This paper is aimed to investigate the effect of packing material on plasma characteristic from the viewpoint of charge transfer process.Both the charge accumulation and release processes in the dielectric barrier dis...This paper is aimed to investigate the effect of packing material on plasma characteristic from the viewpoint of charge transfer process.Both the charge accumulation and release processes in the dielectric barrier discharge reactor and packed-bed reactor were investigated by measuring voltage and current waveforms and taking ICCD images.The packing material was ZrO2 pellets and the reactors were driven by a parameterized nanosecond pulse source.The quantity of transferred charges in the dielectric barrier discharge reactor was enhanced when decreasing pulse rise time or increasing pulse width(within 150 ns),but reduced when the gas gap was packed with pellets.The quantity of accumulated charges in the primary discharge was larger than the quantity of released charges in the secondary discharges in the dielectric barrier discharge reactor,but they were almost equal in the packed-bed reactor.It indicates that the discharge behavior has been changed from the view of charge transfer process once the gas gap was packed with pellets,and the ICCD images confirmed it.展开更多
A three-dimensional geometric model of the oxidative coupling of methane （OCM） packed-bed reactor loaded with Na2WO4-Mn/SiO2 partic- ulate catalyst was set up, and an improved Stansch kinetic model was established t...A three-dimensional geometric model of the oxidative coupling of methane （OCM） packed-bed reactor loaded with Na2WO4-Mn/SiO2 partic- ulate catalyst was set up, and an improved Stansch kinetic model was established to calculate the OCM reactions using the computational fluid dynamics method and Fluent software. The simulation conditions were completely the same with the experimental conditions that the volume velocity of the reactant was 80 mL/min under standard state, the ratio of CH4/O2 was 3, the temperature and pressure were 800 ℃ and 1 atm, respectively. The contour of the characteristics parameters in the catalyst bed was analyzed, such as the species mass fractions, temperature, the heat flux on side wall surface, pressure, fluid density and velocity. The results showed that the calculated values matched well with the experimental values on the conversion of CH4 and the selectivity to products （C2H6, C2H4, CO2, CO） in the reactor outlet with an error range of 4-2%. The mass fractions of CH4 and O2 decreased from 0.6 and 0.4 in the catalyst bed inlet to 0.436 and 0.142 in the outlet, where the mass fractions of C2H6, C2H4, CO and CO2 were 0.035, 0.061, 0.032 and 0.106, respectively. Due to the existence of laminar boundary layer, the contours of each component bent upwards in the vicinity of the boundary layer. This OCM reaction was volume increase reaction and the total moles of products were greater than those of reactants. The flow field in the catalyst bed maintained constant temperature and pressure. The fluid density decreased gradually from 2.28 kg/m3 in the inlet of the catalyst bed to 2.22 kg/m3 in the outlet of the catalyst bed, while the velocity increased from 0.108 m/s to 0.115 m/s.展开更多
In this study, a simple and effective technique for establishing an external mass transfer model in a recirculated packed-bed batch reactor (RPBBR) with an immobilized lipase enzyme and Jatropha oil system is presente...In this study, a simple and effective technique for establishing an external mass transfer model in a recirculated packed-bed batch reactor (RPBBR) with an immobilized lipase enzyme and Jatropha oil system is presented. The external mass transfer effect can be represented with a model in the form of Colburn factor JD = K Re-(1–n). The value of K and n were derived from experimental data at different mass flow rates.The experiment shows an average increment of 1.51% FFA for calcium alginate and 1.62% FFA for carrageenan after the hydrolysis took place. Based on different biopolymer material used in immobilized beads, JD = 1.674 Re-0.4 for calcium alginate and JD = 1.881 Re-0.3 for k-carrageenan were found to be adequate to predict the experimental data for external mass transfer in the reactor in the Reynolds number range of 0.2 to 1.2. The purposed model can be used for the design of industrial bioreactor and scale up. Besides, the external mass transfer coefficients for the hydrolysis of Jatropha oil reaction and the entrapment efficiency for the two biopolymer materials used were also investigated.展开更多
Fixed-bed reactors randomly packed with catalysts have many disadvantages that may adversely affect the desired chemical reaction.The increasingly used monolithic reactor,in contrast,has many operational advantages;ho...Fixed-bed reactors randomly packed with catalysts have many disadvantages that may adversely affect the desired chemical reaction.The increasingly used monolithic reactor,in contrast,has many operational advantages;however,for a kinetically-controlled reaction,it does not contain sufficient catalyst to sustain the reaction.To address the problems associated with both randomly packed-bed reactor and the monolithic reactor,a structured packed-bed reactor was proposed and mathematical models were built for randomly packed-bed reactor and structured packed-bed reactor.Their respective performances were compared when applied to the exothermic reaction of the isopropanol-acetone-hydrogen chemical heat pump system.The results showed that the structured packed-bed reactor performed better in terms of pressure drop and heat transfer capacity,and had a lower radial temperature gradient,indicating that this reactor had a higher effective heat conductivity.Isopropanol on the catalyst particle surfaces was more concentrated near the tube wall because a wall effect existed in the boundary layer around the particle-wall contact points.展开更多
In this paper,three dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)configurations,which were plain DBD with no packing,DBD with packed pure quartz fibers and DBD with packed loaded quartz fibers,were employed to investigate the eff...In this paper,three dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)configurations,which were plain DBD with no packing,DBD with packed pure quartz fibers and DBD with packed loaded quartz fibers,were employed to investigate the effect and catalytic mechanism of catalyst materials in a packed-bed ozone generator.From the experimental results,it was clear that the DBD configuration with packed pure fibers and packed loaded fibers promotes ozone generation.For the packed-bed reactor,ozone concentration and ozone yield were enhanced by an increase of electric field in the discharge gap with the packed-bed effect.Meanwhile,the enhancement of ozone concentration and yield for the DBD reactor packed by loaded fibers with silica nanoparticles was due to the catalysis of silica nanoparticles on the fiber surface.The adsorption of silica nanoparticles on the fiber surface can prolong the retention time of active species and enhance surface reactions.展开更多
