Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead is an economically important aphid parasitoid,particularly for pest Myzus persicae.The aim of the study was to feed M.persicae using a formulated artificial medium instead of tobacco to main...Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead is an economically important aphid parasitoid,particularly for pest Myzus persicae.The aim of the study was to feed M.persicae using a formulated artificial medium instead of tobacco to maintain parasitoid A.gifuensis in winter.The development,survival and reproduction of M.persicae fed with four artificial media(AM1-AM4),as well as the parasitism,emergence and longevity of A.gifuensis when reared on F3 M.persicae fed with AMI,were assessed.Over 15 days of the study,the survival rates of A.gifuensis for the AM1 and AM2 treatments were significantly greater than those for the AM3 and AM4 treatments.The highest fecundity of F,A.gifuensis females was observed on AM1 feeding.No differences were noted in survival rate,development or nymph production between F:and F,M.persicae fed with AM1.No differences were recorded in the number of mummies,parasitism rate,adult Iongevity or proportion of A.gifuensis females between Treatment I(4.gifuensis parasitizing AM1-reared M.persicae)and the control.However,the emergence rate of Treatment I was lower than that of the control.The rearing of.A.gifuensis on M.persicae fed with an artificial medium was found to be a feasible proposition.This could save time,space and cost compared with traditional production methods.展开更多
Adults of the nocturnal, cricket-parasitizing wasp Rhopalosoma nearcticum flew in Dyke Marsh Wildlife Preserve (DMWP) from late June through late September, based on a 2-year, Malaise-trap sample of 617 individuals fr...Adults of the nocturnal, cricket-parasitizing wasp Rhopalosoma nearcticum flew in Dyke Marsh Wildlife Preserve (DMWP) from late June through late September, based on a 2-year, Malaise-trap sample of 617 individuals from three habitats. These wasps were significantly more abundant in the floodplain forest compared to the tidal, freshwater marsh and forest-marsh ecotone. Females were more likely to be in the ecotone and marsh than males. The pooled sample from all three habitats was significantly male biased. This study provides baseline information on R. nearcticum that can be used in assessing the health of the DMWP entomofauna in view of global change, accelerating DMWP erosion and marsh loss, invasive species, and other threats to this fragile preserve.展开更多
Parasitic infections are increasingly recognized as contributors to cancer development,yet the underlying oncogenic mechanisms remain insufficiently understood.Growing evidence from molecular oncology,immunology,and m...Parasitic infections are increasingly recognized as contributors to cancer development,yet the underlying oncogenic mechanisms remain insufficiently understood.Growing evidence from molecular oncology,immunology,and microbiome research suggests that chronic parasitic infections may drive tumorigenesis through sustained inflammation,deregulated signaling pathways,genomic instability,and the release of parasite-derived exosomes that reshape the tumor microenvironment.These insights underscore the need to integrate parasitology with cancer biology to understand infection-associated malignancies better.The aim of this narrative review is to synthesize current knowledge on how selected parasites contribute to cancer development and to highlight emerging therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities.We examine pathogens such as Schistosoma haematobium,Opisthorchis viverrini,Toxoplasma gondii,Plasmodium falciparum,and Leishmania spp.,detailing their roles in chronic inflammation,immune modulation,and interactions with tumor-associated immune cells.The review further discusses parasite-induced immunosuppression,coinfections,and their cumulative impact on cancer risk.Additionally,we explore novel therapeutic approaches,including pathway inhibitors,epigenetic drugs,microbiome modulation,and engineered parasites.Future perspectives emphasize parasite-based immunotherapies,long-term epigenetic consequences of infection,and AI-driven multiomics strategies for identifying oncogenic signatures.This review integrates advances from parasitology and oncology to provide new insights into biomarkers,targeted therapies,and mechanisms of infection-induced tumorigenesis.The literature search covered studies indexed in PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science up to July 2025.展开更多
The arms race between avian brood parasites and their hosts provides a classic model for studying coevolution.In one of the most widespread obligate brood parasites,the Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus),chicks typically ...The arms race between avian brood parasites and their hosts provides a classic model for studying coevolution.In one of the most widespread obligate brood parasites,the Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus),chicks typically evict all host progeny(eggs and nestlings)from the nest cup,resulting in complete reproductive failure for the host.Host parents of Common Cuckoos could thus potentially benefit from retrieving evicted eggs and nestlings into the nest cup.However,whether hosts of the Common Cuckoo exhibit such retrieval behavior has been scarcely studied.In this study,we experimentally investigated the occurrence of retrieval in a nestbox-breeding population of Daurian Redstarts(Phoenicurus auroreus),a common cavity-nesting host of the Common Cuckoo.To test the redstarts'response to an egg or a nestling outside the nest cup,we experimentally placed either a conspecific egg,a model cuckoo egg,or a redstart nestling near the rim of the nest cup.We found that redstarts never showed retrieval behavior of either eggs or nestlings.All hosts ignored the experimental nestling and conspecific egg,but most ejected the model cuckoo egg from the nestbox.Our results suggest that selection for retrieval behavior in this cavity-nesting host may be weak or even negative.We discuss several ecological and evolutionary factors that may explain the absence of retrieval in this system.展开更多
The oracle-bone inscriptions related to medical issues encompass disease names,causes,progression,and treatment methods,reflecting the Shang(商)people’s understanding of diseases.This study,employing interdisciplinar...The oracle-bone inscriptions related to medical issues encompass disease names,causes,progression,and treatment methods,reflecting the Shang(商)people’s understanding of diseases.This study,employing interdisciplinary perspectives from philology and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),explores the Shang dynasty’s understanding of disease etiology and its manifestations in TCM.The Shang people’s understanding of disease causation can be summarized as spiritual disturbances and harm from insects or curses.Spiritual disturbances are categorized into three aspects:diseases sent by the Shang Di(上帝Supreme Deity),diseases caused by deceased persons who had transformed into deities,and diseases associated with nightmares.Concepts in TCM,such as diseases caused by emotions,environmental pathogens,and the relationship between nightmares and diseases,can be traced back to early understanding of disease causation reflected in oracle-bone divinations.Furthermore,specific TCM treatments,such as Gui Men Shi San Zhen(鬼门十三针Thirteen Ghost Points)and Zhu You Shu(祝由术Zhuyou therapy),are deeply influenced by the concept of spiritual disturbances.The Shang people’s understanding of disease causation has profoundly impacted the formation and development of etiological theory in TCM,evident not only in theoretical explanations of disease causes but also in specific medical practices.By studying the concepts of disease causation in medical-related oracle-bone inscriptions,we can gain a deeper understanding of the development of ideas,theoretical systems,and treatment methods related to disease causes in TCM.展开更多
