R-phycoerythrin, a light-harvesting protein in some marine algae, and can be widely used in medicine, was isolated and purified from a red alga, Palmaria palmata (Lannaeus) Kuntze, using the streamline column (expande...R-phycoerythrin, a light-harvesting protein in some marine algae, and can be widely used in medicine, was isolated and purified from a red alga, Palmaria palmata (Lannaeus) Kuntze, using the streamline column (expanded bed adsorption) combined with ion-exchange chromatography. Because the crude extract was applied to the column upwardly, the column would not be blocked by polysaccharides usually very abundant in the extract of marine alga, this kind of blockage could hardly lie overcome in ordinary chromatographic column. After applying the crude extract containing 0.5 mol/L (NH4)(2)SO4, (NH4)(2)SO4 solution of different concentrations (0.2 mol/L, 0.1 mol/L and 0.05 mol/L) was used to elute the column downwardly and the eluates were collected and desalted. The desalted eluates were then applied onto all ion-exchange chromatographic column loaded with Q-sepharose for further purification of the R-phycoerythrin. Through these two steps, the purity (OD565/OD280) of the R-phycoerythrin from P. palmata was up to 3.5, more than 3.2, the commonly accepted criterion for purity, and the yield of the purified R-phycoerythrin could reach 0.122 mg/g of frozen P. palmata, much higher than that of phycobiliproteins purified with the previous methods. The result indicated that the cost of R-phycoerythrin will drop down with the method reported in this article.展开更多
Chronic eutrophication and turbidity are critical detrimental factors impacting coral reef ecosystems, adversely affecting their ecological functions, services, benefits, and resilience across multiple spatial scales ...Chronic eutrophication and turbidity are critical detrimental factors impacting coral reef ecosystems, adversely affecting their ecological functions, services, benefits, and resilience across multiple spatial scales and over prolonged periods of time. Inadequate land use practices and lack of appropriate sewage treatment can adversely contribute to increase land-based source pollution (LBSP) impacts in coastal waters and to magnify impacts by sea surface warming trends associated to climate change. Fringing coral reefs off Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, support extensive remnant patches of Elkhorn coral Acropora palmata (Lamarck 1816), which was listed in 2006 as a threatened species under the US Endangered Species Act. Chronic impacts by LBSP have significantly affected local downstream fringing reefs. We characterized the spatial extent of a water quality stress gradient across 12 reefs along the Vega Baja coast through monthly measurements of multiple physico-chemical parameters. Most parameters, particularly PO4, , chlorophyll-a, and the concentration of optical brighteners (OABs), showed a statistically significant increase (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05) in waters close to the main pollution sources, but also in waters adjacent to Cibuco River effluents. Dissolved oxygen also declined and turbidity increased on polluted sites. PO4, , and chlorophyll-a, exceeded recommended concentrations for coral reef ecosystems by factors of 7 - 50 times, 600 - 1240 times, and 17 - 83 times, respectively, depending on the source of the effluents and the distance from sewage pollution sources. Also, water turbidity exceeded 4 - 10 times the recommended value for pristine coral reefs. Coral reefs showed significant decline in close proximity to the polluted zone, showing a significantly different benthic community structure (PERMANOVA, p < 0.0001) dominated by non-reef building taxa (i.e., macroalgae, algal turf) and bare substrate. Percent coral cover and abundance of A. palmata, showed a significant increase with distance. Coral species richness, species diversity index, and the variance in taxonomic distinctness