The particle matter,particularly the suspended particle matter(PM≤2.5)in the air is not only a risk factor for human health,but also affects the survival and physiological features of plants.Plants show advantages in...The particle matter,particularly the suspended particle matter(PM≤2.5)in the air is not only a risk factor for human health,but also affects the survival and physiological features of plants.Plants show advantages in the adsorption of particle matter,while the factors,such as the leaf shape,leaf distribution density and leaf surface microstructure,such as grooves,folds,stomata,flocculent projections,micro-roughness,long fuzz,short pubescence,wax and secretory products,appeared to play an important role determing their absorption capacity.In this paper,the research progress on the capture or adsorption of atmospheric particles was summarized,and the forest vegetation and woody plants were discuessed.In addition,special attentions were paid to the effect of haze-fog weather on greenhouse plant,the different responses of plant leaves to dust particles and suspended particles,as well as the effect of suspended particles on morphological change of plants.In the future,research should focus on the mechanism of the influence of particulate matter on plants.More advanced effective and convenient research methods like spectral detection method also need to be developed.This paper may provide reference for future studies on plants’response to haze and particle matter.展开更多
An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler （ADCP） observation site was set up in the Western South Yellow Sea from 2012 to 2013 to study the local suspended particle matters （SPM） distribution pattern. The SPM concentra...An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler （ADCP） observation site was set up in the Western South Yellow Sea from 2012 to 2013 to study the local suspended particle matters （SPM） distribution pattern. The SPM concentration could be semi-quantitatively represented by backscatter intensity （Sv）, converted by the echo intensity （E/） of ADCP. Results show two types of SPM in the water column： the quasi-biological SPM and quasi-mineral SPM. The quasi-biological SPM mainly exists in summer half year and is con- centrated above the thermocline. It has periodically diurnal variations with high concentration at night and low concentration in the daytime. The quasi-mineral SPM is located in lower part of the water column, with similar relation to monthly tidal current variation all year round. However, the daily quasi-mineral SPM distribution patterns vary between summer and winter half year. The sunlight is thought to be the origin factor leading to the diurnally vertical motion of the biological features, which might cause the diurnal Sv variation. Unlike in winter half year when tidal current is relatively single driving force of the monthly SPM pattern, the high speed current near the thermocline is also responsible for the concentration of quasi-mineral SPM in summer half year. The sediment input difference between summer and winter half year contribute to the varied daily variation of quasi-mineral SPM with re-suspended SPM ir~ winter and sediments from Yellow Sea Mud Area （YSMA） in summer. The seasonal variations in hydrodynamics, water structure and heavy-wind incidents are the primary factors influencing the differential seasonal SPM distribution patterns.展开更多
The results of measurements conducted to determine the number and mass concentration of particles emitted from the liquefied natural gas （LNG） fueled spark ignition engines are presented. Particle size distributions...The results of measurements conducted to determine the number and mass concentration of particles emitted from the liquefied natural gas （LNG） fueled spark ignition engines are presented. Particle size distributions were measured at different speeds, different loads and ESC cycles. The nanoparticles with diameter smaller than 39 nm, measured by the electrical low-pressure impactor （ELPI）, are dominant in number con- centration that is nearly 92.7 % of the total number of the emitted particles at the peak point. As for the mass of emission particle, it is shown that the mass of the particles greater than 1.2μm is more than 65 % that of the emitted particles.展开更多
Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is an alternative to the prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM). WUM and BBM are principally different Models: 1) Instead of the Initial Singularity with the infinite energy density and...Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is an alternative to the prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM). WUM and BBM are principally different Models: 1) Instead of the Initial Singularity with the infinite energy density and the extremely rapid expansion of the space (Inflation) in BBM;in WUM, there was a Fluctuation (4D Nucleus of the World with an extrapolated radius equals to a basic unit of size <i>a</i>) in the Eternal Universe with a finite extrapolated energy density (four orders of magnitude less than the nuclear density) and a finite expansion of the Nucleus in its fourth spatial dimension with speed <i>c</i> that is the gravitodynamic constant;2) Instead of the Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around the Initial Singularity in BBM;in WUM, the 3D Finite Boundless World (the Hypersphere of the 4D Nucleus) presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters (≳10<sup>3</sup>), which emerged in various places of the World at different Cosmological times. The Medium of the World is Homogeneous and Isotropic. The distribution of Macroobjects in the World is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous. The Absolute Age of the entire World (determined by the parameters of the Medium) is 14.22 Gyr.展开更多