Rectangular wave current control of the electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene im-proves the selectivity for p-aminophenol(PAP) compared to direct current(d.c.) control at thesame average current density in a flow-...Rectangular wave current control of the electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene im-proves the selectivity for p-aminophenol(PAP) compared to direct current(d.c.) control at thesame average current density in a flow-by packed-bed reactor.Optimal increase in PAP selectivitycan be obtained at about a frequency of 50Hz and a duty cycle of 0.2.A mathematical model isset up to incorporate the effects of mass transfer,hydrogen evolution and double layer charging,and is solved using the Duhamel’s superposition principle and the modified Crank-Nicolson methodwith the upwind scheme.The conventional d.c.control cases are also calculated for comparison.Calculations can be applied to predict the reaction results under periodic current and d.c.control,but both display the same trends compared to experimental data.展开更多
Small modular reactor(SMR)belongs to the research forefront of nuclear reactor technology.Nowadays,advancement of intelligent control technologies paves a new way to the design and build of unmanned SMR.The autonomous...Small modular reactor(SMR)belongs to the research forefront of nuclear reactor technology.Nowadays,advancement of intelligent control technologies paves a new way to the design and build of unmanned SMR.The autonomous control process of SMR can be divided into three stages,say,state diagnosis,autonomous decision-making and coordinated control.In this paper,the autonomous state recognition and task planning of unmanned SMR are investigated.An operating condition recognition method based on the knowledge base of SMR operation is proposed by using the artificial neural network(ANN)technology,which constructs a basis for the state judgment of intelligent reactor control path planning.An improved reinforcement learning path planning algorithm is utilized to implement the path transfer decision-makingThis algorithm performs condition transitions with minimal cost under specified modes.In summary,the full range control path intelligent decision-planning technology of SMR is realized,thus provides some theoretical basis for the design and build of unmanned SMR in the future.展开更多
Core power is a key parameter of nuclear reactor.Traditionally,the proportional-integralderivative(PID)controllers are used to control the core power.Fractional-order PID(FOPID)controller represents the cutting edge i...Core power is a key parameter of nuclear reactor.Traditionally,the proportional-integralderivative(PID)controllers are used to control the core power.Fractional-order PID(FOPID)controller represents the cutting edge in core power control research.In comparing with the integer-order models,fractional-order models describe the variation of core power more accurately,thus provide a comprehensive and realistic depiction for the power and state changes of reactor core.However,current fractional-order controllers cannot adjust their parameters dynamically to response the environmental changes or demands.In this paper,we aim at the stable control and dynamic responsiveness of core power.Based on the strong selflearning ability of artificial neural network(ANN),we propose a composite controller combining the ANN and FOPID controller.The FOPID controller is firstly designed and a back propagation neural network(BPNN)is then utilized to optimize the parameters of FOPID.It is shown by simulation that the composite controller enables the real-time parameter tuning via ANN and retains the advantage of FOPID controller.展开更多
Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction is a promising technology for addressing global energy and environmental crises. However, its practical application faces two critical challenges: the complex and energy-inten...Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction is a promising technology for addressing global energy and environmental crises. However, its practical application faces two critical challenges: the complex and energy-intensive process of separat-ing mixed reduction products and the economic viability of the carbon sources (reactants) used. To tackle these challenges simultaneously, solid-state electrolyte (SSE) reactors are emerging as a promising solution. In this review, we focus on the feasibility of applying SSE for tandem electrochemical CO_(2) capture and conversion. The configurations and fundamental principles of SSE reactors are first discussed, followed by an introduction to its applications in these two specific areas, along with case studies on the implementation of tandem electrolysis. In comparison to conventional H-type cell, flow cell and membrane electrode assembly cell reactors, SSE reactors incorporate gas diffusion electrodes and utilize a solid electro-lyte layer positioned between an anion exchange membrane (AEM) and a cation exchange membrane (CEM). A key inno-vation of this design is the sandwiched SSE layer, which enhances efficient ion transport and facilitates continuous product extraction through a stream of deionized water or humidified nitrogen, effectively separating ion conduction from product collection. During electrolysis, driven by an electric field and concentration gradient, electrochemically generated ions (e.g., HCOO- and CH3COO-) migrate through the AEM into the SSE layer, while protons produced from water oxidation at the anode traverse the CEM into the central chamber to maintain charge balance. Targeted products like HCOOH can form in the middle layer through ionic recombination and are efficiently carried away by the flowing medium through the porous SSE layer, in the absence of electrolyte salt impurities. As CO_(2)RR can generate a series of liquid products, advancements in catalyst discovery over the past several years have facilitated the industrial application of SSE for more efficient chemicals production. Also noteworthy, the cathode reduction reaction can readily consume protons from water, creating a highly al-kaline local environment. SSE reactors are thereby employed to capture acidic CO_(2), forming CO_(3)^(2-) from various gas sources including flue gases. Driven by the electric field, the formed CO_(3)^(2-) can traverse through the AEM and react with protons originating from the anode, thereby regenerating CO_(2). This CO_(2) can then be collected and utilized as a low-cost feedstock for downstream CO_(2) electrolysis. Based on this principle, several cell configurations have been proposed to enhance CO_(2) capture from diverse gas sources. Through the collaboration of two SSE units, tandem electrochemical CO_(2) capture and con-version has been successfully implemented. Finally, we offer insights into the future development of SSE reactors for prac-tical applications aimed at achieving carbon neutrality. We recommend that greater attention be focused on specific aspects, including the fundamental physicochemical properties of the SSE layer, the electrochemical engineering perspective related to ion and species fluxes and selectivity, and the systematic pairing of consecutive CO_(2) capture and conversion units. These efforts aim to further enhance the practical application of SSE reactors within the broader electrochemistry community.展开更多
Liquid-fueled molten-salt reactors have dynamic features that distinguish them from solid-fueled reactors,such that conventional system-analysis codes are not directly applicable.In this study,a coupled dynamic model ...Liquid-fueled molten-salt reactors have dynamic features that distinguish them from solid-fueled reactors,such that conventional system-analysis codes are not directly applicable.In this study,a coupled dynamic model of the Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment(MSRE)is developed.The coupled model includes the neutronics and single-phase thermal-hydraulics modeling of the reactor and validated xenon-transport modeling from previous studies.The coupled dynamic model is validated against the frequency-response and transient-response data from the MSRE.The validated model is then applied to study the effects of xenon and void transport on the dynamic behaviors of the reactor.Plant responses during the unique initiating events such as off-gas system blockages and loss of circulating voids are investigated.展开更多