were very low on reef patches adjacent to the polluted zone, increased at a moderate distance with increasing coral cover and co-existence of multiple species, and declined far from the pollution source due to dominance exerted by A. palmata. This study suggests that chronic LBSP resulted in a major decline of one of the largest and most dense remnant stands of A. palmata across the northeastern Caribbean and that nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations were unsustainable for coral reefs. This situation requires immediate solution to prevent further damage to these unprecedented resources. It further suggests that chronic LBSP may synergistically magnify sea-surface warming impacts driving corals to an increased state of risk in face of forecasted climate change impacts. Actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts on coral reefs must require a priori controls of LBSP to be effective.展开更多
The essential oils of the flower-buds, leaves and stems of Filipendula palmata（ Pall. ） Maxim. were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thirty-three, forty-seven and forty-seven compounds in the flower-buds, leaves and stems ...The essential oils of the flower-buds, leaves and stems of Filipendula palmata（ Pall. ） Maxim. were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thirty-three, forty-seven and forty-seven compounds in the flower-buds, leaves and stems were identified, respectively. Methyl salicylate exists in a great amount which is up to 70. 10% in the flower-buds. Its amount is also high in other two parts. The data obtained show that it may be one of the main natural mosquito-expelling and pain-alleviating components in the three parts. The flower-buds are the main active part with the mosquito-expelling function.展开更多
目的研究刺通草各部位营养成分,评价其氨基酸营养价值。方法通过对刺通草花苞、嫩叶、老叶、茎皮等部位的蛋白质、总灰分、氨基酸、氮、磷、钾、钙进行测定与分析,综合评价各部位的营养情况。结果刺通草不同部位的营养成分存在差异,花...目的研究刺通草各部位营养成分,评价其氨基酸营养价值。方法通过对刺通草花苞、嫩叶、老叶、茎皮等部位的蛋白质、总灰分、氨基酸、氮、磷、钾、钙进行测定与分析,综合评价各部位的营养情况。结果刺通草不同部位的营养成分存在差异,花苞的蛋白质及氮、磷、钾含量最高,分别为18.60%、2.98%、0.512%、3.00%;茎皮中总灰分和钙含量最高,分别为31.32%、7.28%,约为花苞和叶的3倍。各部位均检测到16种氨基酸和6种必需氨基酸,总氨基酸含量为47.59~106.57 mg/g,必需氨基酸含量为17.07~38.14 mg/g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的34.70%~40.27%。精氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸为花苞和茎皮的主要氨基酸;谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸为嫩叶和老叶的主要氨基酸;刺通草各部位的第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸;各部位呈味氨基酸和药用氨基酸含量丰富,分别占总氨基酸的88%和56%以上。各部位的氨基酸比值系数分(score of ratio coefficient of amino acid,SRC)值介于65.42~71.11之间,平均值为67.16。结论刺通草花苞的蛋白质等营养含量丰富,叶的氨基酸营养价值较高,茎皮中钙含量非常丰富。本研究可为刺通草资源开发和利用提供科学参考。展开更多
文摘R-phycoerythrin, a light-harvesting protein in some marine algae, and can be widely used in medicine, was isolated and purified from a red alga, Palmaria palmata (Lannaeus) Kuntze, using the streamline column (expanded bed adsorption) combined with ion-exchange chromatography. Because the crude extract was applied to the column upwardly, the column would not be blocked by polysaccharides usually very abundant in the extract of marine alga, this kind of blockage could hardly lie overcome in ordinary chromatographic column. After applying the crude extract containing 0.5 mol/L (NH4)(2)SO4, (NH4)(2)SO4 solution of different concentrations (0.2 mol/L, 0.1 mol/L and 0.05 mol/L) was used to elute the column downwardly and the eluates were collected and desalted. The desalted eluates were then applied onto all ion-exchange chromatographic column loaded with Q-sepharose for further purification of the R-phycoerythrin. Through these two steps, the purity (OD565/OD280) of the R-phycoerythrin from P. palmata was up to 3.5, more than 3.2, the commonly accepted criterion for purity, and the yield of the purified R-phycoerythrin could reach 0.122 mg/g of frozen P. palmata, much higher than that of phycobiliproteins purified with the previous methods. The result indicated that the cost of R-phycoerythrin will drop down with the method reported in this article.