The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is consistent with all Concepts of the World [1]. In WUM, we postulate the principal role of Angular Momentum and Dark Matter in Cosmological theories of the World....The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is consistent with all Concepts of the World [1]. In WUM, we postulate the principal role of Angular Momentum and Dark Matter in Cosmological theories of the World. The most widely accepted model of Solar System formation, known as the Nebular hypothesis, does not solve the Angular Momentum problem—why is the orbital momentum of Jupiter larger than rotational momentum of the Sun? WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with this Fundamental Law. The Nebular hypothesis does not solve Internal Heating and Diversity problems for all Planets and Moons in Solar system—why the actual mean surface temperature of them is higher than their effective temperature calculated based on the Sun’s heat for them and how could each one be so different if all of them came from the same nebula? The proposed concept of Dark Matter Reactors in Cores of all gravitationally-rounded Macroobjects successfully resolves these problems.展开更多
In this review, we recall how stars contribute to the search for dark matter and the specific role of the Sun. We describe a more complete picture of the solar interior that emerges from neutrino detections, gravity a...In this review, we recall how stars contribute to the search for dark matter and the specific role of the Sun. We describe a more complete picture of the solar interior that emerges from neutrino detections, gravity and acoustic mode measurements of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory （SOHO） satellite, becoming a reference for the most common stars in the Universe. The Sun is a unique star in that we can observe directly the effect of dark matter. The absence of a signature related to Weakly Interacting Massive Particles （WIMPs） in its core disfavors a WIMP mass range below 12 GeV. We give arguments to continue this search on the Sun and other promising cases. We also examine another dark matter candidate, the sterile neutrino, and infer the limitations of the classical structural equations. Open questions on the young Sun, when planets formed, and on its present internal dynamics are finally dis- cussed. Future directions are proposed for the next decade： a better description of the solar core, a generalization to stars coming from seismic missions and a better under- standing of the dynamics of our galaxy which are all crucial keys for understanding dark matter.展开更多
This paper reports the relationship between the biogeochemical characteristics of C. N. P and flocculation and settling of suspended materials in the Changjiang Estuary. Regional activities of bacteria and the plankto...This paper reports the relationship between the biogeochemical characteristics of C. N. P and flocculation and settling of suspended materials in the Changjiang Estuary. Regional activities of bacteria and the plankton and biogeochemical processes at the water-particle interface under some environmental conditions are quite variable. This leads to the transition of material phase with speciation variation of elements C. N. P. in the transfer processes. Therefore, the composition and reactivity of particle surface and dissolved constituent are modified, affecting the stability of the particulate dispersion system. In summer, the concentration of NO3 and PO4 are positively correlated with turbidity, while the weight percentage of PON, POC and PP are negatively correlated with turbidity. When particles in the river move seaward, two zones can be distinguished: i) zone with maximum flocculation speed, in salinity 0. 1～2. 0 ;ii) zone with huge coagulating particles netting and high turbidity at the bottom, in salinity 2～11.The highest values of C/N in particles (or the low valley of C. E. C.of particle surface) appear in the two zones. These results demonstrate that the biogeochemical action is one of the major factors and mechanisms to dominate the flocculation of particles in the Changjiang Estuary.展开更多
A solid phase extraction procedure(SPE)is described for the quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in atmospheric particulate matter(PM),as ubiquitous environmental pollutants routinely measure...A solid phase extraction procedure(SPE)is described for the quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in atmospheric particulate matter(PM),as ubiquitous environmental pollutants routinely measured in air qualitymonitoring.A SPE cartridge was used based on a molecular imprinted polymer(MIP-SPE)properly tailored for selective retention of PAHs with 4 and more benzene fused rings.The performance of the clean-up procedure was evaluated with the specific concern of selective purification towards saturated hydrocarbons,which are the PM components mostly interfering GC analysis of target PAHs.Under optimized operative conditions,the MIP-SPE provided analyte recovery close to 95%for heavier PAHs,from benzo(α)pyrene to benzo(ghi)perylene,and close to 90%for four benzene rings PAHs,with good reproducibility(RSDs:2.5%-5.9%).Otherwise,C_(17)-C_(32) n-alkanes were nearly completely removed.The proposed method was critically compared with Solid Phase Micro Extraction(SPME)using a polyacrylate fiber.Both methods were successfully applied to the analysis of ambient PM2.5 samples collected at an urban polluted site.Between the two procedures,the MIP-SPE provided the highest recovery(R%≥93%)for PAHs with 5 and more benzene rings,but lower for lighter PAHs.In contrast,SPME showed a mean acceptable R%value(∼80%)for all the investigated PAHs,except for the heaviest PAHs in the most polluted samples(R%:110%-138%),suggesting an incomplete purification from the interfering n-hydrocarbons.展开更多
Beijing suffered from serious air pollution in October, 2011 with the occurrence of three continuous episodes. Here we analyze the pollution status of particulate matter, the relationship between the gaseous pollutant...Beijing suffered from serious air pollution in October, 2011 with the occurrence of three continuous episodes. Here we analyze the pollution status of particulate matter, the relationship between the gaseous pollutants, physical and chemical properties of single particles, and the profile of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 during the three episodes. Regional and photochemically aged air masses, which were characterized as having high values of O3 and SO2, were hypothesized to have played a dominant role in the first episode. After mixing local air masses with freshly-emitted primary pollutants, the concentration of NOx continued to increase and the size of SO42-, NO3- and NH4＋ in the particle population continued to become smaller. The amount of elemental carbon-rich and organic carbonrich particles in the scaled single particles （0.2-2 μm） and water-soluble K＋ in PM2.s also increased in the episodes. All the available information suggests that the biomass or fuel burning sources in or around Beijing may have had a huge impact on the last two episodes.展开更多