Molten salt reactors(MSRs)are a promising candidate for Generation IV reactor technologies,and the small modular molten salt reactor(SM-MSR),which utilizes low-enriched uranium and thorium fuels,is regarded as a wise ...Molten salt reactors(MSRs)are a promising candidate for Generation IV reactor technologies,and the small modular molten salt reactor(SM-MSR),which utilizes low-enriched uranium and thorium fuels,is regarded as a wise development path to accelerate deployment time.Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of accidents guide nuclear reactor design and safety analyses.Uncertainty analysis can ascertain the safety margin,and sensitivity analysis can reveal the correlation between accident consequences and input parameters.Loss of forced cooling(LOFC)represents an accident scenario of the SM-MSR,and the study of LOFC could offer useful information to improve physical thermohydraulic and structural designs.Therefore,this study investigates the uncertainty of LOFC consequences and the sensitivity of related parameters.The uncertainty of the LOFC consequences was analyzed using the Monte Carlo method,and multiple linear regression was employed to analyze the sensitivity of the input parameters.The uncertainty and sensitivity analyses showed that the maximum reactor outlet fuel salt temperature was 725.5℃,which is lower than the acceptable criterion,and five important parameters influencing LOFC consequences were identified.展开更多
Paired electrosynthesis has received considerable attention as a consequence of simultaneously synthesizing target products at both cathode and anode,whereas the related synthetic efficiency in batch reactors is still...Paired electrosynthesis has received considerable attention as a consequence of simultaneously synthesizing target products at both cathode and anode,whereas the related synthetic efficiency in batch reactors is still undesirable under certain circumstances.Encouragingly,laminar microfluidic reactor offers prospective options that possess controllable flow characteristics such as enhanced mass transport,precise laminar flow control and the ability to expand production scale progressively.In this comprehensive review,the underlying fundamentals of the paired electrosynthesis are initially summarized,followed by categorizing the paired electrosynthesis including parallel paired electrosynthesis,divergent paired electrosynthesis,convergent paired electrosynthesis,sequential paired electrosynthesis and linear paired electrosynthesis.Thereafter,a holistic overview of microfluidic reactor equipment,integral fundamentals and research methodology as well as channel extension and scale-up strategies is proposed.The established fundamentals and evaluated metrics further inspired the applications of microfluidic reactors in paired electrosynthesis.This work stimulated the overwhelming investigation of mechanism discovery,material screening strategies,and device assemblies.展开更多
This study discusses the scope of application of the Doppler backscattering(DBS)diagnostic for the tokamak with reactor technologies(TRT)project.This involved numerical modeling of the three-dimensional(3D)beam trajec...This study discusses the scope of application of the Doppler backscattering(DBS)diagnostic for the tokamak with reactor technologies(TRT)project.This involved numerical modeling of the three-dimensional(3D)beam trajectories.Calculations were performed to investigate the propagation of microwaves in the V(40–75 GHz)and W(75–110 GHz)frequency ranges with O-mode polarization for the density profile of the base TRT scenario.Our analysis showed that the DBS system antenna on the TRT would need to be tilted in both the poloidal and toroidal directions in order to meet the condition Kperp/Kpar<10%..For the DBS system located in the equatorial plane it was shown that a wide range of poloidal and toroidal angles is available for the successful implementation of the diagnostic to study the core,pedestal and scrape-off layer(SOL)regions.The DBS system located at 35 cm above the equatorial plane would be more limited in measurements only covering the SOL and pedestal regions.A shift of the cut-offs in the toroidal direction highlighted the need for 3D analysis of the DBS data.展开更多
Owing to high thermal stability and large reaction enthalpy,Mg H_(2) has high reaction temperatures and sluggish reaction kinetics in the dehydrogenation process,which consumes lots of energy.To achieve hydrogen relea...Owing to high thermal stability and large reaction enthalpy,Mg H_(2) has high reaction temperatures and sluggish reaction kinetics in the dehydrogenation process,which consumes lots of energy.To achieve hydrogen release with low energy consumption,accelerated reaction rate,and high heating uniformity,this paper proposes a novel method of graphite responsive microwave-assisted thermal management with NaTiO_(x)H catalyst.A multi-physics model of the 5 wt%NaTiO_(x)H catalyzed Mg H_(2) reactor integrated with a microwave generator is developed to investigate the reaction,heat and mass transfer process of hydrogen release.It is found that the graphite responsive microwave heating method could improve the temperature uniformity of reaction bed,reduce the energy consumption by at least 10.71%and save the hydrogen release time by 53.49% compared with the traditional electric heating method.Moreover,the hydrogen desorption thermodynamics could be improved with the increase of microwave power.The hydrogen release time is shortened by 19.55%with the increase of 20 W microwave power.Meanwhile,it is also concluded that the microwave excitation frequency of 2.1 GHz and the graphite content of 2 wt%have better heating performance.Therefore,it can be verified that the graphite responsive microwave heating helps to low-energy and accelerated hydrogen release from MgH_(2) hydrogen storage reactor.展开更多
High flux reactors(HFRs)are a special type of research reactor aimed at providing a high neutron flux.Compared with power reactors and other research reactors,HFRs have unique technical features in terms of reactor co...High flux reactors(HFRs)are a special type of research reactor aimed at providing a high neutron flux.Compared with power reactors and other research reactors,HFRs have unique technical features in terms of reactor core design,irradiation capability,and operating characteristics.They can be applied to the irradiation tests of nuclear fuels and materials,radioisotope production,neutron science,and experiments.This paper reviews HFRs,including their development history,technical features,and application areas,as well as trends in the development of new and advanced HFRs.展开更多