文摘Chronic eutrophication and turbidity are critical detrimental factors impacting coral reef ecosystems, adversely affecting their ecological functions, services, benefits, and resilience across multiple spatial scales and over prolonged periods of time. Inadequate land use practices and lack of appropriate sewage treatment can adversely contribute to increase land-based source pollution (LBSP) impacts in coastal waters and to magnify impacts by sea surface warming trends associated to climate change. Fringing coral reefs off Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, support extensive remnant patches of Elkhorn coral Acropora palmata (Lamarck 1816), which was listed in 2006 as a threatened species under the US Endangered Species Act. Chronic impacts by LBSP have significantly affected local downstream fringing reefs. We characterized the spatial extent of a water quality stress gradient across 12 reefs along the Vega Baja coast through monthly measurements of multiple physico-chemical parameters. Most parameters, particularly PO4, , chlorophyll-a, and the concentration of optical brighteners (OABs), showed a statistically significant increase (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05) in waters close to the main pollution sources, but also in waters adjacent to Cibuco River effluents. Dissolved oxygen also declined and turbidity increased on polluted sites. PO4, , and chlorophyll-a, exceeded recommended concentrations for coral reef ecosystems by factors of 7 - 50 times, 600 - 1240 times, and 17 - 83 times, respectively, depending on the source of the effluents and the distance from sewage pollution sources. Also, water turbidity exceeded 4 - 10 times the recommended value for pristine coral reefs. Coral reefs showed significant decline in close proximity to the polluted zone, showing a significantly different benthic community structure (PERMANOVA, p < 0.0001) dominated by non-reef building taxa (i.e., macroalgae, algal turf) and bare substrate. Percent coral cover and abundance of A. palmata, showed a significant increase with distance. Coral species richness, species diversity index, and the variance in taxonomic distinctness were very low on reef patches adjacent to the polluted zone, increased at a moderate distance with increasing coral cover and co-existence of multiple species, and declined far from the pollution source due to dominance exerted by A. palmata. This study suggests that chronic LBSP resulted in a major decline of one of the largest and most dense remnant stands of A. palmata across the northeastern Caribbean and that nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations were unsustainable for coral reefs. This situation requires immediate solution to prevent further damage to these unprecedented resources. It further suggests that chronic LBSP may synergistically magnify sea-surface warming impacts driving corals to an increased state of risk in face of forecasted climate change impacts. Actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts on coral reefs must require a priori controls of LBSP to be effective.
文摘The essential oils of the flower-buds, leaves and stems of Filipendula palmata（ Pall. ） Maxim. were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thirty-three, forty-seven and forty-seven compounds in the flower-buds, leaves and stems were identified, respectively. Methyl salicylate exists in a great amount which is up to 70. 10% in the flower-buds. Its amount is also high in other two parts. The data obtained show that it may be one of the main natural mosquito-expelling and pain-alleviating components in the three parts. The flower-buds are the main active part with the mosquito-expelling function.
文摘目的研究刺通草各部位营养成分,评价其氨基酸营养价值。方法通过对刺通草花苞、嫩叶、老叶、茎皮等部位的蛋白质、总灰分、氨基酸、氮、磷、钾、钙进行测定与分析,综合评价各部位的营养情况。结果刺通草不同部位的营养成分存在差异,花苞的蛋白质及氮、磷、钾含量最高,分别为18.60%、2.98%、0.512%、3.00%;茎皮中总灰分和钙含量最高,分别为31.32%、7.28%,约为花苞和叶的3倍。各部位均检测到16种氨基酸和6种必需氨基酸,总氨基酸含量为47.59~106.57 mg/g,必需氨基酸含量为17.07~38.14 mg/g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的34.70%~40.27%。精氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸为花苞和茎皮的主要氨基酸;谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸为嫩叶和老叶的主要氨基酸;刺通草各部位的第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸;各部位呈味氨基酸和药用氨基酸含量丰富,分别占总氨基酸的88%和56%以上。各部位的氨基酸比值系数分(score of ratio coefficient of amino acid,SRC)值介于65.42~71.11之间,平均值为67.16。结论刺通草花苞的蛋白质等营养含量丰富,叶的氨基酸营养价值较高,茎皮中钙含量非常丰富。本研究可为刺通草资源开发和利用提供科学参考。