BACKGROUND Transfusion transmissible infections(TTIs)are illnesses spread through contaminated blood or blood products.In India,screening for TTIs such as hepatitis B virus(HBV),hepatitis C virus(HCV),human immunodefi...BACKGROUND Transfusion transmissible infections(TTIs)are illnesses spread through contaminated blood or blood products.In India,screening for TTIs such as hepatitis B virus(HBV),hepatitis C virus(HCV),human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-I/II,malaria,and syphilis is mandatory before blood transfusions.Worldwide,HCV,HBV,and HIV are the leading viruses causing mortality,affecting millions of people globally,including those with co-infections of HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV.Studies highlight the impact of TTIs on life expectancy and health risks,such as liver cirrhosis,cancer,and other diseases in individuals with chronic HBV.Globally,millions of blood donations take place annually,emphasizing the importance of maintaining blood safety.AIM To study the prevalence of TTIs,viz.,HBV,HCV,HIV I/II,syphilis,and malaria parasite(MP),among different blood donor groups.METHODS The study assessed the prevalence of TTIs among different blood donor groups in Delhi,India.Groups included total donors,in-house donors,total camp donors,institutional camp donors,and community camp donors.Tests for HIV,HBV,and HCV were done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,while syphilis was tested with rapid plasma reagins and MP rapid card methods.The prevalence of HBV,HCV,HIV,and syphilis,expressed as percentages.Differences in infection rates between the groups were analyzed usingχ²tests and P-values(less than 0.05).RESULTS The study evaluated TTIs among 42158 blood donors in Delhi.The overall cumulative frequency of TTIs in total blood donors was 2.071%,and the frequencies of HBV,HCV,HIV-I/II,venereal disease research laboratory,and MP were 1.048%,0.425%,0.221%,0.377%,and 0.0024%,respectively.In-house donors,representing 37656 donors,had the highest transfusion transmissible infection(TTI)prevalence at 2.167%.Among total camp donors(4502 donors),TTIs were identified in 1.266%of donors,while community camp donors(2439 donors)exhibited a prevalence of 1.558%.Institutional camp donors(2063 donors)had the lowest TTI prevalence at 0.921%.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in overall TTI prevalence,with total and in-house donors exhibiting higher rates compared to camp donors.CONCLUSION Ongoing monitoring and effective screening programs are essential for minimizing TTIs.Customizing blood safety measures for different donor groups and studying socio-economic-health factors is essential to improving blood safety.展开更多
Echinococcosis or hydatid disease is induced mainly by Echinococcus granulosus and occasionally by Echinococcus multilocularis(alveolaris)and affects the liver predominantly.Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis is similar ...Echinococcosis or hydatid disease is induced mainly by Echinococcus granulosus and occasionally by Echinococcus multilocularis(alveolaris)and affects the liver predominantly.Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis is similar to carcinoma in appearance,and without treatment,it can lead to death.Diagnosis is based on current imaging modalities.Surgical management is the cornerstone of treatment.Complete removal of the cyst(total pericystectomy or hepatectomy)ensures a permanent cure and should be the first-choice treatment for cystic disease.Cyst evacuation,partial cystectomy,and drainage or omentoplasty,may be alternative choices in difficult cases.Albendazole,mebendazole and praziquantel are options for treating small cysts and preventing recurrence after surgery.Despite the efforts,alveolar echinococcus is not usually amenable to surgical management,except in the early stage,which is less common,and management by albendazole is indicated.However,there are few recent reports of major operations(ex-vivo hepatectomy,autotransplantation and vascular reconstruction)in advanced stages.展开更多
Parasites have coexisted with humans throughout history,forming either symbiotic relationships or causing significant morbidity and mortality.The liver is particularly vulnerable to parasitic infections,which can resi...Parasites have coexisted with humans throughout history,forming either symbiotic relationships or causing significant morbidity and mortality.The liver is particularly vulnerable to parasitic infections,which can reside in,pass through,or be transported to the liver,leading to severe damage.This editorial explores various parasites that infect the liver,their clinical implications,and diagnostic considerations,as discussed in the article“Parasites of the liver:A global problem?”.Parasites reach the liver primarily through oral ingestion,mucosal penetration,or the bloodstream,with some larvae even penetrating the skin.Hepatic parasites such as cestodes(Echinococcus),trematodes(Clonorchis,Opisthorchis),nematodes(Ascaris),and protozoa(Entamoeba histolytica)can also cause systemic infections like visceral leishmaniasis,malaria,cryptosporidiosis,and toxoplasmosis.Chronic infections like clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis are linked to persistent hepatobiliary inflammation,potentially progressing to cholangiocarcinoma,a fatal bile duct cancer,particularly prevalent in Southeast Asia.The global nature of liver parasite infestations is alarming,with hundreds of millions affected worldwide.However,control over treatment quality remains suboptimal.Given the significant public health threat posed by these parasites,international medical organizations must prioritize improved diagnosis,treatment,and preventive measures.Strengthening educational efforts and enhancing healthcare provider training are critical steps toward mitigating the global impact of parasitic liver diseases.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effects of Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici)-Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis)(HQEZ)on colorectal cancer therapies and to elucidate the potential mechanisms of HQEZ,especially in combinatio...OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effects of Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici)-Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis)(HQEZ)on colorectal cancer therapies and to elucidate the potential mechanisms of HQEZ,especially in combination with 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU).METHODS:The anti-tumor effects of HQEZ were evaluated in colorectal cancer models both in vivo and in vitro.The network pharmacological assay was used to investigate potential mechanisms of HQEZ.Potential target genes were selected by Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment analysis,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis,protein-protein interaction network(PPI)and molecular docking.Within key targets,potential targets related to drug sensitivity,especially the sensitivity to 5-FU,were evaluated in HCT116 in vitro by immunofluorescence,quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and Western-blot.Then,changes in potential targets were assessed in tumors from tumor-bearing mice and the expression of these targets was also evaluated in colorectal cancer(COAD)patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas Program(TCGA)database.RESULTS:HQEZ significantly enhanced the anti-tumor activity of 5-FU in vivo and inhibit the growth of HCT116 in vitro.By network pharmacological analysis,key targets,such as protein kinase B(AKT1),epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),adenosine triphosphate(ATP)binding cassette subfamily B member 1(ABCB1,also named multidrug resistance protein 1,MDR1),ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2(ABCG2),thymidylate synthetase(TYMS,also named TS),prostaglandinendoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2),matrix metallopeptidase 2(MMP2),MMP9,toll like receptor 4(TLR4),TLR9 and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase(DPYD),were identified.Additionally,4 potential core active ingredients(Folate,Curcumin,quercetin and kaempferol)were identified to be important for the treatment of colorectal cancer with HQEZ.In key targets,chemoresistance related targets were validated to be affected by HQEZ.Furthermore,5-FU sensitivity related targets,including MDR1,TS,EGFR,ribonucleotide reductase catalytic subunit M1,Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Protein 1(BRCA1)and mutl homolog 1 were also significantly reduced by HQEZ both in vitro and in vivo.Finally,these validated key targets and 5-FU sensitivity related targets were demonstrated to be up-regulated in COAD patients based on TCGA database.CONCLUSION:HQEZ has synergistic effects on the antitumor activity of 5-FU in the treatment of colorectal cancer both in vivo and in vitro.The beneficial effect of HQEZ results from the inhibition of the drug sensitivity targets associated with 5-FU.The combination therapy of HQEZ with 5-FU or other chemotherapeutic drugs will also improve the anti-tumor efficacy of chemotherapy.展开更多