It has been widely recognized that the mixing process has significant impacts on the performance of low-density polyethylene(LDPE)reactors due to the rapid radical polymerization occurred in the reactors,but how the m...It has been widely recognized that the mixing process has significant impacts on the performance of low-density polyethylene(LDPE)reactors due to the rapid radical polymerization occurred in the reactors,but how the macro-and micro-mixing affect the reactor performance was still controversial in publications.In this work,a cold-flow LDPE autoclave with multi-feedings was scaled down(1/2)from an industrial reactor and built to systematically investigate the macro-and micro-mixing characteristics of fluid by experiments.Furthermore,the effects of macro-and micro-mixing on the polymerization were comprehensively analyzed.The results showed that according to the delay time t_(d) and macro-mixing times tM calculated from residence time distribution(RTD)curves,the macro-mixing states are significantly different at various axial positions(h/H),especially at lower agitation Reynolds number Re.But with the increase of Re,since the circulation flow in the reactor is strengthened,the t_(d) for each feed gradually decreases to 0,and the t_(M) at different axial positions tend to be identical.For micro-mixing,the qualities of micro-mixing at different axial positions are similar,and the average micro-mixing time t_(m) in the reactor decreases exponentially with the increase of Re.Moreover,a fitting model was established.Through the comparison of the characteristic times of macro-mixing(t_(d),t_(M)),micro-mixing(t_(m))and elementary reactions within the industrial range of Re,it can be concluded that the properties of LDPE products are dominated by the macro-mixing behavior,and the consumption of initiators is affected by both the macro-and micro-mixing behaviors.This conclusion is of great significance for the design,optimization and operation of LDPE reactors.展开更多
Small modular reactors have received widespread attention owing to their inherent safety,low investment,and flexibility.Small pressurized water reactors(SPWRs)have become important candidates for SMRs owing to their h...Small modular reactors have received widespread attention owing to their inherent safety,low investment,and flexibility.Small pressurized water reactors(SPWRs)have become important candidates for SMRs owing to their high technological maturity.Since the Fukushima accident,research on accident-tolerant fuels(ATFs),which are more resistant to serious accidents than conventional fuels,has gradually increased.This study analyzes the neutronics and thermal hydraulics of an SPWR(ACPR50S)for different ATFs,BeO+UO_(2)−SiC,BeO+UO_(2)−FeCrAl,U_(3)Si_(2)−SiC,and U_(3)Si_(2)−FeCrAl,based on a PWR fuel management code,the Bamboo-C deterministic code.In the steady state,the burnup calculations,reactivity coefficients,power and temperature distributions,and control rod reactivity worth were studied.The transients of the control rod ejection accident for the two control rods with the maximum and minimum reactivity worth were analyzed.The results showed that 5%B-10 enrichment in the wet annular burnable absorbers assembly can effectively reduce the initial reactivity and end-of-life reactivity penalty.The BeO+UO2−SiC core exhibited superior neutronic characteristics in terms of burnup and negative temperature reactivity compared with the other three cases owing to the strong moderation ability of BeO+UO_(2)and low neutron absorption of SiC.However,the U_(3)Si_(2)core had a marginally better power-flattening effect than BeO+UO_(2),and the differential worth of each control rod group was similar between different ATFs.During the transient of a control rod ejection,the changes in the fuel temperature,coolant temperature,and coolant density were similar.The maximum difference was less than 10℃ for the fuel temperature and 2℃ for the coolant temperature.展开更多
Under the dual-carbon background,the technological updating of traditional high-energy-consuming equipment should not be delayed,and the problem of reactor energy consumption should not be ignored.Therefore,this study...Under the dual-carbon background,the technological updating of traditional high-energy-consuming equipment should not be delayed,and the problem of reactor energy consumption should not be ignored.Therefore,this study is based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)theory to simulate the spiral stirred reactor with different design parameters(distance of paddle from bottom surface to reactor height ratio h1/H,diameter of stirring paddle to reactor diameter ratio Ds/D,length of blade section to reactor height ratio Ls/H).It was found that the reactor designed with lower Ls/H values and higher h1/H,Ds/D values would have smaller power number(Np)values and smaller flow field average velocity.In addition,this study also fitted the correlation equation of Np concerning Reynolds number and h1/H,Ds/D,and Ls/H,and the conclusions of the study can be used as a reference for the design of industrial equipment.展开更多
A thermal–hydraulic model was developed to analyze the three-dimensional(3D)temperature field of a graphite-moderated channel-type molten salt reactor(GMC-MSR).This model solves the temperature distribution of both t...A thermal–hydraulic model was developed to analyze the three-dimensional(3D)temperature field of a graphite-moderated channel-type molten salt reactor(GMC-MSR).This model solves the temperature distribution of both the graphite moderator and fuel salt using a single convection–diffusion equation.Heat transfer at the interface between the fuel salt and graphite was addressed by introducing an additional thermal resistance component at the interface and modifying the anisotropic thermal conductivity of the fuel salt.The mass flow distribution in different flow passages was determined by adjusting the mass flow rate until a uniform pressure drop was achieved across all fuel channels.This thermal–hydraulic model,constructed on COMSOL Multiphysics,was verified by comparing its temperature results with those from the RELAP5 code across two demonstration cases.A steady-state thermal–hydraulic simulation of this model was performed to evaluate the conceptual design of a 2-MW experimental molten salt reactor(2MW-MSR).In addition,detailed discussions of the 3D temperature field,heat flux,and mass flow distribution of the 2MW-MSR were presented.This model allows for a comprehensive 3D thermal–hydraulic analysis of the GMC-MSR.Moreover,it only requires the solution of a single convection–diffusion equation,which makes it invaluable for GMC-MSR design.展开更多
Bubble column reactors fitted with tube bundles(BCR TB)belong to common heat transfer equipment in the field of chemical engineering,yet the complicated thermal-hydraulics performance of BCR TB has not been deeply rev...Bubble column reactors fitted with tube bundles(BCR TB)belong to common heat transfer equipment in the field of chemical engineering,yet the complicated thermal-hydraulics performance of BCR TB has not been deeply revealed.To fill this gap,the present study proposes a novel variable bubble size modeling approach based on the Euler-Euler two-fluid framework,which is coupled with the population balance model considering comprehensive interphase forces.On the basis of verifying numerical reliability using experimental data,the mechanism of bubble swarm flow around the tube bundle and the effects of gas sparger configurations on the thermal-hydraulics performance of BCR TB are investigated.Results indicate that the entire tube bundle can be divided into three distinct zones,namely the sparger effect zone,fully developed zone and interface effect zone in view of the local mixture-to-wall heat transfer coefficient.The maximum peak value of the mixture-to-wall heat transfer coefficient always appears at 210°of heat exchange tubes.When the orifice diameter is 4 mm,the axial gradient of gas holdup is relatively large due to more intense shearing and fragmentation effects.Interestingly,the fractions of medium-sized and large-sized bubbles are not sensitive to orifice angle.Both the mixture-to-wall heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor decrease initially and then increase when the installation height increases.Under the optimized gas sparger structure configuration,the mixture-to-wall heat transfer coefficient increases by 10.23%,accompanied by the reduction of pressure drop by 8.14%,ultimately attaining a system energy conversion efficiency of 97.88%and performance evaluation criterion of 1.087.Finally,a new dimensionless and semi-theoretical Nusselt correlation incorporating a structural correction factor with an average absolute deviation of 5.15%is developed.The findings can offer useful guidance for the optimal design of BCR TB.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.51925703)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51637010,51707186 and 51807190)。
