/m3 and PM10>150μg/m3).We employed multivariate logistic regression models to assess the association between exposure to PM waves and fertility intentions.Results Significant inverse associations were detected between exposure to PM2.5 wave events(characterized by concentrations exceeding 75μg/m3 for durations of 4‒6 days,P<0.05)and PM10 wave events(defined as concentrations exceeding 150μg/m3 for 6 consecutive days,P<0.05)and fertility intentions among females.In contrast,neither the PM2.5 wave nor the PM10 wave events demonstrated statistically significant correlations with fertility intentions in males(P>0.05 for all comparisons).The potentially susceptible subgroup was identified as females aged 20–30 years.Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that PM2.5 and PM10 waves are associated with a reduction in female fertility intentions,offering critical insights for the development of public health policies and strategies aimed at individual protection.展开更多
Epidemiological evidence presents that dust storms are related to respiratory diseases,such as pulmonary fibrosis(PF).However,the precise underlying mechanisms of SPM-elicited adverse effects still need to be investig...Epidemiological evidence presents that dust storms are related to respiratory diseases,such as pulmonary fibrosis(PF).However,the precise underlying mechanisms of SPM-elicited adverse effects still need to be investigated.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)process is a characteristic of PF.We discussed whether suspended particulate matter(SPM)is involved in EMT induction via transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1).In this study,a detailed elemental analysis(55 elements),particle size,and morphology were determined.To investigate the toxicity of SPM,an MTT test was performed to detect cell viability.Next,A549cells were exposed to selected concentrations of SPM(20 and 40μg/mL)for single and repeated exposures.The DCFH-DA assay showed that exposure to SPM could produce reactive oxygen species(ROS).The ELISA assay demonstrated increased levels of interleukin-8(IL-8)and TGF-β1 in the supernatant.Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins associated with EMT and the SMAD3-dependent pathway.Results of western blot demonstrated that E-cadherin was reduced,whereas p-SMAD3,vimentin,andα-smooth muscle actin were elevated.Our findings indicated that SPM triggered EMT by induction of oxidative stress,inflammation,and the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway activation.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter(PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish.Methods:HaCa...Objective:To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter(PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish.Methods:HaCaT cells and zebrafish were used to evaluate the protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.The production of nitric oxide(NO),intracellular ROS,prostaglandin E_(2)(PGE_(2)),and pro-inflammatory cytokines,and the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB were evaluated in PM-induced HaCaT cells.Furthermore,the levels of ROS,NO,and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the PM-exposed zebrafish model.Results:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract significantly decreased the production of NO,intracellular ROS,and PGE_(2) in PM-induced HaCaT cells.In addition,the fraction markedly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB.Furthermore,it displayed remarkable protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress,represented by the reduction of NO,ROS,and lipid peroxidation in zebrafish.Conclusions:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract exhibits a protective effect against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential as a candidate for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.展开更多
Oxy-combustion is a promising carbon-capture technology,but atmospheric-pressure oxy-combustion has a relatively low net efficiency,limiting its application in power plants.In pressurized oxycombustion(POC),the boiler...Oxy-combustion is a promising carbon-capture technology,but atmospheric-pressure oxy-combustion has a relatively low net efficiency,limiting its application in power plants.In pressurized oxycombustion(POC),the boiler,air separation unit,flue gas recirculation unit,and CO_(2)purification and compression unit are all operated at elevated pressure;this makes the process more efficient,with many advantages over atmospheric pressure,such as low NO_(x)emissions,a smaller boiler size,and more.POC is also more promising for industrial application and has attracted widespread research interest in recent years.It can produce high-pressure CO_(2)with a purity of approximately 95%,which can be used directly for enhanced oil recovery or geo-sequestration.However,the pollutant emissions must meet the standards for carbon capture,storage,and utilization.Because of the high oxygen and moisture concentrations in POC,the formation of acids via the oxidation and solution of SO_(x)and NO_(x)can be increased,causing the corrosion of pipelines and equipment.Furthermore,particulate matter(PM)and mercury emissions can harm the environment and human health.The main distinction between pressurized and atmospheric-pressure oxy-combustion is the former’s elevated pressure;thus,the effect of this pressure on the pollutants emitted from POC—including SO_(x),NO_(x),PM,and mercury—must be understood,and effective control methodologies must be incorporated to control the formation of these pollutants.This paper reviews recent advances in research on SO_(x),NO_(x),PM,and mercury formation and control in POC systems that can aid in pollutant control in such systems.展开更多
Objective In recent decades,China has implemented a series of policies to address air pollution.We aimed to assess the health effects of these policies on stroke burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter(...Objective In recent decades,China has implemented a series of policies to address air pollution.We aimed to assess the health effects of these policies on stroke burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)).Methods Joinpoint regression was applied to explore the temporal tendency of stroke burden based on data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.Results The age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life year(DALY)for stroke attributable to ambient PM2.5 in China,increased dramatically during 1990-2012,subsequently decreased at an annual percentage change(APC)of-1.98[95% confidence interval(CI):-2.26,-1.71]during 2012-2019.For ischemic stroke(IS),the age-standardized DALY rates doubled from 1990 to 2014,and decreased at an APC of-0.83(95%CI:-1.33,-0.33)during 2014-2019.Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)showed a substantial increase in age-standardized DALY rates from 1990 to 2003,followed by declining trends,with APCs of-1.46(95%CI:-2.74,-0.16)during 2003-2007 and-3.33(95%CI:-3.61,-3.06)during 2011-2019,respectively.Conversely,the age-standardized DALY rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)generally declined during 1990-2019.Conclusion Our results clarified the dynamic changes of the ambient PM_(2.5)-attributable stroke burden in China during 1990-2019,highlighting the health effects of air quality improvement policies.展开更多