The energy production system must be completely transformed to reach net zero emissions by 2050,and advanced battery technologies will play a pivotal role in helping downstream sectors transition to sustainable energy...The energy production system must be completely transformed to reach net zero emissions by 2050,and advanced battery technologies will play a pivotal role in helping downstream sectors transition to sustainable energy sources.Li-air batteries(LABs)provide a fascinating“beyond Li-ion”option because of their ultrahigh theoretical energy density,which far surpasses conventional lithium-ion batteries.However,LABs face significant hurdles in practical implementation,including electrolyte instability,irreversible electrodes,poor cycling performance,and low-rate capability.This review provides a detailed analysis of recent progress in LAB systems,highlighting innovative approaches such as electrolyte stabilization,electrode modification,and interfacial engineering to address these challenges.It evaluates current strategies for overcoming these problems and outlines targeted research directions aimed at resolving the remaining obstacles in LAB technology.The progress made so far indicates a way to realize practical LABs with a specific energy density potentially comparable to gasoline,which could revolutionize electric transportation.展开更多
With the ongoing acceleration of global urbanization, an increasingly larger proportion of natural habitats are being transformed and utilized by humans. Urbanization has a substantial impact on animal populations, ex...With the ongoing acceleration of global urbanization, an increasingly larger proportion of natural habitats are being transformed and utilized by humans. Urbanization has a substantial impact on animal populations, exposing them to greater risks, but also presenting new opportunities and resources. Although the effects of urbanization and brood parasitism on the population dynamics and behavior of host birds have received considerable attention, there has been comparatively little research on how urbanization might affect the risk of brood parasitism on host birds. From April to August in 2023 and 2024, we investigated the risk of brood parasitism on Azure-winged Magpies (Cyanopica cyanus) breeding in the urban center, outskirt, and rural areas of Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The results revealed significant differences in the risk of brood parasitism among Azure-winged Magpies in the three regions, with the proportion of magpies parasitized by the Asian Koel (Eudynamys scolopaceus) being found to be significantly lower in the city center (0%) than that in outskirt (3.8%) and rural (11.4%) areas. Our results are consistent with the idea that cities can act as refuges that reduce the risk of brood parasitism experienced by host Azure-winged Magpies. Accordingly, breeding in cities enables Azure-winged Magpies to escape brood parasitism by the Asian Koel.展开更多
Hepatobiliary fascioliasis is a neglected but re-emerging parasitic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica.Humans become infected by consuming contaminated water or aquatic plants,allowing the parasite to enter the diges...Hepatobiliary fascioliasis is a neglected but re-emerging parasitic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica.Humans become infected by consuming contaminated water or aquatic plants,allowing the parasite to enter the digestive tract.From there,immature flukes penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate through the liver,triggering inflammation,fibrosis,and biliary complications.Over time,this can lead to cholangitis,biliary obstruction,and long-term liver damage.Due to its vague clinical symptoms and the limitations of current diagnostic methods,fascioliasis could be easily missed.Stool analysis is still used to detect eggs in diagnosis.However,this method is unreliable due to the inconsistency of the egg shedding.Also,serological tests are often linked to false positives due to the cross-reactions with other parasites.Imaging techniques such as ultrasound,computed tomography,and magnetic resonance imaging can reveal its complications,especially in the biliary phase,yet this is not specific.Molecular tests like polymerase chain reaction(PCR)have higher sensitivity and specificity and allow earlier diagnosis,but they are still not widely available,especially in low-resource settings.Triclabendazole is the only recommended medical treatment,yet it is not widely available.In addition,the emerging reports of resistance represent a potential threat in managing this infection.Other modalities could be needed in addition to triclabendazole,such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with biliary complications.All the previously mentioned challenges necessitate the urgent need to make the newly developed diagnostic methods,such as PCR,available,especially in areas where fascioliasis is endemic.Additionally,new medical treatments and therapeutic options should be considered to provide a second line of management,particularly in light of emerging reports of resistance.展开更多
Folate(FA)is an essential micronutrient of vitamin B group for growth,development,and reproduction through participating in the nucleotide synthesis and methyl donation reactions.The changes of FA level have been link...Folate(FA)is an essential micronutrient of vitamin B group for growth,development,and reproduction through participating in the nucleotide synthesis and methyl donation reactions.The changes of FA level have been linked to dietary insufficiency(e.g.,poor diet,etc.)malabsorption(e.g.,FA-associated gene mutation,etc.),increased demand(e.g.,pregnancy,etc).or medication(e.g.,antifolates drugs),or bad habits(e.g.,smoking,alcoholism,etc.).Recently,epidemiological data showed that the levels of the host FA typically changed in patients with infectious diseases.Interactions between pathogens,including bacteria,parasites and viruses,and their hosts are complex,in particular,pathogenic infection-mediated changes of the host FA levels can affect the utilization and uptake of limited FA resources of the host.Therefore,FA supplementation or the use of antifolate agents may be a potential antimicrobial strategy for managing infectious diseases.Furthermore,given that the gut microbiota is a primary source of FA in the human body,the association between gut microbiota and pathogenic infections warrants investigation.To date,little is known about how FA status and its biochemistry function affect the course of infectious diseases.In this review,we focus on the roles of FA in the interaction between the host and microbe,and briefly discuss the potential of FA and antifolates agents in the treatment of infectious diseases.展开更多
Eosinophilic myocarditis(EM)is a rare inflammatory condition of the heart,often associated with eosinophilic infiltration.While its causes range from allergies to autoimmune and infectious diseases,parasitic infection...Eosinophilic myocarditis(EM)is a rare inflammatory condition of the heart,often associated with eosinophilic infiltration.While its causes range from allergies to autoimmune and infectious diseases,parasitic infections are an uncommon but critical etiology.This mini-review focuses on a case of EM in a 47-year-old male from Vietnam,linked to Schistosoma spp.,Strongyloides stercoralis,and Toxocara spp.infections.The patient presented with severe chest pain and recovered fully after treatment with corticosteroids and albendazole.Drawing insights from this case and existing literature,we discuss the pathophysiology,diagnostic approaches,and therapeutic strategies for parasite-induced EM.Early diagnosis and tailored treatment are essential to improve clinical outcomes,especially in endemic para-sitic areas.展开更多