文摘This paper is aimed to investigate the effect of packing material on plasma characteristic from the viewpoint of charge transfer process.Both the charge accumulation and release processes in the dielectric barrier discharge reactor and packed-bed reactor were investigated by measuring voltage and current waveforms and taking ICCD images.The packing material was ZrO2 pellets and the reactors were driven by a parameterized nanosecond pulse source.The quantity of transferred charges in the dielectric barrier discharge reactor was enhanced when decreasing pulse rise time or increasing pulse width(within 150 ns),but reduced when the gas gap was packed with pellets.The quantity of accumulated charges in the primary discharge was larger than the quantity of released charges in the secondary discharges in the dielectric barrier discharge reactor,but they were almost equal in the packed-bed reactor.It indicates that the discharge behavior has been changed from the view of charge transfer process once the gas gap was packed with pellets,and the ICCD images confirmed it.
文摘A three-dimensional geometric model of the oxidative coupling of methane （OCM） packed-bed reactor loaded with Na2WO4-Mn/SiO2 partic- ulate catalyst was set up, and an improved Stansch kinetic model was established to calculate the OCM reactions using the computational fluid dynamics method and Fluent software. The simulation conditions were completely the same with the experimental conditions that the volume velocity of the reactant was 80 mL/min under standard state, the ratio of CH4/O2 was 3, the temperature and pressure were 800 ℃ and 1 atm, respectively. The contour of the characteristics parameters in the catalyst bed was analyzed, such as the species mass fractions, temperature, the heat flux on side wall surface, pressure, fluid density and velocity. The results showed that the calculated values matched well with the experimental values on the conversion of CH4 and the selectivity to products （C2H6, C2H4, CO2, CO） in the reactor outlet with an error range of 4-2%. The mass fractions of CH4 and O2 decreased from 0.6 and 0.4 in the catalyst bed inlet to 0.436 and 0.142 in the outlet, where the mass fractions of C2H6, C2H4, CO and CO2 were 0.035, 0.061, 0.032 and 0.106, respectively. Due to the existence of laminar boundary layer, the contours of each component bent upwards in the vicinity of the boundary layer. This OCM reaction was volume increase reaction and the total moles of products were greater than those of reactants. The flow field in the catalyst bed maintained constant temperature and pressure. The fluid density decreased gradually from 2.28 kg/m3 in the inlet of the catalyst bed to 2.22 kg/m3 in the outlet of the catalyst bed, while the velocity increased from 0.108 m/s to 0.115 m/s.
文摘In this study, a simple and effective technique for establishing an external mass transfer model in a recirculated packed-bed batch reactor (RPBBR) with an immobilized lipase enzyme and Jatropha oil system is presented. The external mass transfer effect can be represented with a model in the form of Colburn factor JD = K Re-(1–n). The value of K and n were derived from experimental data at different mass flow rates.The experiment shows an average increment of 1.51% FFA for calcium alginate and 1.62% FFA for carrageenan after the hydrolysis took place. Based on different biopolymer material used in immobilized beads, JD = 1.674 Re-0.4 for calcium alginate and JD = 1.881 Re-0.3 for k-carrageenan were found to be adequate to predict the experimental data for external mass transfer in the reactor in the Reynolds number range of 0.2 to 1.2. The purposed model can be used for the design of industrial bioreactor and scale up. Besides, the external mass transfer coefficients for the hydrolysis of Jatropha oil reaction and the entrapment efficiency for the two biopolymer materials used were also investigated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under(Grant No.51276181 and 51106158)the National Basic Research Program of China under(Grant No.2011CB710705)
文摘Fixed-bed reactors randomly packed with catalysts have many disadvantages that may adversely affect the desired chemical reaction.The increasingly used monolithic reactor,in contrast,has many operational advantages;however,for a kinetically-controlled reaction,it does not contain sufficient catalyst to sustain the reaction.To address the problems associated with both randomly packed-bed reactor and the monolithic reactor,a structured packed-bed reactor was proposed and mathematical models were built for randomly packed-bed reactor and structured packed-bed reactor.Their respective performances were compared when applied to the exothermic reaction of the isopropanol-acetone-hydrogen chemical heat pump system.The results showed that the structured packed-bed reactor performed better in terms of pressure drop and heat transfer capacity,and had a lower radial temperature gradient,indicating that this reactor had a higher effective heat conductivity.Isopropanol on the catalyst particle surfaces was more concentrated near the tube wall because a wall effect existed in the boundary layer around the particle-wall contact points.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51867018)Jiangxi Province’s Major Subject Academic and Technical Leader Training ProgramLeading Talent Project(No.20204BCJ22016)the Innovation Fund Designed for Graduate Students of Jiangxi Province,China(No.YC2020-S118)。
文摘In this paper,three dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)configurations,which were plain DBD with no packing,DBD with packed pure quartz fibers and DBD with packed loaded quartz fibers,were employed to investigate the effect and catalytic mechanism of catalyst materials in a packed-bed ozone generator.From the experimental results,it was clear that the DBD configuration with packed pure fibers and packed loaded fibers promotes ozone generation.For the packed-bed reactor,ozone concentration and ozone yield were enhanced by an increase of electric field in the discharge gap with the packed-bed effect.Meanwhile,the enhancement of ozone concentration and yield for the DBD reactor packed by loaded fibers with silica nanoparticles was due to the catalysis of silica nanoparticles on the fiber surface.The adsorption of silica nanoparticles on the fiber surface can prolong the retention time of active species and enhance surface reactions.