Background,aim,and scope Environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs)have received significant attention due to their longer lifetime and stable existence in various environments.The strong environmental migration ...Background,aim,and scope Environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs)have received significant attention due to their longer lifetime and stable existence in various environments.The strong environmental migration ability of particulate matter allows EPFRs to migrate over long-distance transport,thereby impacting the quality of the local atmospheric environment.Additionally,EPFRs can also adhere to atmospheric particles and interact with typical gaseous pollutants to affect atmospheric chemical reactions.EPFRs can produce some reactive organic species,promoting oxidative stress in the human body,damaging biological macromolecules and ultimately affecting the organism health.EPFRs are considered as a novel type of pollutant that affects human health.Despite their significance,there are few literatures available on the characteristics and fate behaviors of EPFRs up to date.Therefore,supplemental reviews are crucial for providing comprehensive understanding of EPFRs.Materials and methods This review summarizes the characteristics of EPFRs in particulate matter,outlines the generation mechanism and influencing factors of EPFRs,and the impacts of EPFRs on environmental quality and organism health.Results The content of EPFRs in particulate matter ranges from 1017 to 1020 spins∙g−1.Due to the strong mobility of atmospheric particulate matter,the long-term exposure to high levels of EPFRs may aggravate the impact of particulate matter on human health.The interaction between EPFRs and typical gaseous pollutants can alter their fate and influence atmospheric chemical reactions.EPFRs are mainly produced by transition metal elements and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons through electron transfer.Additionally,the chemical bond rupture of organic substances through heat treatment or ultraviolet radiation can also produce EPFRs,and heterogeneous reactions are capable producing them as well.The production of EPFRs is not only influenced by transition metal elements and precursors,but also by various environmental factors such as oxygen,temperature,light radiation,and relative humidity.Discussion EPFRs in atmospheric particulates matters are usually rich in fine particulates with obvious seasonal and regional variations.They can easily enter the human respiratory tract and lungs with inhalable particulates,thereby increasing the risk of exposure.Additionally,EPFRs in atmospheric particulates can interact with some typical gaseous pollutants,impacting the life and fate of EPFRs in the atmosphere,and alter atmospheric chemical reactions.Traditionally,EPFRs are generated by transition metal elements and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons undergoing electron transfer in the post-flame and cool-zone regions of combustion systems and other thermal processes to remove HCl,H_(2)O or CO groups,ultimately produce semiquinones,phenoxyls,and cyclopentadienyls.Recent studies have indicated that EPFRs can also be generated under the conditions of without transition metal elemental.Organics can also produce EPFRs through chemical bond rupture during heat treatment or light radiation conditions,as well as through some heterogeneous reactions and photochemical secondary generation of EPFRs.The presence or absence of oxygen has different effects on the type and yield of EPFRs.The concentration,type,and crystal type of transition metal elements will affect the type,content,and atmospheric lifetime of EPFRs.It is generally believed that the impact of transition metal element types on EPFRs is related to the oxidation-reduction potential.The combustion temperature or heat treatment process significantly affects the type and amount of EPFRs.Factors such as precursor loading content,pH conditions,light radiation and relative humidity also influence the generation of EPFRs.EPFRs can interact with pollutants in the environment during their migration and transformation process in environmental medium.This process accelerates the degradation of pollutants and plays a crucial role in the migration and transformation of organic pollutants in environmental media.The reaction process of EPFRs may lead to the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)such as∙OH,which can induce oxidative stress,inflammation and immune response to biological lung cells and tissues,leading to chronic respiratory and cardiopulmonary dysfunction,cardiovascular damage and neurotoxic effects,ultimately impacting the health of organisms.Conclusions The interaction mechanism between EPFRs in particulate matter and gaseous pollutants remains unclear.Furthermore,research on the generation mechanism of EPFRs without the participation of transition metals is not comprehensive,and the detection of EPFRs is limited to simple qualitative categories and lack accurate qualitative analysis.Recommendations and perspectives Further research should be conducted on the generation mechanism,measurement techniques,migration pathways,and transformation process of EPFRs.It is also important to explore the interaction between EPFRs in atmospheric particulate matter and typical gaseous pollutants.展开更多
In the confined spaces of underground mines,the exposure of over 10,000 miners in the U.S.to diesel exhaust and diesel particulate matter(DPM)is an occupational inevitability,particularly in metal and nonmetal mineral...In the confined spaces of underground mines,the exposure of over 10,000 miners in the U.S.to diesel exhaust and diesel particulate matter(DPM)is an occupational inevitability,particularly in metal and nonmetal mineral extraction.These workers routinely operate amidst diesel-powered equipment,often outdated and highly polluting,extracting resources such as limestone,gold,and salt.The acute health effects of such exposure are significant,leading to symptoms like headaches and flu-like conditions,with the impact being more pronounced in these closed work environments.This review scrutinizes DPM's hazard in the mining sector,consolidating the extant knowledge and exploring ongoing research.It encapsulates our understanding of DPM's physicochemical properties,existing sampling methods,health ramifications,and mitigation technologies.Moreover,it underscores the necessity for further study in areas such as the evolution of DPM's physicochemical attributes,from its genesis at high-pressure,high-temperature conditions within diesel engines to its emission into the mine atmosphere.A key research gap is the intricate interaction of DPM with specific characteristics of the mine environment-such as relative humidity,ambient temperature,the presence of other mineral dust,and the dynamics of ventilation air.These factors can significantly alter the physicochemical profile of DPM,infuencing both its in-mine transport and its deposition behavior.Consequently,this can affect the respiratory health of miners,modifying the toxicity and the respiratory deposition of DPM particles.Identified research imperatives include(1)the advancement of instrumentation for accurate number measurement of DPM to replace or supplement traditional gravimetric methods;(2)the development of long-lasting,cost-effective control technologies tailored for the mining industry;(3)an in-depth investigation of DPM interactions within the unique mine microclimate,considering the critical components like humidity and other aerosols;and(4)understanding the differential impact of DPM in mining compared to other industries,informing the creation of mining-specific health and safety protocols.This review's findings underscore the urgency to enhance emission control and exposure prevention strategies,paving the way for a healthier underground mining work environment.展开更多
A cement factory nearby communities raise pollution concerns. This study assessed air pollution levels for respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and heavy metals (lead, chromium, nickel, cadmium, zinc and cop...A cement factory nearby communities raise pollution concerns. This study assessed air pollution levels for respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and heavy metals (lead, chromium, nickel, cadmium, zinc and copper) adjacent to a cement factory in Ewekoro and neighbouring communities (Papalantoro, Lapeleko and Itori) in Ogun State, Nigeria. Respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and heavy metals were measured using an ARA N-FRM cassette sampler. Each location sampled was monitored for eight continuous hours daily for 12 days. The PM2.5, PM10 and heavy metals results were compared with different standards, including those of the World Health Organization (WHO), Nigeria’s National Environmental Standard and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS). The PM levels fell within 11 - 19 μg/m3 of the air management level of CAAQS, which signifies continuous actions are needed to improve air quality in the areas monitored but below the NESREA standard. The mean Cd, Cr and Ni concentrations in the cement factory area and the impacted neighbourhoods are higher than the WHO/EU permissible limits, while Zn and Cu were below the WHO/EU permissible limit. A risk assessment hazard quotient (HQ) for Cr was above the WHO/EU safe level (=1) in adults and children throµgh ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact at all the monitoring sites. The HQ for Ni and Cd was higher than the safe level in the cement factory area and Papalantoro, while Zn was at safe levels.展开更多