Objective:To consolidate the scarce and scattered evidence on oral cysticercosis,a rare and often overlooked manifestation of Taenia solium infection.Methods:A comprehensive literature search was conducted in three ma...Objective:To consolidate the scarce and scattered evidence on oral cysticercosis,a rare and often overlooked manifestation of Taenia solium infection.Methods:A comprehensive literature search was conducted in three major databases:PubMed,Scopus,and Embase.A total of 75 records were initially identified(PubMed:n=23;Scopus:n=29;Embase:n=23).After screening and eligibility assessment,22 studies meeting inclusion criteria were selected for final analysis.Results:Oral cysticercosis primarily involved the tongue,typically presenting as a painless swelling.The majority of reported cases were from India.Clinically,it was most often misdiagnosed as a mucocele or fibroma,with cysticercosis rarely considered due to its uncommon occurrence.Among the muscles affected,the masseter,mentalis,and buccinator were most frequently involved.Diagnosis was primarily made through histopathological examination.Treatment commonly included surgical excision,and albendazole was the most frequently used antiparasitic medication.Recurrence was uncommon,except in cases with disseminated or deep muscular involvement.Conclusions:Oral cysticercosis should be considered a potential differential diagnosis,particularly in regions where pork consumption is common.Given that most reported cases originated from India,pathologists in this region should maintain a high index of suspicion.Oral pathologists,in particular,should be well-acquainted with its histopathological features to ensure accurate diagnosis and avoid diagnostic pitfalls.展开更多
Acridid populations have increased significantly in recent years, causing damage to crops. Having biocontrol tools is important as it will help reduce the use of insecticides. This study reports the presence of Parago...Acridid populations have increased significantly in recent years, causing damage to crops. Having biocontrol tools is important as it will help reduce the use of insecticides. This study reports the presence of Paragordius varius in grasshoppers for the first time in Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. Samples were taken from the grass around a water pond. A total of 1,225 grasshoppers were dissected to observe the presence of the worm. Seven species of grasshoppers were identified, with the most abundant species being Melanoplus differentialis. The parasitoid Paragordius varius, a nematomorph, parasitized male M. differentialis in greater numbers. This work is the first record of this parasitoid in Mexico and contributes to the knowledge of the biological control of acridids in Mexico.展开更多
Avian alarm calls mediate defenses against brood parasites and predators. These calls facilitate communication among adults and alert nestlings to potential danger. While heterospecific call recognition has been exten...Avian alarm calls mediate defenses against brood parasites and predators. These calls facilitate communication among adults and alert nestlings to potential danger. While heterospecific call recognition has been extensively studied in adult birds, nestlings—lacking direct predation experience and heterospecific alarm exposure—represent an ideal system to investigate the response to interspecific warning cues. This study explored the recognition capabilities of 5–6-day-old nestlings in Oriental Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus orientalis), a common host of the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). We exposed the nestlings to playbacks of alarm calls directed at parasites and raptors from conspecific, Vinous-throated Parrotbill (Sinosuthora webbiana, sympatric species), Isabelline Shrike (Lanius isabellinus, allopatric species) and Common Tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius, allopatric species) adults. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in the responses of nestlings to the alarm calls of conspecific and allopatric adults directed at cuckoos and sparrowhawks. In addition, interestingly, nestlings significantly reduced their begging in response to conspecific and unfamiliar allopatric Isabelline Shrike and Common Tailorbird alarm calls but exhibited a weak response to the sympatric Vinous-throated Parrotbill. Whether older warbler nestlings with more social experience exhibit stronger responses to the alarm calls of Vinous-throated Parrotbill adults requires further investigation.展开更多
Parasites,such as flatworms,nematodes,and pentastomes,are commonly found inhabiting reptiles.In this study,we examined parasite infection status in 10 squamate species,including 5 snake species and 5 lizard species.We...Parasites,such as flatworms,nematodes,and pentastomes,are commonly found inhabiting reptiles.In this study,we examined parasite infection status in 10 squamate species,including 5 snake species and 5 lizard species.We identified one genuslevel and nine species-level parasites in these hosts,which belong to the phyla Platyhelminthes,Nemathelminthes,and Arthropoda.The overall infection rate was 45%,with significant differences in infection rates between lizard and snake species.Parasites in snakes included the Kalicephalus sp.,Ophidascaris filaria,Ophiotaenia bungari,Raillietiella orientalis and Spirometra erinaceieuropaei,and parasitic parasites in lizards were mainly composed of Meteterakis japonica,Plagiorchis koreanus,Spauligodon carbonelli,Spauligodon saxicolae and Strongyluris calotis,respectively.There were significant differences in infection rates among different species and regions,and even among different tissues of the same species.The overall investigation of squamate parasites in China will provide some basic information for public health safety.展开更多
The brood-parasitic brown-headed cowbird(Molothrus ater)has one of the shortest incubation periods of any bird.Brown-headed cowbird eggs,and those of other avian brood parasites,tend to be more spherical due to their ...The brood-parasitic brown-headed cowbird(Molothrus ater)has one of the shortest incubation periods of any bird.Brown-headed cowbird eggs,and those of other avian brood parasites,tend to be more spherical due to their greater relative width.The traditional explanation for this egg shape is that it,combined with the thicker eggshells,resists host puncture-ejection.However,very few North American hosts of the brownheaded cowbird actually engage in puncture-ejection and therefore wider eggs may instead provide greater contact with a host’s brood patch during incubation,especially in large host nests.We tested whether greater egg width increased mean temperature and reduced temperature variation in brown-headed cowbirds by inserting temperature probes into brown-headed cowbird and house sparrow(Passer domesticus)eggs and placing them into red-winged blackbird(Agelaius phoeniceus)nests.House sparrow eggs are similar in appearance and in length to cowbird eggs,but are not as wide.We found no signifcant relationship between brown-headed cowbird egg width and mean incubation temperature.However,brown-headed cowbird eggs experienced less temperature variation than house sparrow eggs,and within brown-headed cowbird eggs,more spherical eggs experienced less temperature variation when accounting for differences in width.These results suggest that brownheaded cowbirds may have short incubation periods in part because their eggs exhibit less temperature variation over the course of incubation.The brown-headed cowbird’s egg shape may contribute to its accelerated embryonic development rate relative to host eggs of similar size,which explains its ability to hatch in a variety of host nests.展开更多
文摘Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead is an economically important aphid parasitoid,particularly for pest Myzus persicae.The aim of the study was to feed M.persicae using a formulated artificial medium instead of tobacco to maintain parasitoid A.gifuensis in winter.The development,survival and reproduction of M.persicae fed with four artificial media(AM1-AM4),as well as the parasitism,emergence and longevity of A.gifuensis when reared on F3 M.persicae fed with AMI,were assessed.Over 15 days of the study,the survival rates of A.gifuensis for the AM1 and AM2 treatments were significantly greater than those for the AM3 and AM4 treatments.The highest fecundity of F,A.gifuensis females was observed on AM1 feeding.No differences were noted in survival rate,development or nymph production between F:and F,M.persicae fed with AM1.No differences were recorded in the number of mummies,parasitism rate,adult Iongevity or proportion of A.gifuensis females between Treatment I(4.gifuensis parasitizing AM1-reared M.persicae)and the control.However,the emergence rate of Treatment I was lower than that of the control.The rearing of.A.gifuensis on M.persicae fed with an artificial medium was found to be a feasible proposition.This could save time,space and cost compared with traditional production methods.
