BACKGROUND Excipients may improve the palatability of polyethylene glycol(PEG),the firstline treatment for childhood functional constipation(FC),leading to good compliance and improved treatment outcomes.AIM To compar...BACKGROUND Excipients may improve the palatability of polyethylene glycol(PEG),the firstline treatment for childhood functional constipation(FC),leading to good compliance and improved treatment outcomes.AIM To compare the developed PEG-based formula(PEG-Chula)to the commercial formula for treating childhood FC.METHODS In this randomized controlled trial,we enrolled children aged<18 years with FC diagnosed by the Rome Ⅳ criteria to receive PEG-Chula[four flavors:(1)Strawberry;(2)Lychee;(3)Apple;and(4)Lychee-rose]or Forlax(orange-grapefruit flavor)for eight weeks.The primary outcomes included changes in stool frequency and consistency measured by the Bristol Stool scale.The secondary outcomes were constipation-related symptom improvement,adverse events,and palatability measured by the facial hedonic scale.RESULTS Fifty-two children diagnosed with FC[median age:4.21(2.33,7.88)years;35(67.31%)females]were enrolled.After the 8-week treatment,the mean weekly stool frequency increased in both groups,the mean change was 4.02(95%CI:3.09-4.95)in PEG-Chula and 3.78(95%CI:2.79-4.78)in commercial PEG compared to baseline(P<0.001).The extent of stool consistency improvement did not differ significantly.The most preferred PEG-Chula flavor was rated more palatable than the commercial PEG.Treatment compliance correlated with medication palatability(r=0.34,P=0.013).No significant differences in adverse events were found.CONCLUSION Both PEG-based formulas are effective and safe for managing pediatric FC.展开更多
To clarify the optimal water management in large-scale fields under high temperatures at the ripening period,effective water managements during this period for improvement of yield,appearance quality and palatability ...To clarify the optimal water management in large-scale fields under high temperatures at the ripening period,effective water managements during this period for improvement of yield,appearance quality and palatability were investigated.Compared with intermittent irrigation and flooded irrigation,the soil temperature with saturated irrigation remained low throughout the day,and the decrease rate of the bleeding rate of hills was the lowest.These results suggested that the saturated irrigation maintained root activity.For the three irrigation types,the number of spikelets per m2 and 1000-grain weight were similar,however,saturated irrigation resulted in significantly higher rice yield due to improvement in the percentage of ripened grains.The saturated irrigation produced a high percentage of perfect rice grains and thicker brown rice grain,furthermore,the palatability of cooked rice was excellent because protein content and hardness/adhesion ratio were both low.Thus,under high-temperature ripening conditions,soil temperature was lowered and root activity was maintained when applying saturated irrigation after heading time.The results indicated that saturated irrigation is an effective countermeasure against high-temperature ripening damage.展开更多
The purpose of this review is to discuss the advantages and limitations of taste sensors in the evaluation of the taste of palatability of different oral dosage forms. First, we consider some ways in which the palatab...The purpose of this review is to discuss the advantages and limitations of taste sensors in the evaluation of the taste of palatability of different oral dosage forms. First, we consider some ways in which the palatability of various pharmaceutical formulations including orally disintegrating tablets(ODTs) are tested using two different taste sensors. Second, we focus on the evaluation of palatability of ODTs. We compare the usefulness of three pieces of apparatus for estimating the disintegration time of ODTs. Finally, we compare the characteristics of the two taste sensors in the evaluation of palatability of various kinds of drug formulations.展开更多
For veterinary medications administered per os, animal health companies strive to develop highly palatable dosage forms that are voluntarily accepted by animals to improve compliance and convenience. Achieving high pa...For veterinary medications administered per os, animal health companies strive to develop highly palatable dosage forms that are voluntarily accepted by animals to improve compliance and convenience. Achieving high palatability is often complex and difficult even without the presence of an active ingredient. This work compared acceptance and preference studies, as standardized methods are not established for informing formulation development or for more routine testing. Formulation development was followed by an acceptance study completed with laboratory Beagle dogs. One acceptance study and one preference study were completed in mixed breed dogs, also laboratory-housed, to gain wider representation of dog breed and age. Through these studies, we have evaluated both formulation parameters and palatability study conduct. In general, more complex palatants that have appealing taste, smell, and mouth feel enhance voluntary uptake. However, dosage forms that are too chewy may not be freely consumed even with complex palatants. The addition of aroma can entice dogs to prehend the tablet, as observed in one preference study. Preference studies in the veterinary pharmaceutical field identify the preferred first choice or first prehend, but not which product will be routinely voluntarily and fully consumed. Acceptance studies with cross-over treatment groups are used to quantify the full consumption of a dosage form when a dog is not given two choices at once. Since all dogs in acceptance studies are offered all treatment groups throughout the study, a comparison between degrees of consumption could suggest that one formulation might be preferred over another.展开更多
Poor palatability is a limiting factor for replacing fishmeal with other protein sources in aquaculture. The water-soluble molecules with low molecular weights are the major determinants of the palatability of diets. ...Poor palatability is a limiting factor for replacing fishmeal with other protein sources in aquaculture. The water-soluble molecules with low molecular weights are the major determinants of the palatability of diets. The present study was conducted to investigate the palatability of water-soluble extracts from single protein source(single extract pellets) and the mixture of these extracts with different proportions(blended extract pellets) in juvenile turbot(Scophthalmus maximus). Then according to the palatability of blended extract pellets, an optimal mixture proportion was selected, and a new protein source made from raw protein materials with the selected proportion was formulated to replace fishmeal. Summarily, the palatability of single extract pellets for turbot was descendent from fishmeal to pet-food grade poultry by-product meal, wheat gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, meat and bone meal, and corn gluten meal. Subsequently, according to the palatability of single extract pellets, 52 kinds of blended extract pellets were designed to test their palatability. The results showed that the pellets presented remarkably different palatability, and the optimal one was diet 52(wheat gluten meal: pet-food grade poultry by-product meal: meat and bone meal: corn gluten meal = 1:6:1:2). The highest ingestion ratio(the number of pellets ingested/the number of pellets fed) was 0.73 ± 0.03, which was observed in Diet 52. Then five isonitrogenous(52% crude protein) and isocaloric(20 k J g^(-1) gross energy) diets were formulated by replacing 0(control), 35%, 50%, 65% and 80% of fishmeal with No.52 blending proportion. After a 10-weeks feeding trial, a consistent feed intake was found among all replacement treatments. Replacement level of fishmeal up to 35% did not significantly influence final body weight, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of turbot. Therefore, the water-soluble extracts of protein sources play an important role in improving the palatability of non-fishmeal protein sources in aquafeed.展开更多