Air pollution is a result of multiple sources including both natural and anthropogenic activities. The rapid urbanization of the cities such as Bujumbura, economic capital of Burundi, is one of these factors. The very...Air pollution is a result of multiple sources including both natural and anthropogenic activities. The rapid urbanization of the cities such as Bujumbura, economic capital of Burundi, is one of these factors. The very first characterization of the spatio-temporal variability of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Bujumbura and the forecasting of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration have been conducted in this paper using data collected during a year, from August 2022 to August 2023, by low-cost sensors installed in Bujumbura city. For each commune, an hourly, daily and seasonal analysis was carried out and the results showed that the mass concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the three municipalities differ from one commune to another. The average hourly and annual PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations exceed the World Health Organization standards. The range is between 28.3 and 35.0 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. In order to make a prediction of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration, an investigation of Recurrent Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory has been undertaken.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fresh fermented soybean meal（FSM） on the growth performance of nursery piglets, nitrogen excretion in feces, and the concentrations of ammonia（NH3） and partic...This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fresh fermented soybean meal（FSM） on the growth performance of nursery piglets, nitrogen excretion in feces, and the concentrations of ammonia（NH3） and particulate matter（PM） in the piggery. A total of 472 nursery piglets（Landrace×Yorkshire,（16.3±0.36） kg body weight） were randomly allocated into two treatments with 236 pigs in each treatment. The pigs were fed the basal diet without fresh FSM（control） or diet containing 10%（100 g/kg） fresh FSM（FSM group）, and the crude protein content of the two groups was consistent. The feeding trial lasted for 28 d. The results showed that the pigs fed fresh FSM had increased（P〈0.05） average daily gain（ADG） compared with the control. There was no significant difference（P〈0.05） in feed to gain ratio（F：G） between the two groups. During the whole experiment, the concentration of NH3 in the piggery decreased（P〈0.05） by 19.0%, and the concentrations of PM（PM（10） and PM（2.5）） in the piggery decreased（P〈0.05） by 19.9% and 11.6%, respectively, in the FSM group, compared with the control. The ammonia nitrogen and nitrite content in feces increased（P〈0.05） by 32.9% and 28.4%, respectively, in the FSM group. The fecal p H declined（P〈0.05） significantly in the FSM group compared with the control. At the end of experiment, total protein（TP） concentration was increased（P〈0.05） significantly and blood urea nitrogen（BUN） concentration was decreased（P〈0.05） for pigs fed the diet with fresh FSM. The results indicated that dietary fresh FSM not only improved the growth performance of nursery piglets, but also reduced the NH3 concentration in the piggery due to nitrogen conversion, and decreased the concentrations of PM（10） and PM（2.5） in the piggery.展开更多
The formation and development of weather events has a great impact on the diffusion, accumulation and transport of air pollutants, and causes great changes in the particulate pollution level. It is very important to s...The formation and development of weather events has a great impact on the diffusion, accumulation and transport of air pollutants, and causes great changes in the particulate pollution level. It is very important to study their influence on particulate pollution. Lanzhou is one of the most particulate-polluted cities in China and even in the world. Particulate matter （PM） including TSP, PM〉10, PMzs-10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations were simultaneously measured during 2005-2007 in Lanzhou to evaluate the influence of three kinds of weather events - dost, precipitation and cold front - on the concentrations of PM with different sizes and detect the temporal evolution. The main results are as follows： （1） the PM pollution in Lanzhou during dust events was very heavy and the rate of increase in the concentration of PM2.5-10 was the highest of the five kinds of particles. During dust-storm events, the highest peaks of the concentrations of fine particles （PM2.5 and PM1.0） occurred 3 hr later than those of coarse particles （PM〉10 and PM/.5-10）. （2） The major effect of precipitation events on PM is wet scavenging. The scavenging rates of particles were closely associated with the kinds of precipitation events. The scavenging rates of TSP, PM〉10 and PMa.5-10 by convective precipitation were several times as high as those caused by frontal precipitation for the same precipitation amount, the reason being the different formation mechanism and precipitation characteristics of the two kinds of precipitation. Moreover, there exists a limiting value for the scavenging rates of particles by precipitation. （3） The major effect of cold-front events on particles is clearance. However, during cold-front passages, the PM concentrations could sometimes rise first and decrease afterwards, which is the critical difference in the influence of cold fronts on the concentrations of particulate pollutants vs. gaseous pollutants.展开更多
The presence of heavy metals（HMs） in particulate matters（PMs） particularly fine particles such as PM2.5 poses potential risk to the health of human being. The purpose of this study was to analyze the contents of H...The presence of heavy metals（HMs） in particulate matters（PMs） particularly fine particles such as PM2.5 poses potential risk to the health of human being. The purpose of this study was to analyze the contents of HMs in PM2.5 in the atmospheric monitoring stations in Isfahan city,Iran, in different seasons between March 2014 and March 2015 and their source identification using principle component analysis（PCA）. The samples of PM2.5 were taken using a high volume sampler in 7 monitoring stations located throughout the city and industrial zones since March 2014 to March 2015. The HMs content of the samples was measured using ICP-MS.The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cd and Ni were in a range of 23–36, 1–12,and 5–76 ng/m3 at all the stations which exceeded the US-EPA standards. Furthermore,the concentrations of Cr and Cu reached to 153 and 167 ng/m3 in some stations which were also higher than the standard levels. Depending on the potential sources of HMs, their concentration in PM2.5 through the various seasons was different. PCA illustrated that the different potential sources of HMs in the atmosphere, showing that the most important sources of HMs originated from fossil fuel combustion, abrasion of vehicle tires, industrial activities（e.g., iron and steel industries） and dust storms. Management and control of air pollution of industrial plants and vehicles are suggested for decreasing the risk of the HMs in the region.展开更多
文摘Fine particulate matter(particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm or less;PM2.5)causes millions of premature deaths globally1,but not all particles are equally harmful2-4.Current air-pollution control strategies,prioritizing PM2.5 mass reduction,have provided considerable health benefits but further refinements based on differences in the toxicity of various emission sources may provide greater benefits5-7.Here we integrated field measurements with air-quality modelling to assess the unequal toxicities of PM2.5 from various anthropogenic sources.