文摘Adults of the nocturnal, cricket-parasitizing wasp Rhopalosoma nearcticum flew in Dyke Marsh Wildlife Preserve (DMWP) from late June through late September, based on a 2-year, Malaise-trap sample of 617 individuals from three habitats. These wasps were significantly more abundant in the floodplain forest compared to the tidal, freshwater marsh and forest-marsh ecotone. Females were more likely to be in the ecotone and marsh than males. The pooled sample from all three habitats was significantly male biased. This study provides baseline information on R. nearcticum that can be used in assessing the health of the DMWP entomofauna in view of global change, accelerating DMWP erosion and marsh loss, invasive species, and other threats to this fragile preserve.
文摘Parasitic infections are increasingly recognized as contributors to cancer development,yet the underlying oncogenic mechanisms remain insufficiently understood.Growing evidence from molecular oncology,immunology,and microbiome research suggests that chronic parasitic infections may drive tumorigenesis through sustained inflammation,deregulated signaling pathways,genomic instability,and the release of parasite-derived exosomes that reshape the tumor microenvironment.These insights underscore the need to integrate parasitology with cancer biology to understand infection-associated malignancies better.The aim of this narrative review is to synthesize current knowledge on how selected parasites contribute to cancer development and to highlight emerging therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities.We examine pathogens such as Schistosoma haematobium,Opisthorchis viverrini,Toxoplasma gondii,Plasmodium falciparum,and Leishmania spp.,detailing their roles in chronic inflammation,immune modulation,and interactions with tumor-associated immune cells.The review further discusses parasite-induced immunosuppression,coinfections,and their cumulative impact on cancer risk.Additionally,we explore novel therapeutic approaches,including pathway inhibitors,epigenetic drugs,microbiome modulation,and engineered parasites.Future perspectives emphasize parasite-based immunotherapies,long-term epigenetic consequences of infection,and AI-driven multiomics strategies for identifying oncogenic signatures.This review integrates advances from parasitology and oncology to provide new insights into biomarkers,targeted therapies,and mechanisms of infection-induced tumorigenesis.The literature search covered studies indexed in PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science up to July 2025.
基金supported by the startup fund from Beijing Normal University(312200502560 to J.Z.)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32501383 to J.Z.,and 31672297 and 32271559 to W.D.)the Max Planck Society(to B.K.)。
文摘The arms race between avian brood parasites and their hosts provides a classic model for studying coevolution.In one of the most widespread obligate brood parasites,the Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus),chicks typically evict all host progeny(eggs and nestlings)from the nest cup,resulting in complete reproductive failure for the host.Host parents of Common Cuckoos could thus potentially benefit from retrieving evicted eggs and nestlings into the nest cup.However,whether hosts of the Common Cuckoo exhibit such retrieval behavior has been scarcely studied.In this study,we experimentally investigated the occurrence of retrieval in a nestbox-breeding population of Daurian Redstarts(Phoenicurus auroreus),a common cavity-nesting host of the Common Cuckoo.To test the redstarts'response to an egg or a nestling outside the nest cup,we experimentally placed either a conspecific egg,a model cuckoo egg,or a redstart nestling near the rim of the nest cup.We found that redstarts never showed retrieval behavior of either eggs or nestlings.All hosts ignored the experimental nestling and conspecific egg,but most ejected the model cuckoo egg from the nestbox.Our results suggest that selection for retrieval behavior in this cavity-nesting host may be weak or even negative.We discuss several ecological and evolutionary factors that may explain the absence of retrieval in this system.
基金supported by a grant from NIH(R01AI132695)to RM。
文摘Chronic wasting disease—a prion disease affecting cervids:Many neurological conditions,including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,frontotemporal dementias,among others,are caused by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain.These diseases affect not only humans,but also animals.
文摘The oracle-bone inscriptions related to medical issues encompass disease names,causes,progression,and treatment methods,reflecting the Shang(商)people’s understanding of diseases.This study,employing interdisciplinary perspectives from philology and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),explores the Shang dynasty’s understanding of disease etiology and its manifestations in TCM.The Shang people’s understanding of disease causation can be summarized as spiritual disturbances and harm from insects or curses.Spiritual disturbances are categorized into three aspects:diseases sent by the Shang Di(上帝Supreme Deity),diseases caused by deceased persons who had transformed into deities,and diseases associated with nightmares.Concepts in TCM,such as diseases caused by emotions,environmental pathogens,and the relationship between nightmares and diseases,can be traced back to early understanding of disease causation reflected in oracle-bone divinations.Furthermore,specific TCM treatments,such as Gui Men Shi San Zhen(鬼门十三针Thirteen Ghost Points)and Zhu You Shu(祝由术Zhuyou therapy),are deeply influenced by the concept of spiritual disturbances.The Shang people’s understanding of disease causation has profoundly impacted the formation and development of etiological theory in TCM,evident not only in theoretical explanations of disease causes but also in specific medical practices.By studying the concepts of disease causation in medical-related oracle-bone inscriptions,we can gain a deeper understanding of the development of ideas,theoretical systems,and treatment methods related to disease causes in TCM.