There is an increased need for highly palatable oral dosage forms for dogs and cats, especially in the case of regular or chronic medications. To meet this need of easy application, the original Drontal®Plus t...There is an increased need for highly palatable oral dosage forms for dogs and cats, especially in the case of regular or chronic medications. To meet this need of easy application, the original Drontal®Plus tablet, a broad-spectrum anthelminthic, was optimized using a novel formula. A field study was conducted to evaluate the palatability of this new Drontal®Plus formula in comparison to a positive control product (Milbemax®Chewable Tablets) with a well-known high palatability. The study also aimed to get a palatability claim which necessitates the conduct of appropriate studies. 150 privately owned dogs of 38 pure or mixed breeds, six months to twelve years old, and with a weight range of 5 to 50 kg were included. The study was based on a cross-over design, and a standardized acceptance test was used to evaluate and compare the palatability of the two medications. In this study 88% of dogs voluntarily consumed Drontal®Plus Treat 10 kg, and 86.7% accepted Milbemax®Chewable Tablets. In the majority of cases (IVP: 98%, CP: 95%) the tablets were taken directly from the owner’s hand. The new Drontal®Plus tablet showed a high palatability compared to the Milbemax®Chewable Tablets when used in a household study design with privately owned dogs.展开更多
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling palatability in rice were identified using a set of 98 backcross inbred lines (BILs) population derived from a cross between a japonica variety Nipponbare and an indica varie...Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling palatability in rice were identified using a set of 98 backcross inbred lines (BILs) population derived from a cross between a japonica variety Nipponbare and an indica variety Kasalath. The palatability scores of the population measured by RQ1/Plus Rice Analyzer, showed a continuous and transgressive segregative distribution with a range from 66 to 92. Four putative QTLs for palatability, qPAL-5, qPAL-7, qPAL-8a and qPAL-8b, were detected on chromosome 5, 7 and 8, and they accounted 7.83, 7.03, 11.58 and 7.19% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively. Three alleles qPAL-5, qPAL-7 and qPAL-8b from Kasalath increased the palatability score, whereas only one Nipponbare allele qPAL-8a increased the score . Eight transgressive lines in palatability were selected to make a comparison between phenotypic and genotypic classes. The result explained the possibility of positive QTLs pyramiding through marker-assisted selection of highly palatable rice.展开更多
In order to compare the palatability of Tibetan mastiff to different fat sources and fat levels, four kinds of raw lipid materials （ soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, chicken fat and butter） were selected to prepare ...In order to compare the palatability of Tibetan mastiff to different fat sources and fat levels, four kinds of raw lipid materials （ soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, chicken fat and butter） were selected to prepare five candidate diets with different fat source combinations and three different fat level combinations （6%, 10% and 14% ）. Ten healthy Tibetan mastiff adults were randomly divided into two groups. The intematianally useful double-pot cultivation design was employed to record the daily feed intake and preferred diet of each Tibetan mastiff, and further to calculate the intake rate. The butter group assumed higher feed intake and intake rate than the chicken fat group （P 〈0.01）, and the preferred diet as well （83%）. The feed intake and intake rate of chicken fat group was significantly higher than chicken fat and butter （ 1：1 ） combined group （ P 〈 0.01 ）. No significant difference was observed in the diet palatability of butter diet to Tibetan mastiff to different plant oil sources （ P 〉 0.05）. For various fat level combinations, the diet with highest fat content diet H23 assumed higher feed intake and intake rate than low fat diet H22 and H21 （P 〈0.05）. It is concluded that the palatability of butter diet to Tibetan mastiff is higher than chicken fat and its combined diet （ butter：chicken fat = 1：1 ） ; with fat level of 6% - 15%, high fat diet provides Tibetan mastiff a better palatability in comparison with low fat diet.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">The purpose of this study was to evaluate the palatability of dry syrups for pediatric use by human gustatory sensation testing and the artificial taste sensor. The b...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">The purpose of this study was to evaluate the palatability of dry syrups for pediatric use by human gustatory sensation testing and the artificial taste sensor. The bitterness intensities of dry syrups mixed with various beverages were also evaluated using the taste sensor. Twenty dry-syrup formulations of antibacterial and anti-allergic drugs containing bitter active ingredients, frequently used in pediatric medicine in Japan, were selected for testing. The main factors influencing palatability were determined by factor analysis of data from human gustatory sensation testing using the semantic differential method. It was shown that the bitterness intensity of dry syrups in water could be predicted by the artificial taste sensor. The influence of different beverages (orange juice, milk </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">or</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cocoa) mixed with the dry syrups was evaluated using the artificial taste sensor.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Taste and texture were found to be the principal factors influencing the palatability of dry syrups. While the bitterness intensities of some dry syrups were increased by mixing with orange juice, the bitterness intensities of most dry syrups were decreased by mixing with milk or cocoa. This suggests that one or more constituents of milk or cocoa may reduce the bitterness intensities of dry syrups.</span>展开更多