基金Supported by the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering,National Nature Science Foundation of China,and China Petrochemical Corporation.
文摘Rectangular wave current control of the electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene im-proves the selectivity for p-aminophenol(PAP) compared to direct current(d.c.) control at thesame average current density in a flow-by packed-bed reactor.Optimal increase in PAP selectivitycan be obtained at about a frequency of 50Hz and a duty cycle of 0.2.A mathematical model isset up to incorporate the effects of mass transfer,hydrogen evolution and double layer charging,and is solved using the Duhamel’s superposition principle and the modified Crank-Nicolson methodwith the upwind scheme.The conventional d.c.control cases are also calculated for comparison.Calculations can be applied to predict the reaction results under periodic current and d.c.control,but both display the same trends compared to experimental data.
文摘Small modular reactor(SMR)belongs to the research forefront of nuclear reactor technology.Nowadays,advancement of intelligent control technologies paves a new way to the design and build of unmanned SMR.The autonomous control process of SMR can be divided into three stages,say,state diagnosis,autonomous decision-making and coordinated control.In this paper,the autonomous state recognition and task planning of unmanned SMR are investigated.An operating condition recognition method based on the knowledge base of SMR operation is proposed by using the artificial neural network(ANN)technology,which constructs a basis for the state judgment of intelligent reactor control path planning.An improved reinforcement learning path planning algorithm is utilized to implement the path transfer decision-makingThis algorithm performs condition transitions with minimal cost under specified modes.In summary,the full range control path intelligent decision-planning technology of SMR is realized,thus provides some theoretical basis for the design and build of unmanned SMR in the future.
文摘Core power is a key parameter of nuclear reactor.Traditionally,the proportional-integralderivative(PID)controllers are used to control the core power.Fractional-order PID(FOPID)controller represents the cutting edge in core power control research.In comparing with the integer-order models,fractional-order models describe the variation of core power more accurately,thus provide a comprehensive and realistic depiction for the power and state changes of reactor core.However,current fractional-order controllers cannot adjust their parameters dynamically to response the environmental changes or demands.In this paper,we aim at the stable control and dynamic responsiveness of core power.Based on the strong selflearning ability of artificial neural network(ANN),we propose a composite controller combining the ANN and FOPID controller.The FOPID controller is firstly designed and a back propagation neural network(BPNN)is then utilized to optimize the parameters of FOPID.It is shown by simulation that the composite controller enables the real-time parameter tuning via ANN and retains the advantage of FOPID controller.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB4102000 and 2022YFA1505100)the NSFC(22472038)the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(22dz1205500).
文摘Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction is a promising technology for addressing global energy and environmental crises. However, its practical application faces two critical challenges: the complex and energy-intensive process of separat-ing mixed reduction products and the economic viability of the carbon sources (reactants) used. To tackle these challenges simultaneously, solid-state electrolyte (SSE) reactors are emerging as a promising solution. In this review, we focus on the feasibility of applying SSE for tandem electrochemical CO_(2) capture and conversion. The configurations and fundamental principles of SSE reactors are first discussed, followed by an introduction to its applications in these two specific areas, along with case studies on the implementation of tandem electrolysis. In comparison to conventional H-type cell, flow cell and membrane electrode assembly cell reactors, SSE reactors incorporate gas diffusion electrodes and utilize a solid electro-lyte layer positioned between an anion exchange membrane (AEM) and a cation exchange membrane (CEM). A key inno-vation of this design is the sandwiched SSE layer, which enhances efficient ion transport and facilitates continuous product extraction through a stream of deionized water or humidified nitrogen, effectively separating ion conduction from product collection. During electrolysis, driven by an electric field and concentration gradient, electrochemically generated ions (e.g., HCOO- and CH3COO-) migrate through the AEM into the SSE layer, while protons produced from water oxidation at the anode traverse the CEM into the central chamber to maintain charge balance. Targeted products like HCOOH can form in the middle layer through ionic recombination and are efficiently carried away by the flowing medium through the porous SSE layer, in the absence of electrolyte salt impurities. As CO_(2)RR can generate a series of liquid products, advancements in catalyst discovery over the past several years have facilitated the industrial application of SSE for more efficient chemicals production. Also noteworthy, the cathode reduction reaction can readily consume protons from water, creating a highly al-kaline local environment. SSE reactors are thereby employed to capture acidic CO_(2), forming CO_(3)^(2-) from various gas sources including flue gases. Driven by the electric field, the formed CO_(3)^(2-) can traverse through the AEM and react with protons originating from the anode, thereby regenerating CO_(2). This CO_(2) can then be collected and utilized as a low-cost feedstock for downstream CO_(2) electrolysis. Based on this principle, several cell configurations have been proposed to enhance CO_(2) capture from diverse gas sources. Through the collaboration of two SSE units, tandem electrochemical CO_(2) capture and con-version has been successfully implemented. Finally, we offer insights into the future development of SSE reactors for prac-tical applications aimed at achieving carbon neutrality. We recommend that greater attention be focused on specific aspects, including the fundamental physicochemical properties of the SSE layer, the electrochemical engineering perspective related to ion and species fluxes and selectivity, and the systematic pairing of consecutive CO_(2) capture and conversion units. These efforts aim to further enhance the practical application of SSE reactors within the broader electrochemistry community.
基金partly supported by the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology(No.10-24-301-101)。
文摘Liquid-fueled molten-salt reactors have dynamic features that distinguish them from solid-fueled reactors,such that conventional system-analysis codes are not directly applicable.In this study,a coupled dynamic model of the Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment(MSRE)is developed.The coupled model includes the neutronics and single-phase thermal-hydraulics modeling of the reactor and validated xenon-transport modeling from previous studies.The coupled dynamic model is validated against the frequency-response and transient-response data from the MSRE.The validated model is then applied to study the effects of xenon and void transport on the dynamic behaviors of the reactor.Plant responses during the unique initiating events such as off-gas system blockages and loss of circulating voids are investigated.