文摘BACKGROUND Transfusion transmissible infections(TTIs)are illnesses spread through contaminated blood or blood products.In India,screening for TTIs such as hepatitis B virus(HBV),hepatitis C virus(HCV),human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-I/II,malaria,and syphilis is mandatory before blood transfusions.Worldwide,HCV,HBV,and HIV are the leading viruses causing mortality,affecting millions of people globally,including those with co-infections of HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV.Studies highlight the impact of TTIs on life expectancy and health risks,such as liver cirrhosis,cancer,and other diseases in individuals with chronic HBV.Globally,millions of blood donations take place annually,emphasizing the importance of maintaining blood safety.AIM To study the prevalence of TTIs,viz.,HBV,HCV,HIV I/II,syphilis,and malaria parasite(MP),among different blood donor groups.METHODS The study assessed the prevalence of TTIs among different blood donor groups in Delhi,India.Groups included total donors,in-house donors,total camp donors,institutional camp donors,and community camp donors.Tests for HIV,HBV,and HCV were done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,while syphilis was tested with rapid plasma reagins and MP rapid card methods.The prevalence of HBV,HCV,HIV,and syphilis,expressed as percentages.Differences in infection rates between the groups were analyzed usingχ²tests and P-values(less than 0.05).RESULTS The study evaluated TTIs among 42158 blood donors in Delhi.The overall cumulative frequency of TTIs in total blood donors was 2.071%,and the frequencies of HBV,HCV,HIV-I/II,venereal disease research laboratory,and MP were 1.048%,0.425%,0.221%,0.377%,and 0.0024%,respectively.In-house donors,representing 37656 donors,had the highest transfusion transmissible infection(TTI)prevalence at 2.167%.Among total camp donors(4502 donors),TTIs were identified in 1.266%of donors,while community camp donors(2439 donors)exhibited a prevalence of 1.558%.Institutional camp donors(2063 donors)had the lowest TTI prevalence at 0.921%.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in overall TTI prevalence,with total and in-house donors exhibiting higher rates compared to camp donors.CONCLUSION Ongoing monitoring and effective screening programs are essential for minimizing TTIs.Customizing blood safety measures for different donor groups and studying socio-economic-health factors is essential to improving blood safety.
文摘Echinococcosis or hydatid disease is induced mainly by Echinococcus granulosus and occasionally by Echinococcus multilocularis(alveolaris)and affects the liver predominantly.Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis is similar to carcinoma in appearance,and without treatment,it can lead to death.Diagnosis is based on current imaging modalities.Surgical management is the cornerstone of treatment.Complete removal of the cyst(total pericystectomy or hepatectomy)ensures a permanent cure and should be the first-choice treatment for cystic disease.Cyst evacuation,partial cystectomy,and drainage or omentoplasty,may be alternative choices in difficult cases.Albendazole,mebendazole and praziquantel are options for treating small cysts and preventing recurrence after surgery.Despite the efforts,alveolar echinococcus is not usually amenable to surgical management,except in the early stage,which is less common,and management by albendazole is indicated.However,there are few recent reports of major operations(ex-vivo hepatectomy,autotransplantation and vascular reconstruction)in advanced stages.
文摘Parasites have coexisted with humans throughout history,forming either symbiotic relationships or causing significant morbidity and mortality.The liver is particularly vulnerable to parasitic infections,which can reside in,pass through,or be transported to the liver,leading to severe damage.This editorial explores various parasites that infect the liver,their clinical implications,and diagnostic considerations,as discussed in the article“Parasites of the liver:A global problem?”.Parasites reach the liver primarily through oral ingestion,mucosal penetration,or the bloodstream,with some larvae even penetrating the skin.Hepatic parasites such as cestodes(Echinococcus),trematodes(Clonorchis,Opisthorchis),nematodes(Ascaris),and protozoa(Entamoeba histolytica)can also cause systemic infections like visceral leishmaniasis,malaria,cryptosporidiosis,and toxoplasmosis.Chronic infections like clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis are linked to persistent hepatobiliary inflammation,potentially progressing to cholangiocarcinoma,a fatal bile duct cancer,particularly prevalent in Southeast Asia.The global nature of liver parasite infestations is alarming,with hundreds of millions affected worldwide.However,control over treatment quality remains suboptimal.Given the significant public health threat posed by these parasites,international medical organizations must prioritize improved diagnosis,treatment,and preventive measures.Strengthening educational efforts and enhancing healthcare provider training are critical steps toward mitigating the global impact of parasitic liver diseases.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Found Project:Anti-Colorectal Cancer Metastasis Mechanism of Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici)-Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis)According to the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2 Alpha/β-Catenin Cross-Talk Which Influence the Colon Tumor Stem Cells in Hypoxia Microenvironment(No.82003961)National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Found Project:the Mechanism of the Compatibility of Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici)and Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis)on the Early Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mediated by Cancer Associated Fibroblasts(82104408)+1 种基金Science Foundation of China Project:Involvement of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1αSignal in Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici)-Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis)Combination Induced Remolding of Tumor Hypoxic Microenvironment(No.82074035)Science and Technology Development Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangsu Province:Mechanism of Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici)-Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis)Herb Pair on the Inhibition of Colon Cancer Metastasis Through the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway(No.YB201921)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effects of Huangqi(Radix Astragali Mongolici)-Ezhu(Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis)(HQEZ)on colorectal cancer therapies and to elucidate the potential mechanisms of HQEZ,especially in combination with 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU).METHODS:The anti-tumor effects of HQEZ were evaluated in colorectal cancer models both in vivo and in vitro.The network pharmacological assay was used to investigate potential mechanisms of HQEZ.Potential target genes were selected by Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment analysis,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis,protein-protein interaction network(PPI)and molecular docking.Within key targets,potential targets related to drug sensitivity,especially the sensitivity to 5-FU,were evaluated in HCT116 in vitro by immunofluorescence,quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and Western-blot.Then,changes in potential targets were assessed in tumors from tumor-bearing mice and the expression of these targets was also evaluated in colorectal cancer(COAD)patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas Program(TCGA)database.RESULTS:HQEZ significantly enhanced the anti-tumor activity of 5-FU in vivo and inhibit the growth of HCT116 in vitro.By network pharmacological analysis,key targets,such as protein kinase B(AKT1),epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),adenosine triphosphate(ATP)binding cassette subfamily B member 1(ABCB1,also named multidrug resistance protein 1,MDR1),ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2(ABCG2),thymidylate synthetase(TYMS,also named TS),prostaglandinendoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2),matrix metallopeptidase 2(MMP2),MMP9,toll like receptor 4(TLR4),TLR9 and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase(DPYD),were identified.Additionally,4 potential core active ingredients(Folate,Curcumin,quercetin and kaempferol)were identified to be important for the treatment of colorectal cancer with HQEZ.In key targets,chemoresistance related targets were validated to be affected by HQEZ.Furthermore,5-FU sensitivity related targets,including MDR1,TS,EGFR,ribonucleotide reductase catalytic subunit M1,Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Protein 1(BRCA1)and mutl homolog 1 were also significantly reduced by HQEZ both in vitro and in vivo.Finally,these validated key targets and 5-FU sensitivity related targets were demonstrated to be up-regulated in COAD patients based on TCGA database.CONCLUSION:HQEZ has synergistic effects on the antitumor activity of 5-FU in the treatment of colorectal cancer both in vivo and in vitro.The beneficial effect of HQEZ results from the inhibition of the drug sensitivity targets associated with 5-FU.The combination therapy of HQEZ with 5-FU or other chemotherapeutic drugs will also improve the anti-tumor efficacy of chemotherapy.