To characterize how the speed and load of a medium-duty diesel engine affected the organic compounds in diesel particle matter（PM） below 1 μm, four driving conditions were examined. At all four driving conditions, ...To characterize how the speed and load of a medium-duty diesel engine affected the organic compounds in diesel particle matter（PM） below 1 μm, four driving conditions were examined. At all four driving conditions, concentration of identifiable organic compounds in PM ultrafine（34–94 nm） and accumulation（94–1000 nm） modes ranged from 2.9 to 5.7 μg/m3 and 9.5 to 16.4 μg/m3, respectively. As a function of driving conditions, the non-oxygencontaining organics exhibited a reversed concentration trend to the oxygen-containing organics. The identified organic compounds were classified into eleven classes： alkanes,alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, esters, ketones, alcohols, ethers,nitrogen-containing compounds, and sulfur-containing compounds. At all driving conditions,alkane class consistently showed the highest concentration（8.3 to 18.0 μg/m3） followed by carboxylic acid, esters, ketones and alcohols. Twelve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs）were identified with a total concentration ranging from 37.9 to 174.8 ng/m3. In addition, nine nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds（NPACs） were identified with a total concentration ranging from 7.0 to 10.3 ng/m3. The most abundant PAH（phenanthrene）and NPACs（7,8-benzoquinoline and 3-nitrophenanthrene） comprise a similar molecular（3 aromatic-ring） structure under the highest engine speed and engine load.展开更多
This paper provides an overview of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM unifies and simplifies existing cosmological models and results into a single coherent picture, and proceeds to discuss the origin, ev...This paper provides an overview of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM unifies and simplifies existing cosmological models and results into a single coherent picture, and proceeds to discuss the origin, evolution, structure, ultimate fate, and primary parameters of the World. WUM explains the experimental data accumulated in the field of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics over the last decades: the age of the world and critical energy density;the gravitational parameter and Hubble’s parameter;temperatures of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the peak of the far-infrared background radiation;gamma-ray background and cosmic neutrino background;macrostructure of the world and macroobjects structure. Additionally, the model makes predictions pertaining to masses of dark matter particles, photons, and neutrinos, proposes new types of particle interactions (Super Weak and Extremely Weak), and shows inter-connectivity of primary cosmological parameters of the world and the rise of the solar luminosity during the last 4.6 Byr. The model proposes to introduce a new fundamental parameter Q in the CODATA internationally recommended values.展开更多
We calculate the properties of static strange stars using a quark model with chiral mass scaling. The results are characterized by a large maximum mass （-1.6 M⊙） and radius （-10km）. Together with a broad collecti...We calculate the properties of static strange stars using a quark model with chiral mass scaling. The results are characterized by a large maximum mass （-1.6 M⊙） and radius （-10km）. Together with a broad collection of modern neutron star models, we discuss some recent astrophysical observational data that could shed new light on the possible presence of strange quark matter in compact stars. We conclude that none of the present astrophysical observations can prove or confute the existence of strange stars.展开更多
Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). Luminous Matter is a byproduct of Dark Matter (DM) se...Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). Luminous Matter is a byproduct of Dark Matter (DM) self-annihilation. WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology (SC) is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Supercluster’s Cores and self-annihilation of DMPs. WUM solves a number of physical problems in SC and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems;Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center;Coronal Heating problem in solar physics—temperature of Sun’s corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees;Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces;Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded objects in Solar system and their Internal Heating. Model makes predictions pertaining to Rest Energies of DMPs, proposes New Type of their Interactions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.展开更多
Hydrologic process,turbidity,suspended particlesmatters(SPM),major cations and TOC concentrationsduring two storm events in late April 2008 weremonitored at Jiangjia Spring which is the outlet ofQingmuguan underground...Hydrologic process,turbidity,suspended particlesmatters(SPM),major cations and TOC concentrationsduring two storm events in late April 2008 weremonitored at Jiangjia Spring which is the outlet ofQingmuguan underground river system.Scanningelectron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersespectroscopy(EDS)analyses of SPM were performedin order to investigate the transport characteristics ofsubstances,such as SPM,turbidity and major cationsin the underground river of typical karst watershed.展开更多
Dirac’s themes were the unity and beauty of Nature. He identified three revolutions in modern physics: Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and Cosmology. In his opinion: “<i>The new cosmology will probably turn out ...Dirac’s themes were the unity and beauty of Nature. He identified three revolutions in modern physics: Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and Cosmology. In his opinion: “<i>The new cosmology will probably turn out to be philosophically even more revolutionary than relativity or the quantum theory, perhaps looking forward to the current bonanza in cosmology, where precise observations on some of the most distant objects in the universe are shedding light on the nature of reality, on the nature of matter and on the most advanced quantum theories</i>” [Farmelo, G. (2009) The Strangest Man. The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom. Basic Books, Britain, 661 p]. In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”;and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac.展开更多