基金supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association(YIPA)(No.E329290101)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Molten salt reactors(MSRs)are a promising candidate for Generation IV reactor technologies,and the small modular molten salt reactor(SM-MSR),which utilizes low-enriched uranium and thorium fuels,is regarded as a wise development path to accelerate deployment time.Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of accidents guide nuclear reactor design and safety analyses.Uncertainty analysis can ascertain the safety margin,and sensitivity analysis can reveal the correlation between accident consequences and input parameters.Loss of forced cooling(LOFC)represents an accident scenario of the SM-MSR,and the study of LOFC could offer useful information to improve physical thermohydraulic and structural designs.Therefore,this study investigates the uncertainty of LOFC consequences and the sensitivity of related parameters.The uncertainty of the LOFC consequences was analyzed using the Monte Carlo method,and multiple linear regression was employed to analyze the sensitivity of the input parameters.The uncertainty and sensitivity analyses showed that the maximum reactor outlet fuel salt temperature was 725.5℃,which is lower than the acceptable criterion,and five important parameters influencing LOFC consequences were identified.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178361,22378402,52302310)the International Partnership Project of CAS(039GJHZ2022029GC)+5 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0710200)the foundation of the Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences(IAGM2022D07)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M722597)QinChuangYuan Cites High-level Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Programs(QCYRCXM-2022-335)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(G2022KY05111)the Open Project Program of Anhui Province International Research Center on Advanced Building Materials(JZCL2303KF)。
文摘Paired electrosynthesis has received considerable attention as a consequence of simultaneously synthesizing target products at both cathode and anode,whereas the related synthetic efficiency in batch reactors is still undesirable under certain circumstances.Encouragingly,laminar microfluidic reactor offers prospective options that possess controllable flow characteristics such as enhanced mass transport,precise laminar flow control and the ability to expand production scale progressively.In this comprehensive review,the underlying fundamentals of the paired electrosynthesis are initially summarized,followed by categorizing the paired electrosynthesis including parallel paired electrosynthesis,divergent paired electrosynthesis,convergent paired electrosynthesis,sequential paired electrosynthesis and linear paired electrosynthesis.Thereafter,a holistic overview of microfluidic reactor equipment,integral fundamentals and research methodology as well as channel extension and scale-up strategies is proposed.The established fundamentals and evaluated metrics further inspired the applications of microfluidic reactors in paired electrosynthesis.This work stimulated the overwhelming investigation of mechanism discovery,material screening strategies,and device assemblies.
基金financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation in the framework of the state contract in the field of science(No.FSEG-2024-0005)。
文摘This study discusses the scope of application of the Doppler backscattering(DBS)diagnostic for the tokamak with reactor technologies(TRT)project.This involved numerical modeling of the three-dimensional(3D)beam trajectories.Calculations were performed to investigate the propagation of microwaves in the V(40–75 GHz)and W(75–110 GHz)frequency ranges with O-mode polarization for the density profile of the base TRT scenario.Our analysis showed that the DBS system antenna on the TRT would need to be tilted in both the poloidal and toroidal directions in order to meet the condition Kperp/Kpar<10%..For the DBS system located in the equatorial plane it was shown that a wide range of poloidal and toroidal angles is available for the successful implementation of the diagnostic to study the core,pedestal and scrape-off layer(SOL)regions.The DBS system located at 35 cm above the equatorial plane would be more limited in measurements only covering the SOL and pedestal regions.A shift of the cut-offs in the toroidal direction highlighted the need for 3D analysis of the DBS data.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB3809103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52176203)+2 种基金the Key R&D Project of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2023KXJ-283)the Key R&D Project of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2024CY2-GJHX-19)the“Young Talent Support Plan”of Xi’an Jiaotong University(No.QB-A-JZB2015004)。
文摘Owing to high thermal stability and large reaction enthalpy,Mg H_(2) has high reaction temperatures and sluggish reaction kinetics in the dehydrogenation process,which consumes lots of energy.To achieve hydrogen release with low energy consumption,accelerated reaction rate,and high heating uniformity,this paper proposes a novel method of graphite responsive microwave-assisted thermal management with NaTiO_(x)H catalyst.A multi-physics model of the 5 wt%NaTiO_(x)H catalyzed Mg H_(2) reactor integrated with a microwave generator is developed to investigate the reaction,heat and mass transfer process of hydrogen release.It is found that the graphite responsive microwave heating method could improve the temperature uniformity of reaction bed,reduce the energy consumption by at least 10.71%and save the hydrogen release time by 53.49% compared with the traditional electric heating method.Moreover,the hydrogen desorption thermodynamics could be improved with the increase of microwave power.The hydrogen release time is shortened by 19.55%with the increase of 20 W microwave power.Meanwhile,it is also concluded that the microwave excitation frequency of 2.1 GHz and the graphite content of 2 wt%have better heating performance.Therefore,it can be verified that the graphite responsive microwave heating helps to low-energy and accelerated hydrogen release from MgH_(2) hydrogen storage reactor.
文摘High flux reactors(HFRs)are a special type of research reactor aimed at providing a high neutron flux.Compared with power reactors and other research reactors,HFRs have unique technical features in terms of reactor core design,irradiation capability,and operating characteristics.They can be applied to the irradiation tests of nuclear fuels and materials,radioisotope production,neutron science,and experiments.This paper reviews HFRs,including their development history,technical features,and application areas,as well as trends in the development of new and advanced HFRs.