文摘The energy production system must be completely transformed to reach net zero emissions by 2050,and advanced battery technologies will play a pivotal role in helping downstream sectors transition to sustainable energy sources.Li-air batteries(LABs)provide a fascinating“beyond Li-ion”option because of their ultrahigh theoretical energy density,which far surpasses conventional lithium-ion batteries.However,LABs face significant hurdles in practical implementation,including electrolyte instability,irreversible electrodes,poor cycling performance,and low-rate capability.This review provides a detailed analysis of recent progress in LAB systems,highlighting innovative approaches such as electrolyte stabilization,electrode modification,and interfacial engineering to address these challenges.It evaluates current strategies for overcoming these problems and outlines targeted research directions aimed at resolving the remaining obstacles in LAB technology.The progress made so far indicates a way to realize practical LABs with a specific energy density potentially comparable to gasoline,which could revolutionize electric transportation.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFF1304600)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32160242 to JL,32470513 and 32270526 to WL)supported by the 2023 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Youth Science and Technology Support Talent Training Project.
文摘With the ongoing acceleration of global urbanization, an increasingly larger proportion of natural habitats are being transformed and utilized by humans. Urbanization has a substantial impact on animal populations, exposing them to greater risks, but also presenting new opportunities and resources. Although the effects of urbanization and brood parasitism on the population dynamics and behavior of host birds have received considerable attention, there has been comparatively little research on how urbanization might affect the risk of brood parasitism on host birds. From April to August in 2023 and 2024, we investigated the risk of brood parasitism on Azure-winged Magpies (Cyanopica cyanus) breeding in the urban center, outskirt, and rural areas of Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The results revealed significant differences in the risk of brood parasitism among Azure-winged Magpies in the three regions, with the proportion of magpies parasitized by the Asian Koel (Eudynamys scolopaceus) being found to be significantly lower in the city center (0%) than that in outskirt (3.8%) and rural (11.4%) areas. Our results are consistent with the idea that cities can act as refuges that reduce the risk of brood parasitism experienced by host Azure-winged Magpies. Accordingly, breeding in cities enables Azure-winged Magpies to escape brood parasitism by the Asian Koel.
文摘Hepatobiliary fascioliasis is a neglected but re-emerging parasitic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica.Humans become infected by consuming contaminated water or aquatic plants,allowing the parasite to enter the digestive tract.From there,immature flukes penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate through the liver,triggering inflammation,fibrosis,and biliary complications.Over time,this can lead to cholangitis,biliary obstruction,and long-term liver damage.Due to its vague clinical symptoms and the limitations of current diagnostic methods,fascioliasis could be easily missed.Stool analysis is still used to detect eggs in diagnosis.However,this method is unreliable due to the inconsistency of the egg shedding.Also,serological tests are often linked to false positives due to the cross-reactions with other parasites.Imaging techniques such as ultrasound,computed tomography,and magnetic resonance imaging can reveal its complications,especially in the biliary phase,yet this is not specific.Molecular tests like polymerase chain reaction(PCR)have higher sensitivity and specificity and allow earlier diagnosis,but they are still not widely available,especially in low-resource settings.Triclabendazole is the only recommended medical treatment,yet it is not widely available.In addition,the emerging reports of resistance represent a potential threat in managing this infection.Other modalities could be needed in addition to triclabendazole,such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with biliary complications.All the previously mentioned challenges necessitate the urgent need to make the newly developed diagnostic methods,such as PCR,available,especially in areas where fascioliasis is endemic.Additionally,new medical treatments and therapeutic options should be considered to provide a second line of management,particularly in light of emerging reports of resistance.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(2025J01761 to J.W.)Open Subjects for Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Anhui Higher Education Institutes,Bengbu Medical University(I&I-2024-K03 to J.W.)+2 种基金The Middle-aged and Young Teachers’Educational Research Project of Fujian Province(JAT241032 to J.W.)The Research Foundation for Advanced Talents from Bengbu Medical University(bsqd2024011 to D.C.)High-Level Hospital Construction Project of Nanjing Stomatological Hospital,Affiliated Hospital of Medical School,Institute of Stomatology,Nanjing University(0224C041 to Y.Q.).
文摘Folate(FA)is an essential micronutrient of vitamin B group for growth,development,and reproduction through participating in the nucleotide synthesis and methyl donation reactions.The changes of FA level have been linked to dietary insufficiency(e.g.,poor diet,etc.)malabsorption(e.g.,FA-associated gene mutation,etc.),increased demand(e.g.,pregnancy,etc).or medication(e.g.,antifolates drugs),or bad habits(e.g.,smoking,alcoholism,etc.).Recently,epidemiological data showed that the levels of the host FA typically changed in patients with infectious diseases.Interactions between pathogens,including bacteria,parasites and viruses,and their hosts are complex,in particular,pathogenic infection-mediated changes of the host FA levels can affect the utilization and uptake of limited FA resources of the host.Therefore,FA supplementation or the use of antifolate agents may be a potential antimicrobial strategy for managing infectious diseases.Furthermore,given that the gut microbiota is a primary source of FA in the human body,the association between gut microbiota and pathogenic infections warrants investigation.To date,little is known about how FA status and its biochemistry function affect the course of infectious diseases.In this review,we focus on the roles of FA in the interaction between the host and microbe,and briefly discuss the potential of FA and antifolates agents in the treatment of infectious diseases.