Based on the study of strain distribution in composites reinforced with high-volume-fraction, randomly distributed particles, the quantitative relation between the average strains of matrix/reinforcers and microstruct...Based on the study of strain distribution in composites reinforced with high-volume-fraction, randomly distributed particles, the quantitative relation between the average strains of matrix/reinforcers and microstructure parameters of the composite is investigated. It is revealed that besides the average strains, strain fluctuation is also an important factor affecting the stiffness modulus of the composites. The relation between the strain fluctuation and microstructure parameters of the composite is also obtained to derive the stiffness tensor. The theoretical prediction is favorably compared with experimental results.展开更多
The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and a...The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and an observatory for high-energy gamma rays.A transition radiation detector placed on one of its lateral sides serves dual purpose,(ⅰ)calibrating HERD's electromagnetic calorimeter in the TeV energy range,and(ⅱ)serving as an independent detector for high-energy gamma rays.In this paper,the prototype readout electronics design of the transition radiation detector is demonstrated,which aims to accurately measure the charge of the anodes using the SAMPA application specific integrated circuit chip.The electronic performance of the prototype system is evaluated in terms of noise,linearity,and resolution.Through the presented design,each electronic channel can achieve a dynamic range of 0–100 fC,the RMS noise level not exceeding 0.15 fC,and the integral nonlinearity was<0.2%.To further verify the readout electronic performance,a joint test with the detector was carried out,and the results show that the prototype system can satisfy the requirements of the detector's scientific goals.展开更多
To predict the characteristics of dense liquid-solid two-phase flow, K-Ε-T model is established, in which the turbulent flow of fluid phase was described with fluid turbulent kinetic energy Kf and its dissipation ra...To predict the characteristics of dense liquid-solid two-phase flow, K-Ε-T model is established, in which the turbulent flow of fluid phase was described with fluid turbulent kinetic energy Kf and its dissipation rate Εf, and the particles random motion was described with particle turbulent energy Kp and its dissipation rate Εp and pseudothermal temperature Tp. The governing equations were also derived. With K-Ε-T model, numerical study of dense liquid-solid two-phase turbulent up-flow in a pipe is performed. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data of Alajbegovic et al. (1994), and some flow features are captured.展开更多
Unidentified Infrared emission bands (UIBs) are infrared discrete emissions from circumstellar regions, interstellar media (ISM), star-forming regions, and extragalactic objects for which the identity of the emitting ...Unidentified Infrared emission bands (UIBs) are infrared discrete emissions from circumstellar regions, interstellar media (ISM), star-forming regions, and extragalactic objects for which the identity of the emitting materials is unknown. The main infrared features occur around peaks at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2, and 12.7 μm with the photon’s rest energy at the peaks 0.376, 0.200, 0.161, 0.144, 0.111, and 0.098 eV, respectively. The UIB emission phenomenon has been studied for about forty five years. The prevailing hypothesis is that the materials responsible for UIB are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules. PAHs are thought to be one of the main forms in which carbon exists in space. And yet, not a single member of this group of compounds had been identified in space definitively until now [1]. In frames of Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM), we introduced Dark Matter (DM) particles, named DIONs, with the rest energy 0.199 eV and an energy density of 68.8% of the total energy density of the World. DIONs compose Outer shells of DM Supercluster’s Cores—the main objects of the World [2]. In this paper, we give an explanation of UIB emission based on the self-annihilation of DM particles DIONs and biDIONs (DIONs pairs) with a rest energy about 0.38 eV that depends on the binding energy. To the best of our knowledge, WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with UIB emission phenomenon.展开更多
Dark matter(DM)is a major constituent of the Universe.However,no definite evidence of DM particles(denoted as“χ”)has been found in DM direct detection(DD)experiments to date.There is a novel concept of detectingχf...Dark matter(DM)is a major constituent of the Universe.However,no definite evidence of DM particles(denoted as“χ”)has been found in DM direct detection(DD)experiments to date.There is a novel concept of detectingχfrom evaporating primordial black holes(PBHs).We search forχemitted from PBHs by investigating their interaction with target electrons.The examined PBH masses range from 1×10^(15)to 7×10^(16)g under the current limits of PBH abundance fPBH.Using 205.4 kg·day data obtained from the CDEX-10 experiment conducted in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory,we exclude theχ-electron(χ-e)elastic-scattering cross sectionσ_(χe)~5×10^(-29)cm^(2)forχwith a mass■keV from our results.With the higher radiation background but lower energy threshold(160 eV),CDEX-10 fills a part of the gap in the previous work.If(m_(χ),σ_(χe))can be determined in the future,DD experiments are expected to impose strong constraints on fPBHfor large MPBHs.展开更多
基金This work was funded under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(31801259)the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province(20170204020NY).