基金supported by the KIST Institutional Program(No.2E31700-22-P005)the KRIBB Research Initiative Program(No.KGM5322422)+1 种基金the Technology Innovation Program(No.20008826)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(MOTIE,Republic of Korea)the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)(No.2022R1A2C1091865)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT,Republic of Korea)。
文摘The risk of exposure to particulate matter(PM)has been consistently highlighted globally owing to its detrimental effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and in the development of lung cancer.Additionally,PM promotes cancer cell metastasis;however,research elucidating the precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and the strategies to inhibit it remains limited.The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism underlying PM-induced cancer metastasis and investigate the preventive role of ginsenoside Rg3.We treated macrophages with PM and confirmed an increase in the expression and secretion of chemokines,such as CCL3,CCL4,and CCL5.This effect was mediated by the MAPK and NF-kB pathways,and Rg3 inhibited this process by suppressing chemokine expression.These chemokines regulate the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)markers in cancer cells,including Snail,Slug,ZEB1,and E-cadherin.The regulated EMT markers increased the motility of cancer cells in vitro.Furthermore,an increase in CCL3,CCL4,and CCL5 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)was confirmed in a PM inhalation mouse model,and Rg3 reduced PM-induced cancer metastasis.The study findings suggest the potential use of Rg3 as a therapeutic agent to prevent PM-induced cancer metastasis.
基金supported by CACMS Innovation Fund(No CI2021A04611,CI2021A05106)Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2021B015)+1 种基金Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2023E001TS01)Fundamental research funds for the central public welfare research institutes(L2022035).
文摘Objective Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to ultrafine particulate matter(UPM,aerodynamic diameter<0.1μm)is associated with adverse cardiovascular events.Previous studies have found that Shenlian(SL)extract possesses anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties and has a promising protective effect at all stages of the atherosclerotic disease process.In this study,we aimed to investigated whether SL improves UPM-aggravated myocardial ischemic injury by inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis.Methods We established a mouse model of MI+UPM.Echocardiographic measurement,measurement of myocardialinfarct size,biochemical analysis,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),histopathological analysis,Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling(TUNEL),Western blotting(WB),Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)and so on were used to explore the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of SL in vivo and in vitro.Results SL treatment can attenuate UPM-induced cardiac dysfunction by improving left ventricular ejection fraction,fractional shortening,and decreasing cardiac infarction area.SL significantly reduced the levels of myocardial enzymes and attenuated UPM-induced morphological alterations.Moreover,SL significantly reduced expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6,TNF-α,and MCP-1.UPM further increased the infiltration of macrophages in myocardial tissue,whereas SL intervention reversed this phenomenon.UPM also triggered myocardial apoptosis,which was markedly attenuated by SL treatment.The results of in vitro experiments revealed that SL prevented cell damage caused by exposure to UPM combined with hypoxia by reducing the expression of the inflammatory factor NF-κB and inhibiting apoptosis in H9c2 cells.Conclusion Overall,both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that SL attenuated UPMaggravated myocardial ischemic injury by inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis.The mechanisms were related to the downregulation of macrophages infiltrating heart tissues.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFC3709500,2023YFC3709502 and 2022YFC3703400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42077191)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.63233054)Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project(No.18PTZWHZ00120).
文摘Serious fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))pollution and rapidly increasing of ground-level ozone(O_(3))concentrations are concern issues in China.To achieve the comprehensive control of PM_(2.5)-O_(3) composite air pollution,exploring the common sources of PM_(2.5) and VOCs is essential.However,previous researches most carried out either PM_(2.5) or VOCs source appointment.In this study,we applied the ensemble source apportionment method to explore the impacts of common sources on PM_(2.5)-VOCs.Subsequently,we obtained the ensemble source impacts on O_(3) combining the extracted VOCs source profile and ozone formation potential.We found that the focus of environmentalmanagement and source control should be varied accordingly for different pollutants.Vehicle emission was the largest contributor(41%)to PM_(2.5)-VOCs,while industrial emission was the main common source(51%)to O_(3).The result showed that the O_(3) production rate is not only related to the VOCs emission,but also to the reactivity of VOCs.In addition,sensitivity tests revealed that temperature was the main factor affecting O_(3) formation.The study provides a framework to explore the common sources impact on PM_(2.5) and VOCs,which is benefit to address both PM_(2.5) and O_(3) mitigations.