The nutritive value of rangelands in Southern Darfur, Sudan could be improved by introduction and multiplication of nutritious forbs with the objective of increasing livestock production in the area. The present study...The nutritive value of rangelands in Southern Darfur, Sudan could be improved by introduction and multiplication of nutritious forbs with the objective of increasing livestock production in the area. The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and palatability of eleven range forbs collected at flowering stage from Gahzal Gawazat, Southern Darfur, Sudan using chemical analysis. The crude protein (CP) ranged from 6.8% in Oxygonum atriplicifolium with lowest digestible crude protein (DCP) 2.8% to 16.4% in Zornia diphylla with highest DCP 11.73%. The highest and the lowest crude fiber (CF) values were obtained in Commelina spp (56.4%) and Sesamum alatum (25.9%), respectively. NDF and DMI values were maximum and minimum for Zornia diphylla (44.9 and 2.67%) and Alysicarpus glumaceus (35.3 and 3.4%), respectively. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) ranged from 57.1% in Blepharis linariifolia to 69.3% in Tribulus terrestris with highest digestible energy (DE) in later while the lowest DE was obtained in Commelina spp (2.4%). The calculated in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was highest for the Canavalia ensiformis (50.27%) and lowest value (43.17%) for Commelina spp. Zornia diphylla, Tribulus terrestris and Sesamum alatum showed highest nutritive value, while Alysicarpus glumaceus, Oldenlandia senegalensis and Chrozophora brocchiana showed highest palatability. It is concluded that these rangeland forbs are palatable and their CP and energy contents are sufficient to support different classes of livestock in South Darfur, Sudan.展开更多
[Objective]The paper aimed to compare the palatability of 0.005% brodifacoum bait and 0.005% bromodiolone bait for Apodemus agrarius.[Method]A.agrarius were divided into two groups：brodifacoum group and bromodiolone ...[Objective]The paper aimed to compare the palatability of 0.005% brodifacoum bait and 0.005% bromodiolone bait for Apodemus agrarius.[Method]A.agrarius were divided into two groups：brodifacoum group and bromodiolone group,and each group was released with equal amount of poison bait and feed.The daily consumption and mortality of each group was recorded.[Result]The total consumption of poison baits in brodifacoum group and bromodiolone group were64.6 and 40.4 g,respectively.Mortality of A.agrarius was observed in two groups since the 3^rdday after administration,and A.agrarius died completely on the5^thday.The feeding coefficient of poison bait to feed in brodifacoum group was 1.47,and that in bromodiolone group was 0.69.[Conclusion]The palatability of 0.005% brodifacoum bait for A.agrarius was superior to that of 0.005% bromodiolone bait.展开更多
Protein content plays a crucial role in determining the eating and cooking quality of rice.However,the genetic and molecular basis underlying grain protein content remains to be elucidated.In this study,we identified ...Protein content plays a crucial role in determining the eating and cooking quality of rice.However,the genetic and molecular basis underlying grain protein content remains to be elucidated.In this study,we identified a genomic region associated with grain protein content in rice chromosome segment substitution lines containing the flowering gene Ghd7.1,which reduced grain protein content by repressing the transcription of the gene OsAAP6.Knockout of Ghd7.1 increased grain protein content and decreased the eating and cooking quality of rice.Introduction of the functional haplotype of Ghd7.1 into two elite rice cultivars reduced their protein content and increased their eating quality and grain yield with no effect on the regulation of flowering time.Ghd7.1 might be used for regulating the protein content and improving the eating quality of rice varieties.展开更多
Herbivorous ungulates are vital elements of forest ecosystems,yet their impact on tree regeneration and forest dynamics is challenging to assess.Despite their significant influence,few studies measure browsing pressur...Herbivorous ungulates are vital elements of forest ecosystems,yet their impact on tree regeneration and forest dynamics is challenging to assess.Despite their significant influence,few studies measure browsing pressure independently of precise ungulate population data.This study aimed to determine the regeneration mechanisms of palatable tree species in natural forest ecosystems by measuring the forage abundance from young trees of focal species and estimating the browsing pressure exerted by ungulates.We analyzed an extensive dataset of 2,838 tree saplings in two national parks in Poland to examine relationships between variables using a zero-intercept linear regression,and multiple linear regression models,and performed parametric and nonparametric tests.We found that the browsing intensity index(BI)is a good predictor of browsing pressure.Both total abundance and twig dry mass loss due to ungulate browsing were more pronounced in shorter saplings,with these effects decreasing as sapling height increased.Picea abies was the most abundant browse source in the Tatra National Park(TNP),whereas Fagus sylvatica dominated in the Roztocze National Park(RNP).Acer pseudoplatanus and Sorbus aucuparia experienced significantly higher browsing pressure in the TNP,whereas Carpinus betulus was more heavily browsed than other species in the RNP.The increase in browse abundance rapidly reduced ungulate browsing pressure on highly palatable tree species.We conclude that despite the high browsing pressure on the palatable species,the contribution of browse from focal species helps to mitigate this pressure and supports their regeneration in the forest canopy.Therefore,this finding provides valuable insights for managing and conserving tree species vulnerable to ungulate browsing in natural forest ecosystems.In addition,the method we used in this study is novel to estimate browsing pressure and assess the recruitment potential of vulnerable tree species;hence,it can be applied in large-scale studies with similar scenarios.展开更多
Background: In developing countries, charity cleft surgical mission is always operated by sporadic surgical teams without systematic follow up and quality assurance. In the past few decades, many mission projects have...Background: In developing countries, charity cleft surgical mission is always operated by sporadic surgical teams without systematic follow up and quality assurance. In the past few decades, many mission projects have been held regularly in China. The purpose of this audit was a retrospective analysis of a 9-year cleft lip and palate charity project operated in a tertiary hospital in China Shenzhen Area to evaluate perioperative and postoperative complications. Nevertheless, understanding the risk profile is essential for establishing a sustainable in-house cleft service in Shenzhen. Methods: A detailed analysis of hospital centralized record in the The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital (HKUSZH) was reviewed since the first charity project held in 2015. The parameters of this audit were focused on perioperative complications including anesthesia related problems, early postoperative complications in patients who underwent primary or secondary cleft surgeries. A total of 430 consecutive admitted cases of 311 non-syndromic cleft lip & palate patients were enrolled into the charity project from June 2015 to July 2024. The main anesthesia related complications that occurred during general anesthesia were respiratory tract problems, while intraoperative complication was excessive bleeding, so as wound local infection and reaction were the main early postoperative complications. Results: In our 9-year clinical audit of 430 cleft lip and palate charity surgeries in Shenzhen, we observed no mortalities and a anesthesia-related complication rate of 1.16%. Specific intraoperative complications included excessive bleeding, while early postoperative issues were dominated by wound infections. The fistula rate of 18.7% post palate repair and the average hospital stay of 3.71 days complete the profile of our surgical outcomes. These data underscore the project’s efficacy and offer a reference for international cleft missions aiming for safe and efficient surgical care. Conclusions: This study provides a thorough data review of the complications in the past 9 years charity missions for cleft lip and palate surgery in a well-structured hospital infrastructure and logistic support by local surgical team. There were no perioperative or postoperative death during the study period and the overall short-term complication rate was low. Therefore, it could be a reference model for other international cleft mission in developing country for a safe and efficient service in future.展开更多