文摘The particle matter,particularly the suspended particle matter(PM≤2.5)in the air is not only a risk factor for human health,but also affects the survival and physiological features of plants.Plants show advantages in the adsorption of particle matter,while the factors,such as the leaf shape,leaf distribution density and leaf surface microstructure,such as grooves,folds,stomata,flocculent projections,micro-roughness,long fuzz,short pubescence,wax and secretory products,appeared to play an important role determing their absorption capacity.In this paper,the research progress on the capture or adsorption of atmospheric particles was summarized,and the forest vegetation and woody plants were discuessed.In addition,special attentions were paid to the effect of haze-fog weather on greenhouse plant,the different responses of plant leaves to dust particles and suspended particles,as well as the effect of suspended particles on morphological change of plants.In the future,research should focus on the mechanism of the influence of particulate matter on plants.More advanced effective and convenient research methods like spectral detection method also need to be developed.This paper may provide reference for future studies on plants’response to haze and particle matter.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41030856)National 973 Project of China (Grant No. 2005CB422304)+1 种基金the Project of Taishan Scholarsupport of the R/V Dongfanghong 2 and Shared Voyage of the National Nature Science Foundation of China
文摘An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler （ADCP） observation site was set up in the Western South Yellow Sea from 2012 to 2013 to study the local suspended particle matters （SPM） distribution pattern. The SPM concentration could be semi-quantitatively represented by backscatter intensity （Sv）, converted by the echo intensity （E/） of ADCP. Results show two types of SPM in the water column： the quasi-biological SPM and quasi-mineral SPM. The quasi-biological SPM mainly exists in summer half year and is con- centrated above the thermocline. It has periodically diurnal variations with high concentration at night and low concentration in the daytime. The quasi-mineral SPM is located in lower part of the water column, with similar relation to monthly tidal current variation all year round. However, the daily quasi-mineral SPM distribution patterns vary between summer and winter half year. The sunlight is thought to be the origin factor leading to the diurnally vertical motion of the biological features, which might cause the diurnal Sv variation. Unlike in winter half year when tidal current is relatively single driving force of the monthly SPM pattern, the high speed current near the thermocline is also responsible for the concentration of quasi-mineral SPM in summer half year. The sediment input difference between summer and winter half year contribute to the varied daily variation of quasi-mineral SPM with re-suspended SPM ir~ winter and sediments from Yellow Sea Mud Area （YSMA） in summer. The seasonal variations in hydrodynamics, water structure and heavy-wind incidents are the primary factors influencing the differential seasonal SPM distribution patterns.
文摘The results of measurements conducted to determine the number and mass concentration of particles emitted from the liquefied natural gas （LNG） fueled spark ignition engines are presented. Particle size distributions were measured at different speeds, different loads and ESC cycles. The nanoparticles with diameter smaller than 39 nm, measured by the electrical low-pressure impactor （ELPI）, are dominant in number con- centration that is nearly 92.7 % of the total number of the emitted particles at the peak point. As for the mass of emission particle, it is shown that the mass of the particles greater than 1.2μm is more than 65 % that of the emitted particles.
文摘Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is an alternative to the prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM). WUM and BBM are principally different Models: 1) Instead of the Initial Singularity with the infinite energy density and the extremely rapid expansion of the space (Inflation) in BBM;in WUM, there was a Fluctuation (4D Nucleus of the World with an extrapolated radius equals to a basic unit of size <i>a</i>) in the Eternal Universe with a finite extrapolated energy density (four orders of magnitude less than the nuclear density) and a finite expansion of the Nucleus in its fourth spatial dimension with speed <i>c</i> that is the gravitodynamic constant;2) Instead of the Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around the Initial Singularity in BBM;in WUM, the 3D Finite Boundless World (the Hypersphere of the 4D Nucleus) presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters (≳10<sup>3</sup>), which emerged in various places of the World at different Cosmological times. The Medium of the World is Homogeneous and Isotropic. The distribution of Macroobjects in the World is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous. The Absolute Age of the entire World (determined by the parameters of the Medium) is 14.22 Gyr.