基金Supported by the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province (Nos.TS20190913,tsqn202211054)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.202241007)the Youth Innovation Team Program in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province (No.2022KJ045)
文摘Mesoscale eddies are widespread in the global ocean,significantly influencing the physical,chemical,and biological structures of water column.Based on the CTD data and suspended particulate matter(SPM)data collected at 36 hydrographic stations during a field cruise in southern Mozambique Channel,combined with satellite altimeter observations,we identified a series of mesoscale eddies traversing the Mozambique Channel.Our hydrographic measurements,coupled with in situ chlorophyll fluorescence data,reveal that these eddies significantly influence thermohaline structure and chlorophyll distribution,which in turn affects primary productivity and SPM concentrations in the upper ocean.The cyclonic eddies facilitate the upwelling of cold subsurface water,leading to a shallowing of the pycnocline and the creation of a low-temperature anomaly with variable salinity anomalies at different depths.Conversely,anticyclonic eddies submerge warm surface water,deepening the pycnocline,and resulting in a high-temperature anomaly accompanied by distinct salinity patterns.Significantly,a coastal anticyclonic eddy was observed to intercept terrestrial material from the Delagoa Bight,redirecting it west of 36°E.This study presents unique and quasi-synchronous CTD datasets capturing mesoscale eddy impacts,and provided valuable insights into SPM variability within the often-neglected southern Mozambique Channel.
基金supported by the institutional fund MLP004 and Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB)(No.CRG/2021/002625)financial assistance from DBT-JRF,Department of Biotechnology,Gov of India,New Delhi India(DBT/2018/1111)。
文摘Air pollution is fourth major cause of death worldwide.Recent evidence suggests that particulate matter(PM)may affect kidneys,and the effect may be size and composition dependent.In this study,PM_(0.1),PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)were collected from ambient air and given to BALB/c male mice at 0.25 mg/m^(3) concentration in whole-body inhalation chamber for 28days(6 h/day,5 days/week)to assess their effect on kidney.Physico-chemical characterization of PM particles by SEM,ICP-MS and HPLC showed their various shapes along with the presence of metals and poly aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).Following PM exposure,increased serum creatinine levels were observed in animals along with dilated tubules,protein cast deposition,necrosis,immune infiltration,collagen deposition,and shrunken glomeruli in kidney.Immunofluorescence staining showed higher expressions of kidney injury molecule1(KIM-1),cystatin C,β2 microglobulin(β2M),and alpha smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)and fibronectin,suggesting renal injury and fibrosis.PM exposure also increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content and decreased superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2)activity,which in turn leads to induction of inflammation.Mechanistically,PM exposure further inhibited the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signalling and induced kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B(NF-κB).Interestingly,the effect of PM_(2.5)was more severe than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10),leading to higher levels of proinflammatory NF-κB and greater Nrf2 inhibition.Overall,our findings suggested that inhalation exposure to size-segregated PM can cause kidney damage and fibrosis,and PM_(2.5)showed higher toxicity than PM_(0.1)and PM_(10).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274344)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(Nos.2022JJ30723 and 2023JJ20068)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023RC3042).
文摘Controlling the adhesion of potentially corrosive substances from flue gas on grate bar is crucial for extending the operational lifespan of the equipment.The adhesive behaviour and mechanism of ultrafine particulate matters(UPM)throughout the sintering process were elucidated,and measures to control adhesion on grate bars were developed.Research findings indicated that a small quantity of UPM were found on grate bar during the initial sintering stages(ignition stage and middle stageⅠandⅡ).The main compositions of UPM were FexOy-rich,CaO-rich,and aluminium silicate-rich particles.In contrast,corrosive substances like alkali metal compounds were almost absent.These UPM adhered onto grate bar primarily through inertial impaction.When moving to the final sintering stages(middle stageⅢand temperature rising stage),many UPM rich in corrosive substances like NaCl and KCl adhered to the grate bar.These UPM adhered to grate bar through thermal diffusion and vortex deposition.Solid waste water washing technology can greatly decrease the quantity of UPM(rich in NaCl and KCl)on the grate bar due to vortex deposition and thermal diffusion,and it represents a potentially promising way to control adhesion and corrosion on grate bars.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82303169)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(No.2021ZDLSF02-06).
文摘Objective Several epidemiological observational studies have related particulate matter(PM)exposure to Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),but many confounding factors make it difficult to draw causal links from observational studies.The objective of this study was to explore the causal association between PM_(2.5)exposure,its absorbance,and IBD.Methods We assessed the association of PM_(2.5)and PM_(2.5)absorbance with the two primary forms of IBD(Crohn’s disease[CD]and ulcerative colitis[UC])using Mendelian randomization(MR)to explore the causal relationship.We conducted two-sample MR analyses with aggregated data from the UK Biobank genome-wide association study.Single-nucleotide polymorphisms linked with PM_(2.5)concentrations or their absorbance were used as instrumental variables(IVs).We used inverse variance weighting(IVW)as the primary analytical approach and four other standard methods as supplementary analyses for quality control.Results The results of MR demonstrated that PM_(2.5)had an adverse influence on UC risk(odds ratio[OR]=1.010;95%confidence interval[CI]=1.001–1.019,P=0.020).Meanwhile,the results of IVW showed that PM_(2.5)absorbance was also causally associated with UC(OR=1.012;95%CI=1.004–1.019,P=0.002).We observed no causal relationship between PM_(2.5),PM_(2.5)absorbance,and CD.The results of sensitivity analysis indicated the absence of heterogeneity or pleiotropy,ensuring the reliability of MR results.Conclusion Based on two-sample MR analyses,there are potential positive causal relationships between PM_(2.5),PM_(2.5)absorbance,and UC.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC2705700)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515012355)+1 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JCYJ20220530140609020)the Scientific Research Project of Wuhan Municipal Health Commission(No.WX21Q36).
文摘Objective The effects of prolonged exposure to persistently elevated atmospheric pollutants,commonly termed air pollution waves,on fertility intentions remain inadequately understood.This study aims to investigate the association between particulate matter(PM)exposure and fertility intentions.Methods In this nationwide cross-sectional study,we analyzed data from 10,747 participants(5496 females and 5251 males).PM waves were defined as periods lasting 3‒6 consecutive days during which the daily average concentrations exceeded China’s Ambient Air Quality Standards Grade II thresholds(PM2.5>75μg/m3 and PM10>150μg/m3).We employed multivariate logistic regression models to assess the association between exposure to PM waves and fertility intentions.Results Significant inverse associations were detected between exposure to PM2.5 wave events(characterized by concentrations exceeding 75μg/m3 for durations of 4‒6 days,P<0.05)and PM10 wave events(defined as concentrations exceeding 150μg/m3 for 6 consecutive days,P<0.05)and fertility intentions among females.In contrast,neither the PM2.5 wave nor the PM10 wave events demonstrated statistically significant correlations with fertility intentions in males(P>0.05 for all comparisons).The potentially susceptible subgroup was identified as females aged 20–30 years.Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that PM2.5 and PM10 waves are associated with a reduction in female fertility intentions,offering critical insights for the development of public health policies and strategies aimed at individual protection.