Periodontal disease is a risk factor for many systemic diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Cleft palate(CP),the most common congenital craniofacial defect,has a multifaceted etiology i...Periodontal disease is a risk factor for many systemic diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Cleft palate(CP),the most common congenital craniofacial defect,has a multifaceted etiology influenced by complex genetic and environmental risk factors such as maternal bacterial or virus infection.A prior case-control study revealed a surprisingly strong association between maternal periodontal disease and CP in offspring.However,the precise relationship remains unclear.In this study,the relationship between maternal oral pathogen and CP in offspring was studied by sonicated P.gingivalis injected intravenously and orally into pregnant mice.We investigated an obvious increasing CP(12.5%)in sonicated P.gingivalis group which had inhibited osteogenesis in mesenchyme and blocked efferocytosis in epithelium.Then glycolysis and H4K12 lactylation(H4K12la)were detected to elevate in both mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme(MEPM)cells and macrophages under P.gingivalis exposure which further promoted the transcription of metallopeptidase domain17(ADAM17),subsequently mediated the shedding of transforming growth factor-beta receptor 1(TGFBR1)in MEPM cells and mer tyrosine kinase(MerTK)in macrophages and resulted in the suppression of efferocytosis and osteogenesis in palate,eventually caused abnormalities in palate fusion and ossification.The abnormal efferocytosis also led to a predominance of M1 macrophages,which indirectly inhibited palatal osteogenesis via extracellular vesicles.Furthermore,pharmacological ADAM17 inhibition could ameliorate the abnormality of P.gingivalis-induced abnormal palate development.Therefore,our study extends the knowledge of how maternal oral pathogen affects fetal palate development and provides a novel perspective to understand the pathogenesis of CP.展开更多
Hainan eldi’s deer is a precious species of deer in the tropic zone,it is regardedas the first—class animal under protection in China.Based on all-year-round observation on thedeer’s feeding habit in the reserve fr...Hainan eldi’s deer is a precious species of deer in the tropic zone,it is regardedas the first—class animal under protection in China.Based on all-year-round observation on thedeer’s feeding habit in the reserve from 1985 to 1988,we discovered that Hainan eldi’s deer is aeuryphangous herbivore.They take various herbs as their main food and have fairly strongselectivity for woody plants,especially tending to eat the tender parts of plants and some fruits andflowers.Like other species of deer,they also like to lick the alkaline soil.This paper reports the re-search and evaluation on the feeding and choosing food characteristics of Hainan eldi’s deer,and onthe palatability of the main plants in the reserve.展开更多
Pet owner compliance is essential for the success of veterinary healthcare strategies. As some parasites are zoonotic, consistent parasite control is an integral part of the One-Health strategy. Highly palatable formu...Pet owner compliance is essential for the success of veterinary healthcare strategies. As some parasites are zoonotic, consistent parasite control is an integral part of the One-Health strategy. Highly palatable formulations help ensure compliance, as they offer a positive experience for the dog and the owner. This study was conducted to ascertain if dogs exhibited a preference between two commercially available oral formulations of broad-spectrum endectoparasiticides, NexGard Spectra (afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime) and Simparica Trio (sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel). For four consecutive days, 100 healthy dogs were offered both products and consumption was recorded. If one product was more consumed than the other, it was defined as the preferred product. No adverse event was recorded throughout the study. A total of 358 chewable tablets were consumed over four study days;78.5% of dogs voluntarily consumed NexGard Spectra (281 chews), while 21.5% of dogs voluntarily consumed Simparica Trio (77 chews, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Among 75 dogs which demonstrated a preference for a product, significantly more dogs preferred NexGard Spectra (94.7%) compared to Simparica Trio (5.3%) (<i>p</i> < 2.2 × 10<sup>-16</sup>), resulting in a preference ratio of 17.75 to 1 for NexGard Spectra.展开更多
Bamboos are used extensively for a variety of purposes,and many new species have been introduced to the northwestern Himalaya.However,their potential as a fodder species has not been investigated.Six bamboo species,na...Bamboos are used extensively for a variety of purposes,and many new species have been introduced to the northwestern Himalaya.However,their potential as a fodder species has not been investigated.Six bamboo species,namely Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Gamble,Dendrocalamus asper(Schult.and Schult.f.)Backer ex K.Heyne,Melocanna baccifera(Roxb.)Kurz,Phyllostachys aurea Rivie′re and C.Rivie′re,Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb and Zucc.and Phyllostachys pubescens(Pradelle)Mazel ex J.Houz.were evaluated for their nutritional value,relative palatability and best lopping time.Dry matter(DM),ether extract(EE),and crude fibre varied from(37.0-67.7)%,(4.7-7.6),and(22.1-37.9)%,respectively.Values of crude protein ranged from(12.2-17.1)%,total ash(TA)from(11.8-21.5)%,acid insoluble ash(AIA)from(0.3-0.5)%,nitrogen free extract from(31.1-40.8)%,carbohydrates from(57.0-69.0)%,organic matter(OM)from(78.5-88.2)%,calcium from(1.7-2.3)%,phosphorus from(0.4-0.8)%,potassium from,(0.9-1.6)%,magnesium from(0.5-0.9)%,sodium from(603.7-1072.7)×10^-6 and vitamin A from(21.1-30.5)×10^-2 mg/g,respectively.D.hamiltonii had maximum values for DM,EE,TA and AIA.OM and vitamin A were highest in M.baccifera.CF and carbohydrates were maximized in P.aurea and CP in P.pubescens.All the values obtained for different bamboo species were less than maximum tolerable concentration of common feed resources of the region thereby indicating their suitability for nutrition and palatability.The contents of anti-nutritional factors,namely hydrocyanic acid and tannin ranged from(33.8-61.7)×10^-2 mg/g and(0.7-1.9)%,respectively.P.pubescens was the best species from a palatability point of view and has maximum crude protein content(17.2%),Ca(2.3%)and lowest tannin content(0.7%).The relative palatability of introduced bamboo species followed trend:P.pubescens(97.6%)[D.hamiltonii(92.5%)[P.bambusoides(81.2%)[D.asper(76.9%)[M.baccifera(75.9%)[P.aurea(73.4%).The optimum months for lopping these species for green leaves are November and December,as the nutritional value declines sharply thereafter.展开更多
基金Supported by the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund(Ratchadapiseksomphot Endowment Fund)Ratchadapiseksompotch Funds,Graduate Affairs,Faculty of Medicine,Chulalongkorn University,Bangkok,Thailand,No.GA68/028.