文摘The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is consistent with all Concepts of the World [1]. In WUM, we postulate the principal role of Angular Momentum and Dark Matter in Cosmological theories of the World. The most widely accepted model of Solar System formation, known as the Nebular hypothesis, does not solve the Angular Momentum problem—why is the orbital momentum of Jupiter larger than rotational momentum of the Sun? WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with this Fundamental Law. The Nebular hypothesis does not solve Internal Heating and Diversity problems for all Planets and Moons in Solar system—why the actual mean surface temperature of them is higher than their effective temperature calculated based on the Sun’s heat for them and how could each one be so different if all of them came from the same nebula? The proposed concept of Dark Matter Reactors in Cores of all gravitationally-rounded Macroobjects successfully resolves these problems.
文摘In this review, we recall how stars contribute to the search for dark matter and the specific role of the Sun. We describe a more complete picture of the solar interior that emerges from neutrino detections, gravity and acoustic mode measurements of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory （SOHO） satellite, becoming a reference for the most common stars in the Universe. The Sun is a unique star in that we can observe directly the effect of dark matter. The absence of a signature related to Weakly Interacting Massive Particles （WIMPs） in its core disfavors a WIMP mass range below 12 GeV. We give arguments to continue this search on the Sun and other promising cases. We also examine another dark matter candidate, the sterile neutrino, and infer the limitations of the classical structural equations. Open questions on the young Sun, when planets formed, and on its present internal dynamics are finally dis- cussed. Future directions are proposed for the next decade： a better description of the solar core, a generalization to stars coming from seismic missions and a better under- standing of the dynamics of our galaxy which are all crucial keys for understanding dark matter.
文摘This paper reports the relationship between the biogeochemical characteristics of C. N. P and flocculation and settling of suspended materials in the Changjiang Estuary. Regional activities of bacteria and the plankton and biogeochemical processes at the water-particle interface under some environmental conditions are quite variable. This leads to the transition of material phase with speciation variation of elements C. N. P. in the transfer processes. Therefore, the composition and reactivity of particle surface and dissolved constituent are modified, affecting the stability of the particulate dispersion system. In summer, the concentration of NO3 and PO4 are positively correlated with turbidity, while the weight percentage of PON, POC and PP are negatively correlated with turbidity. When particles in the river move seaward, two zones can be distinguished: i) zone with maximum flocculation speed, in salinity 0. 1～2. 0 ;ii) zone with huge coagulating particles netting and high turbidity at the bottom, in salinity 2～11.The highest values of C/N in particles (or the low valley of C. E. C.of particle surface) appear in the two zones. These results demonstrate that the biogeochemical action is one of the major factors and mechanisms to dominate the flocculation of particles in the Changjiang Estuary.
基金supported by the Emilia Romagna Region (POR FESR 2014-2020),project IPA/BC-MONITOR (No. E32I16000030007 2016)
文摘A solid phase extraction procedure(SPE)is described for the quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in atmospheric particulate matter(PM),as ubiquitous environmental pollutants routinely measured in air qualitymonitoring.A SPE cartridge was used based on a molecular imprinted polymer(MIP-SPE)properly tailored for selective retention of PAHs with 4 and more benzene fused rings.The performance of the clean-up procedure was evaluated with the specific concern of selective purification towards saturated hydrocarbons,which are the PM components mostly interfering GC analysis of target PAHs.Under optimized operative conditions,the MIP-SPE provided analyte recovery close to 95%for heavier PAHs,from benzo(α)pyrene to benzo(ghi)perylene,and close to 90%for four benzene rings PAHs,with good reproducibility(RSDs:2.5%-5.9%).Otherwise,C_(17)-C_(32) n-alkanes were nearly completely removed.The proposed method was critically compared with Solid Phase Micro Extraction(SPME)using a polyacrylate fiber.Both methods were successfully applied to the analysis of ambient PM2.5 samples collected at an urban polluted site.Between the two procedures,the MIP-SPE provided the highest recovery(R%≥93%)for PAHs with 5 and more benzene rings,but lower for lighter PAHs.In contrast,SPME showed a mean acceptable R%value(∼80%)for all the investigated PAHs,except for the heaviest PAHs in the most polluted samples(R%:110%-138%),suggesting an incomplete purification from the interfering n-hydrocarbons.