基金the financial support(Grant Number:CMRC9923)was provided by the Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences,Ahvaz,Iran。
文摘Epidemiological evidence presents that dust storms are related to respiratory diseases,such as pulmonary fibrosis(PF).However,the precise underlying mechanisms of SPM-elicited adverse effects still need to be investigated.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)process is a characteristic of PF.We discussed whether suspended particulate matter(SPM)is involved in EMT induction via transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1).In this study,a detailed elemental analysis(55 elements),particle size,and morphology were determined.To investigate the toxicity of SPM,an MTT test was performed to detect cell viability.Next,A549cells were exposed to selected concentrations of SPM(20 and 40μg/mL)for single and repeated exposures.The DCFH-DA assay showed that exposure to SPM could produce reactive oxygen species(ROS).The ELISA assay demonstrated increased levels of interleukin-8(IL-8)and TGF-β1 in the supernatant.Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins associated with EMT and the SMAD3-dependent pathway.Results of western blot demonstrated that E-cadherin was reduced,whereas p-SMAD3,vimentin,andα-smooth muscle actin were elevated.Our findings indicated that SPM triggered EMT by induction of oxidative stress,inflammation,and the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway activation.
基金This work was supported financially by Korea Environment Industry&Technology Institute through Project to make multi-ministerial national biological research resources more advanced program,funded by Korea Ministry of Environment(grant number RS-2023-00230403).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter(PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish.Methods:HaCaT cells and zebrafish were used to evaluate the protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.The production of nitric oxide(NO),intracellular ROS,prostaglandin E_(2)(PGE_(2)),and pro-inflammatory cytokines,and the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB were evaluated in PM-induced HaCaT cells.Furthermore,the levels of ROS,NO,and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the PM-exposed zebrafish model.Results:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract significantly decreased the production of NO,intracellular ROS,and PGE_(2) in PM-induced HaCaT cells.In addition,the fraction markedly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB.Furthermore,it displayed remarkable protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress,represented by the reduction of NO,ROS,and lipid peroxidation in zebrafish.Conclusions:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract exhibits a protective effect against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential as a candidate for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.
基金support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0206600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52376125)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Oxy-combustion is a promising carbon-capture technology,but atmospheric-pressure oxy-combustion has a relatively low net efficiency,limiting its application in power plants.In pressurized oxycombustion(POC),the boiler,air separation unit,flue gas recirculation unit,and CO_(2)purification and compression unit are all operated at elevated pressure;this makes the process more efficient,with many advantages over atmospheric pressure,such as low NO_(x)emissions,a smaller boiler size,and more.POC is also more promising for industrial application and has attracted widespread research interest in recent years.It can produce high-pressure CO_(2)with a purity of approximately 95%,which can be used directly for enhanced oil recovery or geo-sequestration.However,the pollutant emissions must meet the standards for carbon capture,storage,and utilization.Because of the high oxygen and moisture concentrations in POC,the formation of acids via the oxidation and solution of SO_(x)and NO_(x)can be increased,causing the corrosion of pipelines and equipment.Furthermore,particulate matter(PM)and mercury emissions can harm the environment and human health.The main distinction between pressurized and atmospheric-pressure oxy-combustion is the former’s elevated pressure;thus,the effect of this pressure on the pollutants emitted from POC—including SO_(x),NO_(x),PM,and mercury—must be understood,and effective control methodologies must be incorporated to control the formation of these pollutants.This paper reviews recent advances in research on SO_(x),NO_(x),PM,and mercury formation and control in POC systems that can aid in pollutant control in such systems.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFE0115300,2022YFC3600800,2017YFC0211706)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-010)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(82073658,82070473)National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(2022-GSP-GG-1,2022-GSP-GG-2)Research Unit of Prospective Cohort of Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancers,CAMS(2019RU038)National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases,Fuwai Hospital,CAMS(NCRC2020006)。
文摘Objective In recent decades,China has implemented a series of policies to address air pollution.We aimed to assess the health effects of these policies on stroke burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)).Methods Joinpoint regression was applied to explore the temporal tendency of stroke burden based on data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.Results The age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life year(DALY)for stroke attributable to ambient PM2.5 in China,increased dramatically during 1990-2012,subsequently decreased at an annual percentage change(APC)of-1.98[95% confidence interval(CI):-2.26,-1.71]during 2012-2019.For ischemic stroke(IS),the age-standardized DALY rates doubled from 1990 to 2014,and decreased at an APC of-0.83(95%CI:-1.33,-0.33)during 2014-2019.Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)showed a substantial increase in age-standardized DALY rates from 1990 to 2003,followed by declining trends,with APCs of-1.46(95%CI:-2.74,-0.16)during 2003-2007 and-3.33(95%CI:-3.61,-3.06)during 2011-2019,respectively.Conversely,the age-standardized DALY rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)generally declined during 1990-2019.Conclusion Our results clarified the dynamic changes of the ambient PM_(2.5)-attributable stroke burden in China during 1990-2019,highlighting the health effects of air quality improvement policies.