文摘Eosinophilic myocarditis(EM)is a rare inflammatory condition of the heart,often associated with eosinophilic infiltration.While its causes range from allergies to autoimmune and infectious diseases,parasitic infections are an uncommon but critical etiology.This mini-review focuses on a case of EM in a 47-year-old male from Vietnam,linked to Schistosoma spp.,Strongyloides stercoralis,and Toxocara spp.infections.The patient presented with severe chest pain and recovered fully after treatment with corticosteroids and albendazole.Drawing insights from this case and existing literature,we discuss the pathophysiology,diagnostic approaches,and therapeutic strategies for parasite-induced EM.Early diagnosis and tailored treatment are essential to improve clinical outcomes,especially in endemic para-sitic areas.
文摘Objective:To consolidate the scarce and scattered evidence on oral cysticercosis,a rare and often overlooked manifestation of Taenia solium infection.Methods:A comprehensive literature search was conducted in three major databases:PubMed,Scopus,and Embase.A total of 75 records were initially identified(PubMed:n=23;Scopus:n=29;Embase:n=23).After screening and eligibility assessment,22 studies meeting inclusion criteria were selected for final analysis.Results:Oral cysticercosis primarily involved the tongue,typically presenting as a painless swelling.The majority of reported cases were from India.Clinically,it was most often misdiagnosed as a mucocele or fibroma,with cysticercosis rarely considered due to its uncommon occurrence.Among the muscles affected,the masseter,mentalis,and buccinator were most frequently involved.Diagnosis was primarily made through histopathological examination.Treatment commonly included surgical excision,and albendazole was the most frequently used antiparasitic medication.Recurrence was uncommon,except in cases with disseminated or deep muscular involvement.Conclusions:Oral cysticercosis should be considered a potential differential diagnosis,particularly in regions where pork consumption is common.Given that most reported cases originated from India,pathologists in this region should maintain a high index of suspicion.Oral pathologists,in particular,should be well-acquainted with its histopathological features to ensure accurate diagnosis and avoid diagnostic pitfalls.
文摘Acridid populations have increased significantly in recent years, causing damage to crops. Having biocontrol tools is important as it will help reduce the use of insecticides. This study reports the presence of Paragordius varius in grasshoppers for the first time in Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. Samples were taken from the grass around a water pond. A total of 1,225 grasshoppers were dissected to observe the presence of the worm. Seven species of grasshoppers were identified, with the most abundant species being Melanoplus differentialis. The parasitoid Paragordius varius, a nematomorph, parasitized male M. differentialis in greater numbers. This work is the first record of this parasitoid in Mexico and contributes to the knowledge of the biological control of acridids in Mexico.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32301295 to JW, 32101242 to LM, and 32260253 to LW)High-Level Talents Research Start-Up Project of Hebei University (No. 521100222044 to JW)
文摘Avian alarm calls mediate defenses against brood parasites and predators. These calls facilitate communication among adults and alert nestlings to potential danger. While heterospecific call recognition has been extensively studied in adult birds, nestlings—lacking direct predation experience and heterospecific alarm exposure—represent an ideal system to investigate the response to interspecific warning cues. This study explored the recognition capabilities of 5–6-day-old nestlings in Oriental Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus orientalis), a common host of the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). We exposed the nestlings to playbacks of alarm calls directed at parasites and raptors from conspecific, Vinous-throated Parrotbill (Sinosuthora webbiana, sympatric species), Isabelline Shrike (Lanius isabellinus, allopatric species) and Common Tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius, allopatric species) adults. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in the responses of nestlings to the alarm calls of conspecific and allopatric adults directed at cuckoos and sparrowhawks. In addition, interestingly, nestlings significantly reduced their begging in response to conspecific and unfamiliar allopatric Isabelline Shrike and Common Tailorbird alarm calls but exhibited a weak response to the sympatric Vinous-throated Parrotbill. Whether older warbler nestlings with more social experience exhibit stronger responses to the alarm calls of Vinous-throated Parrotbill adults requires further investigation.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171498 and 32171495)the Finance Science and Technology Project of Hainan Province (ZDYF2018219)the Hainan Key Program of Science and Technology (ZDXM20110008)。
文摘Parasites,such as flatworms,nematodes,and pentastomes,are commonly found inhabiting reptiles.In this study,we examined parasite infection status in 10 squamate species,including 5 snake species and 5 lizard species.We identified one genuslevel and nine species-level parasites in these hosts,which belong to the phyla Platyhelminthes,Nemathelminthes,and Arthropoda.The overall infection rate was 45%,with significant differences in infection rates between lizard and snake species.Parasites in snakes included the Kalicephalus sp.,Ophidascaris filaria,Ophiotaenia bungari,Raillietiella orientalis and Spirometra erinaceieuropaei,and parasitic parasites in lizards were mainly composed of Meteterakis japonica,Plagiorchis koreanus,Spauligodon carbonelli,Spauligodon saxicolae and Strongyluris calotis,respectively.There were significant differences in infection rates among different species and regions,and even among different tissues of the same species.The overall investigation of squamate parasites in China will provide some basic information for public health safety.
文摘The brood-parasitic brown-headed cowbird(Molothrus ater)has one of the shortest incubation periods of any bird.Brown-headed cowbird eggs,and those of other avian brood parasites,tend to be more spherical due to their greater relative width.The traditional explanation for this egg shape is that it,combined with the thicker eggshells,resists host puncture-ejection.However,very few North American hosts of the brownheaded cowbird actually engage in puncture-ejection and therefore wider eggs may instead provide greater contact with a host’s brood patch during incubation,especially in large host nests.We tested whether greater egg width increased mean temperature and reduced temperature variation in brown-headed cowbirds by inserting temperature probes into brown-headed cowbird and house sparrow(Passer domesticus)eggs and placing them into red-winged blackbird(Agelaius phoeniceus)nests.House sparrow eggs are similar in appearance and in length to cowbird eggs,but are not as wide.We found no signifcant relationship between brown-headed cowbird egg width and mean incubation temperature.However,brown-headed cowbird eggs experienced less temperature variation than house sparrow eggs,and within brown-headed cowbird eggs,more spherical eggs experienced less temperature variation when accounting for differences in width.These results suggest that brownheaded cowbirds may have short incubation periods in part because their eggs exhibit less temperature variation over the course of incubation.The brown-headed cowbird’s egg shape may contribute to its accelerated embryonic development rate relative to host eggs of similar size,which explains its ability to hatch in a variety of host nests.