文摘BACKGROUND Excipients may improve the palatability of polyethylene glycol(PEG),the firstline treatment for childhood functional constipation(FC),leading to good compliance and improved treatment outcomes.AIM To compare the developed PEG-based formula(PEG-Chula)to the commercial formula for treating childhood FC.METHODS In this randomized controlled trial,we enrolled children aged<18 years with FC diagnosed by the Rome Ⅳ criteria to receive PEG-Chula[four flavors:(1)Strawberry;(2)Lychee;(3)Apple;and(4)Lychee-rose]or Forlax(orange-grapefruit flavor)for eight weeks.The primary outcomes included changes in stool frequency and consistency measured by the Bristol Stool scale.The secondary outcomes were constipation-related symptom improvement,adverse events,and palatability measured by the facial hedonic scale.RESULTS Fifty-two children diagnosed with FC[median age:4.21(2.33,7.88)years;35(67.31%)females]were enrolled.After the 8-week treatment,the mean weekly stool frequency increased in both groups,the mean change was 4.02(95%CI:3.09-4.95)in PEG-Chula and 3.78(95%CI:2.79-4.78)in commercial PEG compared to baseline(P<0.001).The extent of stool consistency improvement did not differ significantly.The most preferred PEG-Chula flavor was rated more palatable than the commercial PEG.Treatment compliance correlated with medication palatability(r=0.34,P=0.013).No significant differences in adverse events were found.CONCLUSION Both PEG-based formulas are effective and safe for managing pediatric FC.
基金supported by the grants from the Project of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution in Japan(the Special Scheme to Create Dynamism in Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries through Deploying Highly Advanced Technology)(Grant No.shoNavi1000)。
文摘To clarify the optimal water management in large-scale fields under high temperatures at the ripening period,effective water managements during this period for improvement of yield,appearance quality and palatability were investigated.Compared with intermittent irrigation and flooded irrigation,the soil temperature with saturated irrigation remained low throughout the day,and the decrease rate of the bleeding rate of hills was the lowest.These results suggested that the saturated irrigation maintained root activity.For the three irrigation types,the number of spikelets per m2 and 1000-grain weight were similar,however,saturated irrigation resulted in significantly higher rice yield due to improvement in the percentage of ripened grains.The saturated irrigation produced a high percentage of perfect rice grains and thicker brown rice grain,furthermore,the palatability of cooked rice was excellent because protein content and hardness/adhesion ratio were both low.Thus,under high-temperature ripening conditions,soil temperature was lowered and root activity was maintained when applying saturated irrigation after heading time.The results indicated that saturated irrigation is an effective countermeasure against high-temperature ripening damage.
文摘The purpose of this review is to discuss the advantages and limitations of taste sensors in the evaluation of the taste of palatability of different oral dosage forms. First, we consider some ways in which the palatability of various pharmaceutical formulations including orally disintegrating tablets(ODTs) are tested using two different taste sensors. Second, we focus on the evaluation of palatability of ODTs. We compare the usefulness of three pieces of apparatus for estimating the disintegration time of ODTs. Finally, we compare the characteristics of the two taste sensors in the evaluation of palatability of various kinds of drug formulations.
文摘For veterinary medications administered per os, animal health companies strive to develop highly palatable dosage forms that are voluntarily accepted by animals to improve compliance and convenience. Achieving high palatability is often complex and difficult even without the presence of an active ingredient. This work compared acceptance and preference studies, as standardized methods are not established for informing formulation development or for more routine testing. Formulation development was followed by an acceptance study completed with laboratory Beagle dogs. One acceptance study and one preference study were completed in mixed breed dogs, also laboratory-housed, to gain wider representation of dog breed and age. Through these studies, we have evaluated both formulation parameters and palatability study conduct. In general, more complex palatants that have appealing taste, smell, and mouth feel enhance voluntary uptake. However, dosage forms that are too chewy may not be freely consumed even with complex palatants. The addition of aroma can entice dogs to prehend the tablet, as observed in one preference study. Preference studies in the veterinary pharmaceutical field identify the preferred first choice or first prehend, but not which product will be routinely voluntarily and fully consumed. Acceptance studies with cross-over treatment groups are used to quantify the full consumption of a dosage form when a dog is not given two choices at once. Since all dogs in acceptance studies are offered all treatment groups throughout the study, a comparison between degrees of consumption could suggest that one formulation might be preferred over another.