文摘Background,aim,and scope Environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs)have received significant attention due to their longer lifetime and stable existence in various environments.The strong environmental migration ability of particulate matter allows EPFRs to migrate over long-distance transport,thereby impacting the quality of the local atmospheric environment.Additionally,EPFRs can also adhere to atmospheric particles and interact with typical gaseous pollutants to affect atmospheric chemical reactions.EPFRs can produce some reactive organic species,promoting oxidative stress in the human body,damaging biological macromolecules and ultimately affecting the organism health.EPFRs are considered as a novel type of pollutant that affects human health.Despite their significance,there are few literatures available on the characteristics and fate behaviors of EPFRs up to date.Therefore,supplemental reviews are crucial for providing comprehensive understanding of EPFRs.Materials and methods This review summarizes the characteristics of EPFRs in particulate matter,outlines the generation mechanism and influencing factors of EPFRs,and the impacts of EPFRs on environmental quality and organism health.Results The content of EPFRs in particulate matter ranges from 1017 to 1020 spins∙g−1.Due to the strong mobility of atmospheric particulate matter,the long-term exposure to high levels of EPFRs may aggravate the impact of particulate matter on human health.The interaction between EPFRs and typical gaseous pollutants can alter their fate and influence atmospheric chemical reactions.EPFRs are mainly produced by transition metal elements and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons through electron transfer.Additionally,the chemical bond rupture of organic substances through heat treatment or ultraviolet radiation can also produce EPFRs,and heterogeneous reactions are capable producing them as well.The production of EPFRs is not only influenced by transition metal elements and precursors,but also by various environmental factors such as oxygen,temperature,light radiation,and relative humidity.Discussion EPFRs in atmospheric particulates matters are usually rich in fine particulates with obvious seasonal and regional variations.They can easily enter the human respiratory tract and lungs with inhalable particulates,thereby increasing the risk of exposure.Additionally,EPFRs in atmospheric particulates can interact with some typical gaseous pollutants,impacting the life and fate of EPFRs in the atmosphere,and alter atmospheric chemical reactions.Traditionally,EPFRs are generated by transition metal elements and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons undergoing electron transfer in the post-flame and cool-zone regions of combustion systems and other thermal processes to remove HCl,H_(2)O or CO groups,ultimately produce semiquinones,phenoxyls,and cyclopentadienyls.Recent studies have indicated that EPFRs can also be generated under the conditions of without transition metal elemental.Organics can also produce EPFRs through chemical bond rupture during heat treatment or light radiation conditions,as well as through some heterogeneous reactions and photochemical secondary generation of EPFRs.The presence or absence of oxygen has different effects on the type and yield of EPFRs.The concentration,type,and crystal type of transition metal elements will affect the type,content,and atmospheric lifetime of EPFRs.It is generally believed that the impact of transition metal element types on EPFRs is related to the oxidation-reduction potential.The combustion temperature or heat treatment process significantly affects the type and amount of EPFRs.Factors such as precursor loading content,pH conditions,light radiation and relative humidity also influence the generation of EPFRs.EPFRs can interact with pollutants in the environment during their migration and transformation process in environmental medium.This process accelerates the degradation of pollutants and plays a crucial role in the migration and transformation of organic pollutants in environmental media.The reaction process of EPFRs may lead to the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)such as∙OH,which can induce oxidative stress,inflammation and immune response to biological lung cells and tissues,leading to chronic respiratory and cardiopulmonary dysfunction,cardiovascular damage and neurotoxic effects,ultimately impacting the health of organisms.Conclusions The interaction mechanism between EPFRs in particulate matter and gaseous pollutants remains unclear.Furthermore,research on the generation mechanism of EPFRs without the participation of transition metals is not comprehensive,and the detection of EPFRs is limited to simple qualitative categories and lack accurate qualitative analysis.Recommendations and perspectives Further research should be conducted on the generation mechanism,measurement techniques,migration pathways,and transformation process of EPFRs.It is also important to explore the interaction between EPFRs in atmospheric particulate matter and typical gaseous pollutants.
基金supported by The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)under contract No.75D30119C05743.
文摘In the confined spaces of underground mines,the exposure of over 10,000 miners in the U.S.to diesel exhaust and diesel particulate matter(DPM)is an occupational inevitability,particularly in metal and nonmetal mineral extraction.These workers routinely operate amidst diesel-powered equipment,often outdated and highly polluting,extracting resources such as limestone,gold,and salt.The acute health effects of such exposure are significant,leading to symptoms like headaches and flu-like conditions,with the impact being more pronounced in these closed work environments.This review scrutinizes DPM's hazard in the mining sector,consolidating the extant knowledge and exploring ongoing research.It encapsulates our understanding of DPM's physicochemical properties,existing sampling methods,health ramifications,and mitigation technologies.Moreover,it underscores the necessity for further study in areas such as the evolution of DPM's physicochemical attributes,from its genesis at high-pressure,high-temperature conditions within diesel engines to its emission into the mine atmosphere.A key research gap is the intricate interaction of DPM with specific characteristics of the mine environment-such as relative humidity,ambient temperature,the presence of other mineral dust,and the dynamics of ventilation air.These factors can significantly alter the physicochemical profile of DPM,infuencing both its in-mine transport and its deposition behavior.Consequently,this can affect the respiratory health of miners,modifying the toxicity and the respiratory deposition of DPM particles.Identified research imperatives include(1)the advancement of instrumentation for accurate number measurement of DPM to replace or supplement traditional gravimetric methods;(2)the development of long-lasting,cost-effective control technologies tailored for the mining industry;(3)an in-depth investigation of DPM interactions within the unique mine microclimate,considering the critical components like humidity and other aerosols;and(4)understanding the differential impact of DPM in mining compared to other industries,informing the creation of mining-specific health and safety protocols.This review's findings underscore the urgency to enhance emission control and exposure prevention strategies,paving the way for a healthier underground mining work environment.
文摘A cement factory nearby communities raise pollution concerns. This study assessed air pollution levels for respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and heavy metals (lead, chromium, nickel, cadmium, zinc and copper) adjacent to a cement factory in Ewekoro and neighbouring communities (Papalantoro, Lapeleko and Itori) in Ogun State, Nigeria. Respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and heavy metals were measured using an ARA N-FRM cassette sampler. Each location sampled was monitored for eight continuous hours daily for 12 days. The PM2.5, PM10 and heavy metals results were compared with different standards, including those of the World Health Organization (WHO), Nigeria’s National Environmental Standard and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS). The PM levels fell within 11 - 19 μg/m3 of the air management level of CAAQS, which signifies continuous actions are needed to improve air quality in the areas monitored but below the NESREA standard. The mean Cd, Cr and Ni concentrations in the cement factory area and the impacted neighbourhoods are higher than the WHO/EU permissible limits, while Zn and Cu were below the WHO/EU permissible limit. A risk assessment hazard quotient (HQ) for Cr was above the WHO/EU safe level (=1) in adults and children throµgh ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact at all the monitoring sites. The HQ for Ni and Cd was higher than the safe level in the cement factory area and Papalantoro, while Zn was at safe levels.