基金the support and encouragement of the Key Projects of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China(TC220A04W-3,188)。
文摘It has been widely recognized that the mixing process has significant impacts on the performance of low-density polyethylene(LDPE)reactors due to the rapid radical polymerization occurred in the reactors,but how the macro-and micro-mixing affect the reactor performance was still controversial in publications.In this work,a cold-flow LDPE autoclave with multi-feedings was scaled down(1/2)from an industrial reactor and built to systematically investigate the macro-and micro-mixing characteristics of fluid by experiments.Furthermore,the effects of macro-and micro-mixing on the polymerization were comprehensively analyzed.The results showed that according to the delay time t_(d) and macro-mixing times tM calculated from residence time distribution(RTD)curves,the macro-mixing states are significantly different at various axial positions(h/H),especially at lower agitation Reynolds number Re.But with the increase of Re,since the circulation flow in the reactor is strengthened,the t_(d) for each feed gradually decreases to 0,and the t_(M) at different axial positions tend to be identical.For micro-mixing,the qualities of micro-mixing at different axial positions are similar,and the average micro-mixing time t_(m) in the reactor decreases exponentially with the increase of Re.Moreover,a fitting model was established.Through the comparison of the characteristic times of macro-mixing(t_(d),t_(M)),micro-mixing(t_(m))and elementary reactions within the industrial range of Re,it can be concluded that the properties of LDPE products are dominated by the macro-mixing behavior,and the consumption of initiators is affected by both the macro-and micro-mixing behaviors.This conclusion is of great significance for the design,optimization and operation of LDPE reactors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12205150)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20210304)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 2020M681594 and 2019TQ0148)Jiangsu Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 2020Z231)
文摘Small modular reactors have received widespread attention owing to their inherent safety,low investment,and flexibility.Small pressurized water reactors(SPWRs)have become important candidates for SMRs owing to their high technological maturity.Since the Fukushima accident,research on accident-tolerant fuels(ATFs),which are more resistant to serious accidents than conventional fuels,has gradually increased.This study analyzes the neutronics and thermal hydraulics of an SPWR(ACPR50S)for different ATFs,BeO+UO_(2)−SiC,BeO+UO_(2)−FeCrAl,U_(3)Si_(2)−SiC,and U_(3)Si_(2)−FeCrAl,based on a PWR fuel management code,the Bamboo-C deterministic code.In the steady state,the burnup calculations,reactivity coefficients,power and temperature distributions,and control rod reactivity worth were studied.The transients of the control rod ejection accident for the two control rods with the maximum and minimum reactivity worth were analyzed.The results showed that 5%B-10 enrichment in the wet annular burnable absorbers assembly can effectively reduce the initial reactivity and end-of-life reactivity penalty.The BeO+UO2−SiC core exhibited superior neutronic characteristics in terms of burnup and negative temperature reactivity compared with the other three cases owing to the strong moderation ability of BeO+UO_(2)and low neutron absorption of SiC.However,the U_(3)Si_(2)core had a marginally better power-flattening effect than BeO+UO_(2),and the differential worth of each control rod group was similar between different ATFs.During the transient of a control rod ejection,the changes in the fuel temperature,coolant temperature,and coolant density were similar.The maximum difference was less than 10℃ for the fuel temperature and 2℃ for the coolant temperature.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023ZD22)the Major Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(2023CXGC010601).
文摘Under the dual-carbon background,the technological updating of traditional high-energy-consuming equipment should not be delayed,and the problem of reactor energy consumption should not be ignored.Therefore,this study is based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)theory to simulate the spiral stirred reactor with different design parameters(distance of paddle from bottom surface to reactor height ratio h1/H,diameter of stirring paddle to reactor diameter ratio Ds/D,length of blade section to reactor height ratio Ls/H).It was found that the reactor designed with lower Ls/H values and higher h1/H,Ds/D values would have smaller power number(Np)values and smaller flow field average velocity.In addition,this study also fitted the correlation equation of Np concerning Reynolds number and h1/H,Ds/D,and Ls/H,and the conclusions of the study can be used as a reference for the design of industrial equipment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12075169)。
文摘A thermal–hydraulic model was developed to analyze the three-dimensional(3D)temperature field of a graphite-moderated channel-type molten salt reactor(GMC-MSR).This model solves the temperature distribution of both the graphite moderator and fuel salt using a single convection–diffusion equation.Heat transfer at the interface between the fuel salt and graphite was addressed by introducing an additional thermal resistance component at the interface and modifying the anisotropic thermal conductivity of the fuel salt.The mass flow distribution in different flow passages was determined by adjusting the mass flow rate until a uniform pressure drop was achieved across all fuel channels.This thermal–hydraulic model,constructed on COMSOL Multiphysics,was verified by comparing its temperature results with those from the RELAP5 code across two demonstration cases.A steady-state thermal–hydraulic simulation of this model was performed to evaluate the conceptual design of a 2-MW experimental molten salt reactor(2MW-MSR).In addition,detailed discussions of the 3D temperature field,heat flux,and mass flow distribution of the 2MW-MSR were presented.This model allows for a comprehensive 3D thermal–hydraulic analysis of the GMC-MSR.Moreover,it only requires the solution of a single convection–diffusion equation,which makes it invaluable for GMC-MSR design.
基金supported by the project 2024J01421supported by Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation.
文摘Bubble column reactors fitted with tube bundles(BCR TB)belong to common heat transfer equipment in the field of chemical engineering,yet the complicated thermal-hydraulics performance of BCR TB has not been deeply revealed.To fill this gap,the present study proposes a novel variable bubble size modeling approach based on the Euler-Euler two-fluid framework,which is coupled with the population balance model considering comprehensive interphase forces.On the basis of verifying numerical reliability using experimental data,the mechanism of bubble swarm flow around the tube bundle and the effects of gas sparger configurations on the thermal-hydraulics performance of BCR TB are investigated.Results indicate that the entire tube bundle can be divided into three distinct zones,namely the sparger effect zone,fully developed zone and interface effect zone in view of the local mixture-to-wall heat transfer coefficient.The maximum peak value of the mixture-to-wall heat transfer coefficient always appears at 210°of heat exchange tubes.When the orifice diameter is 4 mm,the axial gradient of gas holdup is relatively large due to more intense shearing and fragmentation effects.Interestingly,the fractions of medium-sized and large-sized bubbles are not sensitive to orifice angle.Both the mixture-to-wall heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor decrease initially and then increase when the installation height increases.Under the optimized gas sparger structure configuration,the mixture-to-wall heat transfer coefficient increases by 10.23%,accompanied by the reduction of pressure drop by 8.14%,ultimately attaining a system energy conversion efficiency of 97.88%and performance evaluation criterion of 1.087.Finally,a new dimensionless and semi-theoretical Nusselt correlation incorporating a structural correction factor with an average absolute deviation of 5.15%is developed.The findings can offer useful guidance for the optimal design of BCR TB.