基金supported by Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest (201303053)Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Shandong (JQ201206) to G.H
文摘Poor palatability is a limiting factor for replacing fishmeal with other protein sources in aquaculture. The water-soluble molecules with low molecular weights are the major determinants of the palatability of diets. The present study was conducted to investigate the palatability of water-soluble extracts from single protein source(single extract pellets) and the mixture of these extracts with different proportions(blended extract pellets) in juvenile turbot(Scophthalmus maximus). Then according to the palatability of blended extract pellets, an optimal mixture proportion was selected, and a new protein source made from raw protein materials with the selected proportion was formulated to replace fishmeal. Summarily, the palatability of single extract pellets for turbot was descendent from fishmeal to pet-food grade poultry by-product meal, wheat gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, meat and bone meal, and corn gluten meal. Subsequently, according to the palatability of single extract pellets, 52 kinds of blended extract pellets were designed to test their palatability. The results showed that the pellets presented remarkably different palatability, and the optimal one was diet 52(wheat gluten meal: pet-food grade poultry by-product meal: meat and bone meal: corn gluten meal = 1:6:1:2). The highest ingestion ratio(the number of pellets ingested/the number of pellets fed) was 0.73 ± 0.03, which was observed in Diet 52. Then five isonitrogenous(52% crude protein) and isocaloric(20 k J g^(-1) gross energy) diets were formulated by replacing 0(control), 35%, 50%, 65% and 80% of fishmeal with No.52 blending proportion. After a 10-weeks feeding trial, a consistent feed intake was found among all replacement treatments. Replacement level of fishmeal up to 35% did not significantly influence final body weight, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of turbot. Therefore, the water-soluble extracts of protein sources play an important role in improving the palatability of non-fishmeal protein sources in aquafeed.
文摘There is an increased need for highly palatable oral dosage forms for dogs and cats, especially in the case of regular or chronic medications. To meet this need of easy application, the original Drontal®Plus tablet, a broad-spectrum anthelminthic, was optimized using a novel formula. A field study was conducted to evaluate the palatability of this new Drontal®Plus formula in comparison to a positive control product (Milbemax®Chewable Tablets) with a well-known high palatability. The study also aimed to get a palatability claim which necessitates the conduct of appropriate studies. 150 privately owned dogs of 38 pure or mixed breeds, six months to twelve years old, and with a weight range of 5 to 50 kg were included. The study was based on a cross-over design, and a standardized acceptance test was used to evaluate and compare the palatability of the two medications. In this study 88% of dogs voluntarily consumed Drontal®Plus Treat 10 kg, and 86.7% accepted Milbemax®Chewable Tablets. In the majority of cases (IVP: 98%, CP: 95%) the tablets were taken directly from the owner’s hand. The new Drontal®Plus tablet showed a high palatability compared to the Milbemax®Chewable Tablets when used in a household study design with privately owned dogs.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation(303708685)Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation(R304482,ZA0106)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2002AA207002,2000AA222131).
文摘Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling palatability in rice were identified using a set of 98 backcross inbred lines (BILs) population derived from a cross between a japonica variety Nipponbare and an indica variety Kasalath. The palatability scores of the population measured by RQ1/Plus Rice Analyzer, showed a continuous and transgressive segregative distribution with a range from 66 to 92. Four putative QTLs for palatability, qPAL-5, qPAL-7, qPAL-8a and qPAL-8b, were detected on chromosome 5, 7 and 8, and they accounted 7.83, 7.03, 11.58 and 7.19% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively. Three alleles qPAL-5, qPAL-7 and qPAL-8b from Kasalath increased the palatability score, whereas only one Nipponbare allele qPAL-8a increased the score . Eight transgressive lines in palatability were selected to make a comparison between phenotypic and genotypic classes. The result explained the possibility of positive QTLs pyramiding through marker-assisted selection of highly palatable rice.
文摘In order to compare the palatability of Tibetan mastiff to different fat sources and fat levels, four kinds of raw lipid materials （ soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, chicken fat and butter） were selected to prepare five candidate diets with different fat source combinations and three different fat level combinations （6%, 10% and 14% ）. Ten healthy Tibetan mastiff adults were randomly divided into two groups. The intematianally useful double-pot cultivation design was employed to record the daily feed intake and preferred diet of each Tibetan mastiff, and further to calculate the intake rate. The butter group assumed higher feed intake and intake rate than the chicken fat group （P 〈0.01）, and the preferred diet as well （83%）. The feed intake and intake rate of chicken fat group was significantly higher than chicken fat and butter （ 1：1 ） combined group （ P 〈 0.01 ）. No significant difference was observed in the diet palatability of butter diet to Tibetan mastiff to different plant oil sources （ P 〉 0.05）. For various fat level combinations, the diet with highest fat content diet H23 assumed higher feed intake and intake rate than low fat diet H22 and H21 （P 〈0.05）. It is concluded that the palatability of butter diet to Tibetan mastiff is higher than chicken fat and its combined diet （ butter：chicken fat = 1：1 ） ; with fat level of 6% - 15%, high fat diet provides Tibetan mastiff a better palatability in comparison with low fat diet.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">The purpose of this study was to evaluate the palatability of dry syrups for pediatric use by human gustatory sensation testing and the artificial taste sensor. The bitterness intensities of dry syrups mixed with various beverages were also evaluated using the taste sensor. Twenty dry-syrup formulations of antibacterial and anti-allergic drugs containing bitter active ingredients, frequently used in pediatric medicine in Japan, were selected for testing. The main factors influencing palatability were determined by factor analysis of data from human gustatory sensation testing using the semantic differential method. It was shown that the bitterness intensity of dry syrups in water could be predicted by the artificial taste sensor. The influence of different beverages (orange juice, milk </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">or</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cocoa) mixed with the dry syrups was evaluated using the artificial taste sensor.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Taste and texture were found to be the principal factors influencing the palatability of dry syrups. While the bitterness intensities of some dry syrups were increased by mixing with orange juice, the bitterness intensities of most dry syrups were decreased by mixing with milk or cocoa. This suggests that one or more constituents of milk or cocoa may reduce the bitterness intensities of dry syrups.</span>