基金supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(No.41005065,41375132)the National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation(No.201409003,201009001,201309011)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB05030400)
文摘Beijing suffered from serious air pollution in October, 2011 with the occurrence of three continuous episodes. Here we analyze the pollution status of particulate matter, the relationship between the gaseous pollutants, physical and chemical properties of single particles, and the profile of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 during the three episodes. Regional and photochemically aged air masses, which were characterized as having high values of O3 and SO2, were hypothesized to have played a dominant role in the first episode. After mixing local air masses with freshly-emitted primary pollutants, the concentration of NOx continued to increase and the size of SO42-, NO3- and NH4＋ in the particle population continued to become smaller. The amount of elemental carbon-rich and organic carbonrich particles in the scaled single particles （0.2-2 μm） and water-soluble K＋ in PM2.s also increased in the episodes. All the available information suggests that the biomass or fuel burning sources in or around Beijing may have had a huge impact on the last two episodes.
基金supported by the Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research in the Republic of Korea and the Korean government overseas study fellowship (Program: 2003-S-20)
文摘To characterize how the speed and load of a medium-duty diesel engine affected the organic compounds in diesel particle matter（PM） below 1 μm, four driving conditions were examined. At all four driving conditions, concentration of identifiable organic compounds in PM ultrafine（34–94 nm） and accumulation（94–1000 nm） modes ranged from 2.9 to 5.7 μg/m3 and 9.5 to 16.4 μg/m3, respectively. As a function of driving conditions, the non-oxygencontaining organics exhibited a reversed concentration trend to the oxygen-containing organics. The identified organic compounds were classified into eleven classes： alkanes,alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, esters, ketones, alcohols, ethers,nitrogen-containing compounds, and sulfur-containing compounds. At all driving conditions,alkane class consistently showed the highest concentration（8.3 to 18.0 μg/m3） followed by carboxylic acid, esters, ketones and alcohols. Twelve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs）were identified with a total concentration ranging from 37.9 to 174.8 ng/m3. In addition, nine nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds（NPACs） were identified with a total concentration ranging from 7.0 to 10.3 ng/m3. The most abundant PAH（phenanthrene）and NPACs（7,8-benzoquinoline and 3-nitrophenanthrene） comprise a similar molecular（3 aromatic-ring） structure under the highest engine speed and engine load.
文摘This paper provides an overview of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM unifies and simplifies existing cosmological models and results into a single coherent picture, and proceeds to discuss the origin, evolution, structure, ultimate fate, and primary parameters of the World. WUM explains the experimental data accumulated in the field of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics over the last decades: the age of the world and critical energy density;the gravitational parameter and Hubble’s parameter;temperatures of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the peak of the far-infrared background radiation;gamma-ray background and cosmic neutrino background;macrostructure of the world and macroobjects structure. Additionally, the model makes predictions pertaining to masses of dark matter particles, photons, and neutrinos, proposes new types of particle interactions (Super Weak and Extremely Weak), and shows inter-connectivity of primary cosmological parameters of the world and the rise of the solar luminosity during the last 4.6 Byr. The model proposes to introduce a new fundamental parameter Q in the CODATA internationally recommended values.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB824800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10905048)the Youth Innovation Foundation of FujianProvince (Grant No. 2009J05013)
文摘We calculate the properties of static strange stars using a quark model with chiral mass scaling. The results are characterized by a large maximum mass （-1.6 M⊙） and radius （-10km）. Together with a broad collection of modern neutron star models, we discuss some recent astrophysical observational data that could shed new light on the possible presence of strange quark matter in compact stars. We conclude that none of the present astrophysical observations can prove or confute the existence of strange stars.
文摘Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). Luminous Matter is a byproduct of Dark Matter (DM) self-annihilation. WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology (SC) is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Supercluster’s Cores and self-annihilation of DMPs. WUM solves a number of physical problems in SC and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems;Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center;Coronal Heating problem in solar physics—temperature of Sun’s corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees;Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces;Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded objects in Solar system and their Internal Heating. Model makes predictions pertaining to Rest Energies of DMPs, proposes New Type of their Interactions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.
文摘Hydrologic process,turbidity,suspended particlesmatters(SPM),major cations and TOC concentrationsduring two storm events in late April 2008 weremonitored at Jiangjia Spring which is the outlet ofQingmuguan underground river system.Scanningelectron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersespectroscopy(EDS)analyses of SPM were performedin order to investigate the transport characteristics ofsubstances,such as SPM,turbidity and major cationsin the underground river of typical karst watershed.