文摘Air pollution is a result of multiple sources including both natural and anthropogenic activities. The rapid urbanization of the cities such as Bujumbura, economic capital of Burundi, is one of these factors. The very first characterization of the spatio-temporal variability of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Bujumbura and the forecasting of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration have been conducted in this paper using data collected during a year, from August 2022 to August 2023, by low-cost sensors installed in Bujumbura city. For each commune, an hourly, daily and seasonal analysis was carried out and the results showed that the mass concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the three municipalities differ from one commune to another. The average hourly and annual PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations exceed the World Health Organization standards. The range is between 28.3 and 35.0 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. In order to make a prediction of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration, an investigation of Recurrent Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory has been undertaken.
基金Project supported by the Key Agricultural Projects of Ningbo Science and Technology Bureau of Zhejiang Province(No.2013C11008),China
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fresh fermented soybean meal（FSM） on the growth performance of nursery piglets, nitrogen excretion in feces, and the concentrations of ammonia（NH3） and particulate matter（PM） in the piggery. A total of 472 nursery piglets（Landrace×Yorkshire,（16.3±0.36） kg body weight） were randomly allocated into two treatments with 236 pigs in each treatment. The pigs were fed the basal diet without fresh FSM（control） or diet containing 10%（100 g/kg） fresh FSM（FSM group）, and the crude protein content of the two groups was consistent. The feeding trial lasted for 28 d. The results showed that the pigs fed fresh FSM had increased（P〈0.05） average daily gain（ADG） compared with the control. There was no significant difference（P〈0.05） in feed to gain ratio（F：G） between the two groups. During the whole experiment, the concentration of NH3 in the piggery decreased（P〈0.05） by 19.0%, and the concentrations of PM（PM（10） and PM（2.5）） in the piggery decreased（P〈0.05） by 19.9% and 11.6%, respectively, in the FSM group, compared with the control. The ammonia nitrogen and nitrite content in feces increased（P〈0.05） by 32.9% and 28.4%, respectively, in the FSM group. The fecal p H declined（P〈0.05） significantly in the FSM group compared with the control. At the end of experiment, total protein（TP） concentration was increased（P〈0.05） significantly and blood urea nitrogen（BUN） concentration was decreased（P〈0.05） for pigs fed the diet with fresh FSM. The results indicated that dietary fresh FSM not only improved the growth performance of nursery piglets, but also reduced the NH3 concentration in the piggery due to nitrogen conversion, and decreased the concentrations of PM（10） and PM（2.5） in the piggery.
基金supported by the National Special Project for Commonweal Industry in China (No. GY-HY201006023,GYHY201106034)the National Support Projects for Science and Technology in China (No.2009BAC53B02)+2 种基金the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41075103)the Application and Foundation Research Program of Sichuan Province (No.2009JY0116)the Project of the Scientific Research Foundation of CUIT (No. KYTZ201008)
文摘The formation and development of weather events has a great impact on the diffusion, accumulation and transport of air pollutants, and causes great changes in the particulate pollution level. It is very important to study their influence on particulate pollution. Lanzhou is one of the most particulate-polluted cities in China and even in the world. Particulate matter （PM） including TSP, PM〉10, PMzs-10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations were simultaneously measured during 2005-2007 in Lanzhou to evaluate the influence of three kinds of weather events - dost, precipitation and cold front - on the concentrations of PM with different sizes and detect the temporal evolution. The main results are as follows： （1） the PM pollution in Lanzhou during dust events was very heavy and the rate of increase in the concentration of PM2.5-10 was the highest of the five kinds of particles. During dust-storm events, the highest peaks of the concentrations of fine particles （PM2.5 and PM1.0） occurred 3 hr later than those of coarse particles （PM〉10 and PM/.5-10）. （2） The major effect of precipitation events on PM is wet scavenging. The scavenging rates of particles were closely associated with the kinds of precipitation events. The scavenging rates of TSP, PM〉10 and PMa.5-10 by convective precipitation were several times as high as those caused by frontal precipitation for the same precipitation amount, the reason being the different formation mechanism and precipitation characteristics of the two kinds of precipitation. Moreover, there exists a limiting value for the scavenging rates of particles by precipitation. （3） The major effect of cold-front events on particles is clearance. However, during cold-front passages, the PM concentrations could sometimes rise first and decrease afterwards, which is the critical difference in the influence of cold fronts on the concentrations of particulate pollutants vs. gaseous pollutants.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the central University,China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)(No.CUG150602)the International collaboration project funded by the China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)
文摘The presence of heavy metals（HMs） in particulate matters（PMs） particularly fine particles such as PM2.5 poses potential risk to the health of human being. The purpose of this study was to analyze the contents of HMs in PM2.5 in the atmospheric monitoring stations in Isfahan city,Iran, in different seasons between March 2014 and March 2015 and their source identification using principle component analysis（PCA）. The samples of PM2.5 were taken using a high volume sampler in 7 monitoring stations located throughout the city and industrial zones since March 2014 to March 2015. The HMs content of the samples was measured using ICP-MS.The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cd and Ni were in a range of 23–36, 1–12,and 5–76 ng/m3 at all the stations which exceeded the US-EPA standards. Furthermore,the concentrations of Cr and Cu reached to 153 and 167 ng/m3 in some stations which were also higher than the standard levels. Depending on the potential sources of HMs, their concentration in PM2.5 through the various seasons was different. PCA illustrated that the different potential sources of HMs in the atmosphere, showing that the most important sources of HMs originated from fossil fuel combustion, abrasion of vehicle tires, industrial activities（e.g., iron and steel industries） and dust storms. Management and control of air pollution of industrial plants and vehicles are suggested for decreasing the risk of the HMs in the region.