文摘The nutritive value of rangelands in Southern Darfur, Sudan could be improved by introduction and multiplication of nutritious forbs with the objective of increasing livestock production in the area. The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and palatability of eleven range forbs collected at flowering stage from Gahzal Gawazat, Southern Darfur, Sudan using chemical analysis. The crude protein (CP) ranged from 6.8% in Oxygonum atriplicifolium with lowest digestible crude protein (DCP) 2.8% to 16.4% in Zornia diphylla with highest DCP 11.73%. The highest and the lowest crude fiber (CF) values were obtained in Commelina spp (56.4%) and Sesamum alatum (25.9%), respectively. NDF and DMI values were maximum and minimum for Zornia diphylla (44.9 and 2.67%) and Alysicarpus glumaceus (35.3 and 3.4%), respectively. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) ranged from 57.1% in Blepharis linariifolia to 69.3% in Tribulus terrestris with highest digestible energy (DE) in later while the lowest DE was obtained in Commelina spp (2.4%). The calculated in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was highest for the Canavalia ensiformis (50.27%) and lowest value (43.17%) for Commelina spp. Zornia diphylla, Tribulus terrestris and Sesamum alatum showed highest nutritive value, while Alysicarpus glumaceus, Oldenlandia senegalensis and Chrozophora brocchiana showed highest palatability. It is concluded that these rangeland forbs are palatable and their CP and energy contents are sufficient to support different classes of livestock in South Darfur, Sudan.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Innovation Team Projects of Colleges and Universities in Heilongjiang Province&Collapse Mechanism and Control Technology Research of Forest Rodent Population&Rodent Fauna in Mudanjiang Sandaoguan Forest Farm and Their Harms on Agriculture and Forestry(yjsxscx2015-12mdjnu)
文摘[Objective]The paper aimed to compare the palatability of 0.005% brodifacoum bait and 0.005% bromodiolone bait for Apodemus agrarius.[Method]A.agrarius were divided into two groups：brodifacoum group and bromodiolone group,and each group was released with equal amount of poison bait and feed.The daily consumption and mortality of each group was recorded.[Result]The total consumption of poison baits in brodifacoum group and bromodiolone group were64.6 and 40.4 g,respectively.Mortality of A.agrarius was observed in two groups since the 3^rdday after administration,and A.agrarius died completely on the5^thday.The feeding coefficient of poison bait to feed in brodifacoum group was 1.47,and that in bromodiolone group was 0.69.[Conclusion]The palatability of 0.005% brodifacoum bait for A.agrarius was superior to that of 0.005% bromodiolone bait.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272071,No.32261143466)the Major Program of Science and Technology Development of Wuhan,China(2022021302024850)the Key Project for Research and Development of Hubei Province,China(2023BBB027)。
文摘Protein content plays a crucial role in determining the eating and cooking quality of rice.However,the genetic and molecular basis underlying grain protein content remains to be elucidated.In this study,we identified a genomic region associated with grain protein content in rice chromosome segment substitution lines containing the flowering gene Ghd7.1,which reduced grain protein content by repressing the transcription of the gene OsAAP6.Knockout of Ghd7.1 increased grain protein content and decreased the eating and cooking quality of rice.Introduction of the functional haplotype of Ghd7.1 into two elite rice cultivars reduced their protein content and increased their eating quality and grain yield with no effect on the regulation of flowering time.Ghd7.1 might be used for regulating the protein content and improving the eating quality of rice varieties.
基金funded by Polish National Science Foundation(NCN)(grant No.2018/31/B/NZ8/02786,project title:“How do largescale disturbances influence the relationship between ungulate herbivory and natural regeneration in temperate forests?”)from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland within the framework of statutory activities SUB/040011-D019/2020 of the Department of Forest Biodiversity,University of Agriculture in Krakow.
文摘Herbivorous ungulates are vital elements of forest ecosystems,yet their impact on tree regeneration and forest dynamics is challenging to assess.Despite their significant influence,few studies measure browsing pressure independently of precise ungulate population data.This study aimed to determine the regeneration mechanisms of palatable tree species in natural forest ecosystems by measuring the forage abundance from young trees of focal species and estimating the browsing pressure exerted by ungulates.We analyzed an extensive dataset of 2,838 tree saplings in two national parks in Poland to examine relationships between variables using a zero-intercept linear regression,and multiple linear regression models,and performed parametric and nonparametric tests.We found that the browsing intensity index(BI)is a good predictor of browsing pressure.Both total abundance and twig dry mass loss due to ungulate browsing were more pronounced in shorter saplings,with these effects decreasing as sapling height increased.Picea abies was the most abundant browse source in the Tatra National Park(TNP),whereas Fagus sylvatica dominated in the Roztocze National Park(RNP).Acer pseudoplatanus and Sorbus aucuparia experienced significantly higher browsing pressure in the TNP,whereas Carpinus betulus was more heavily browsed than other species in the RNP.The increase in browse abundance rapidly reduced ungulate browsing pressure on highly palatable tree species.We conclude that despite the high browsing pressure on the palatable species,the contribution of browse from focal species helps to mitigate this pressure and supports their regeneration in the forest canopy.Therefore,this finding provides valuable insights for managing and conserving tree species vulnerable to ungulate browsing in natural forest ecosystems.In addition,the method we used in this study is novel to estimate browsing pressure and assess the recruitment potential of vulnerable tree species;hence,it can be applied in large-scale studies with similar scenarios.
文摘Background: In developing countries, charity cleft surgical mission is always operated by sporadic surgical teams without systematic follow up and quality assurance. In the past few decades, many mission projects have been held regularly in China. The purpose of this audit was a retrospective analysis of a 9-year cleft lip and palate charity project operated in a tertiary hospital in China Shenzhen Area to evaluate perioperative and postoperative complications. Nevertheless, understanding the risk profile is essential for establishing a sustainable in-house cleft service in Shenzhen. Methods: A detailed analysis of hospital centralized record in the The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital (HKUSZH) was reviewed since the first charity project held in 2015. The parameters of this audit were focused on perioperative complications including anesthesia related problems, early postoperative complications in patients who underwent primary or secondary cleft surgeries. A total of 430 consecutive admitted cases of 311 non-syndromic cleft lip & palate patients were enrolled into the charity project from June 2015 to July 2024. The main anesthesia related complications that occurred during general anesthesia were respiratory tract problems, while intraoperative complication was excessive bleeding, so as wound local infection and reaction were the main early postoperative complications. Results: In our 9-year clinical audit of 430 cleft lip and palate charity surgeries in Shenzhen, we observed no mortalities and a anesthesia-related complication rate of 1.16%. Specific intraoperative complications included excessive bleeding, while early postoperative issues were dominated by wound infections. The fistula rate of 18.7% post palate repair and the average hospital stay of 3.71 days complete the profile of our surgical outcomes. These data underscore the project’s efficacy and offer a reference for international cleft missions aiming for safe and efficient surgical care. Conclusions: This study provides a thorough data review of the complications in the past 9 years charity missions for cleft lip and palate surgery in a well-structured hospital infrastructure and logistic support by local surgical team. There were no perioperative or postoperative death during the study period and the overall short-term complication rate was low. Therefore, it could be a reference model for other international cleft mission in developing country for a safe and efficient service in future.