文摘Dirac’s themes were the unity and beauty of Nature. He identified three revolutions in modern physics: Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and Cosmology. In his opinion: “<i>The new cosmology will probably turn out to be philosophically even more revolutionary than relativity or the quantum theory, perhaps looking forward to the current bonanza in cosmology, where precise observations on some of the most distant objects in the universe are shedding light on the nature of reality, on the nature of matter and on the most advanced quantum theories</i>” [Farmelo, G. (2009) The Strangest Man. The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom. Basic Books, Britain, 661 p]. In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”;and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac.
文摘Based on the study of strain distribution in composites reinforced with high-volume-fraction, randomly distributed particles, the quantitative relation between the average strains of matrix/reinforcers and microstructure parameters of the composite is investigated. It is revealed that besides the average strains, strain fluctuation is also an important factor affecting the stiffness modulus of the composites. The relation between the strain fluctuation and microstructure parameters of the composite is also obtained to derive the stiffness tensor. The theoretical prediction is favorably compared with experimental results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12375193,11975292,11875304)the CAS“Light of West China”Program+1 种基金the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.GJJSTD20210009)the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talent Program。
文摘The high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility is planned to launch in 2027 and scheduled to be installed on the China Space Station.It serves as a dark matter particle detector,a cosmic ray instrument,and an observatory for high-energy gamma rays.A transition radiation detector placed on one of its lateral sides serves dual purpose,(ⅰ)calibrating HERD's electromagnetic calorimeter in the TeV energy range,and(ⅱ)serving as an independent detector for high-energy gamma rays.In this paper,the prototype readout electronics design of the transition radiation detector is demonstrated,which aims to accurately measure the charge of the anodes using the SAMPA application specific integrated circuit chip.The electronic performance of the prototype system is evaluated in terms of noise,linearity,and resolution.Through the presented design,each electronic channel can achieve a dynamic range of 0–100 fC,the RMS noise level not exceeding 0.15 fC,and the integral nonlinearity was<0.2%.To further verify the readout electronic performance,a joint test with the detector was carried out,and the results show that the prototype system can satisfy the requirements of the detector's scientific goals.
文摘To predict the characteristics of dense liquid-solid two-phase flow, K-Ε-T model is established, in which the turbulent flow of fluid phase was described with fluid turbulent kinetic energy Kf and its dissipation rate Εf, and the particles random motion was described with particle turbulent energy Kp and its dissipation rate Εp and pseudothermal temperature Tp. The governing equations were also derived. With K-Ε-T model, numerical study of dense liquid-solid two-phase turbulent up-flow in a pipe is performed. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data of Alajbegovic et al. (1994), and some flow features are captured.
文摘Unidentified Infrared emission bands (UIBs) are infrared discrete emissions from circumstellar regions, interstellar media (ISM), star-forming regions, and extragalactic objects for which the identity of the emitting materials is unknown. The main infrared features occur around peaks at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2, and 12.7 μm with the photon’s rest energy at the peaks 0.376, 0.200, 0.161, 0.144, 0.111, and 0.098 eV, respectively. The UIB emission phenomenon has been studied for about forty five years. The prevailing hypothesis is that the materials responsible for UIB are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules. PAHs are thought to be one of the main forms in which carbon exists in space. And yet, not a single member of this group of compounds had been identified in space definitively until now [1]. In frames of Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM), we introduced Dark Matter (DM) particles, named DIONs, with the rest energy 0.199 eV and an energy density of 68.8% of the total energy density of the World. DIONs compose Outer shells of DM Supercluster’s Cores—the main objects of the World [2]. In this paper, we give an explanation of UIB emission based on the self-annihilation of DM particles DIONs and biDIONs (DIONs pairs) with a rest energy about 0.38 eV that depends on the binding energy. To the best of our knowledge, WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with UIB emission phenomenon.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2023YFA1607100,and 2022YFA1605000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12322511,12175112,12005111,and 11725522)。
文摘Dark matter(DM)is a major constituent of the Universe.However,no definite evidence of DM particles(denoted as“χ”)has been found in DM direct detection(DD)experiments to date.There is a novel concept of detectingχfrom evaporating primordial black holes(PBHs).We search forχemitted from PBHs by investigating their interaction with target electrons.The examined PBH masses range from 1×10^(15)to 7×10^(16)g under the current limits of PBH abundance fPBH.Using 205.4 kg·day data obtained from the CDEX-10 experiment conducted in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory,we exclude theχ-electron(χ-e)elastic-scattering cross sectionσ_(χe)~5×10^(-29)cm^(2)forχwith a mass■keV from our results.With the higher radiation background but lower energy threshold(160 eV),CDEX-10 fills a part of the gap in the previous work.If(m_(χ),σ_(χe))can be determined in the future,DD experiments are expected to impose strong constraints on fPBHfor large MPBHs.