基金funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 82170912 and 82370910)the Beijing Stomatological Hospital,Capital Medical University Young Scientist Program(No.YSP202404).
文摘Periodontal disease is a risk factor for many systemic diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Cleft palate(CP),the most common congenital craniofacial defect,has a multifaceted etiology influenced by complex genetic and environmental risk factors such as maternal bacterial or virus infection.A prior case-control study revealed a surprisingly strong association between maternal periodontal disease and CP in offspring.However,the precise relationship remains unclear.In this study,the relationship between maternal oral pathogen and CP in offspring was studied by sonicated P.gingivalis injected intravenously and orally into pregnant mice.We investigated an obvious increasing CP(12.5%)in sonicated P.gingivalis group which had inhibited osteogenesis in mesenchyme and blocked efferocytosis in epithelium.Then glycolysis and H4K12 lactylation(H4K12la)were detected to elevate in both mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme(MEPM)cells and macrophages under P.gingivalis exposure which further promoted the transcription of metallopeptidase domain17(ADAM17),subsequently mediated the shedding of transforming growth factor-beta receptor 1(TGFBR1)in MEPM cells and mer tyrosine kinase(MerTK)in macrophages and resulted in the suppression of efferocytosis and osteogenesis in palate,eventually caused abnormalities in palate fusion and ossification.The abnormal efferocytosis also led to a predominance of M1 macrophages,which indirectly inhibited palatal osteogenesis via extracellular vesicles.Furthermore,pharmacological ADAM17 inhibition could ameliorate the abnormality of P.gingivalis-induced abnormal palate development.Therefore,our study extends the knowledge of how maternal oral pathogen affects fetal palate development and provides a novel perspective to understand the pathogenesis of CP.
文摘Hainan eldi’s deer is a precious species of deer in the tropic zone,it is regardedas the first—class animal under protection in China.Based on all-year-round observation on thedeer’s feeding habit in the reserve from 1985 to 1988,we discovered that Hainan eldi’s deer is aeuryphangous herbivore.They take various herbs as their main food and have fairly strongselectivity for woody plants,especially tending to eat the tender parts of plants and some fruits andflowers.Like other species of deer,they also like to lick the alkaline soil.This paper reports the re-search and evaluation on the feeding and choosing food characteristics of Hainan eldi’s deer,and onthe palatability of the main plants in the reserve.
文摘Pet owner compliance is essential for the success of veterinary healthcare strategies. As some parasites are zoonotic, consistent parasite control is an integral part of the One-Health strategy. Highly palatable formulations help ensure compliance, as they offer a positive experience for the dog and the owner. This study was conducted to ascertain if dogs exhibited a preference between two commercially available oral formulations of broad-spectrum endectoparasiticides, NexGard Spectra (afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime) and Simparica Trio (sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel). For four consecutive days, 100 healthy dogs were offered both products and consumption was recorded. If one product was more consumed than the other, it was defined as the preferred product. No adverse event was recorded throughout the study. A total of 358 chewable tablets were consumed over four study days;78.5% of dogs voluntarily consumed NexGard Spectra (281 chews), while 21.5% of dogs voluntarily consumed Simparica Trio (77 chews, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Among 75 dogs which demonstrated a preference for a product, significantly more dogs preferred NexGard Spectra (94.7%) compared to Simparica Trio (5.3%) (<i>p</i> < 2.2 × 10<sup>-16</sup>), resulting in a preference ratio of 17.75 to 1 for NexGard Spectra.
基金supported by project from Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry,Dr.Y.S.Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,Solan,173 230,India
文摘Bamboos are used extensively for a variety of purposes,and many new species have been introduced to the northwestern Himalaya.However,their potential as a fodder species has not been investigated.Six bamboo species,namely Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Gamble,Dendrocalamus asper(Schult.and Schult.f.)Backer ex K.Heyne,Melocanna baccifera(Roxb.)Kurz,Phyllostachys aurea Rivie′re and C.Rivie′re,Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb and Zucc.and Phyllostachys pubescens(Pradelle)Mazel ex J.Houz.were evaluated for their nutritional value,relative palatability and best lopping time.Dry matter(DM),ether extract(EE),and crude fibre varied from(37.0-67.7)%,(4.7-7.6),and(22.1-37.9)%,respectively.Values of crude protein ranged from(12.2-17.1)%,total ash(TA)from(11.8-21.5)%,acid insoluble ash(AIA)from(0.3-0.5)%,nitrogen free extract from(31.1-40.8)%,carbohydrates from(57.0-69.0)%,organic matter(OM)from(78.5-88.2)%,calcium from(1.7-2.3)%,phosphorus from(0.4-0.8)%,potassium from,(0.9-1.6)%,magnesium from(0.5-0.9)%,sodium from(603.7-1072.7)×10^-6 and vitamin A from(21.1-30.5)×10^-2 mg/g,respectively.D.hamiltonii had maximum values for DM,EE,TA and AIA.OM and vitamin A were highest in M.baccifera.CF and carbohydrates were maximized in P.aurea and CP in P.pubescens.All the values obtained for different bamboo species were less than maximum tolerable concentration of common feed resources of the region thereby indicating their suitability for nutrition and palatability.The contents of anti-nutritional factors,namely hydrocyanic acid and tannin ranged from(33.8-61.7)×10^-2 mg/g and(0.7-1.9)%,respectively.P.pubescens was the best species from a palatability point of view and has maximum crude protein content(17.2%),Ca(2.3%)and lowest tannin content(0.7%).The relative palatability of introduced bamboo species followed trend:P.pubescens(97.6%)[D.hamiltonii(92.5%)[P.bambusoides(81.2%)[D.asper(76.9%)[M.baccifera(75.9%)[P.aurea(73.4%).The optimum months for lopping these species for green leaves are November and December,as the nutritional value declines sharply thereafter.
