We used observed concentrations of air pollutants,reanalyzed meteorological parameters,and results from the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemical Transport Model to examine the relationships between concentrations o...We used observed concentrations of air pollutants,reanalyzed meteorological parameters,and results from the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemical Transport Model to examine the relationships between concentrations of maximum daily 8-h average ozone(MDA8 O_(3)),PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with diameter of 2.5μm or less),and PM_(2.5)components and 2-m temperature(T2)or relative humidity(RH),as well as the effectiveness of precursor emission reductions on the control of O_(3) and PM_(2.5) in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei(BTH)under different summertime temperature and humidity conditions.Both observed(simulated)MDA8 O_(3) and PM_(2.5) concentrations increased as T2 went up,with linear trends of 4.8(3.2)ppb℃^(−1) and 1.9(1.5)μg m^(−3)℃^(−1),respectively.Model results showed that the decreases in MDA8 O_(3) from precursor emission reductions were more sensitive to T2 than to RH.Reducing a larger proportion of volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions at higher T2 was more effective for the control of summertime O_(3) in BTH.For the control of summertime PM_(2.5) in BTH,reducing nitrogen oxides(NOx)combined with a small proportion of VOCs was the best measure.The magnitude of reduction in PM_(2.5) from reducing precursor emissions was more sensitive to RH than to T2,with the best efficiency at high RH.Results from this study are helpful for formulating effective policies to tackle O_(3) and PM_(2.5) pollution in BTH.展开更多
Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter(PM2.5)may increase the risk of neurotoxicity in human populations.However,research studies on the underlying mechanisms of chronic PM2.5-induced depression-like be...Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter(PM2.5)may increase the risk of neurotoxicity in human populations.However,research studies on the underlying mechanisms of chronic PM2.5-induced depression-like behaviors,and potential therapeutical strategies,remain scarce.In the present study,after long-term exposure to real-world PM2.5 for 15 weeks,male mice displayed depression-like behaviors,which were revealed using the open field and sucrose preference tests.Mechanistically,chronic PM2.5 exposure promoted astrocytic A1 polarization and disrupted reduction-oxidation balance in the mouse hippocampus.Furthermore,PM2.5-exposed mice displayed pathological damage to hippocampal neurons as well as the inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling.Astrocytic ablation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 exacerbated PM2.5-induced hippocampal neuronal injury in mice via the disruption of astrocyte-to-microglia communication;this finding was confirmed in mice with bilateral and unilateral hippocampal astrocytic Nfe2l2 knockdown.Importantly,the upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation by procyanidin significantly ameliorated PM2.5-induced depression-like behaviors through the remodeling of astrocyte-to-microglia communication.Together,our findings shed light on the important role of hippocampal astrocytic nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation for maintaining astrocyte-to-microglia communication,and indicate potential research avenues for therapeutic strategies against PM2.5-induced depresson-like behaviors.展开更多
Surface ozone(O3)and fine particulate matter(PM2.5)are dominant air pollutants in China.Concentrations of these pollutants can show significant differences between urban and nonurban areas.However,such contrast has ne...Surface ozone(O3)and fine particulate matter(PM2.5)are dominant air pollutants in China.Concentrations of these pollutants can show significant differences between urban and nonurban areas.However,such contrast has never been explored on the country level.This study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of urban-to-suburban and urban-tobackground difference for O3(Δ[O3])and PM2.5(Δ[PM2.5])concentrations in China using monitoring data from 1171 urban,110 suburban,and 15 background sites built by the China National Environmental Monitoring Center(CNEMC).On the annual mean basis,the urban-to-suburbanΔ[O3]is−3.7 ppbv in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,1.0 ppbv in the Yangtze River Delta,−3.5 ppbv in the Pearl River Delta,and−3.8 ppbv in the Sichuan Basin.On the contrary,the urban-to-suburbanΔ[PM2.5]is 15.8,−0.3,3.5 and 2.4μg m^−3 in those areas,respectively.The urban-to-suburban contrast is more significant in winter for bothΔ[O3]andΔ[PM2.5].In eastern China,urban-to-background differences are also moderate during summer,with−5.1 to 6.8 ppbv forΔ[O3]and−0.1 to 22.5μg m^−3 forΔ[PM2.5].However,such contrasts are much larger in winter,with−22.2 to 5.5 ppbv forΔ[O3]and 3.1 to 82.3μg m^−3 forΔ[PM2.5].Since the urban region accounts for only 2%of the whole country’s area,the urban-dominant air quality data from the CNEMC network may overestimate winter[PM2.5]but underestimate winter[O3]over the vast domain of China.The study suggests that the CNEMC monitoring data should be used with caution for evaluating chemical models and assessing ecosystem health,which require more data outside urban areas.展开更多
Researches on asthma have found that air pollution increased asthma prevalence among sensitive age groups, including school children, and exposed them to the recognized health impacts. The aim of this study is to exam...Researches on asthma have found that air pollution increased asthma prevalence among sensitive age groups, including school children, and exposed them to the recognized health impacts. The aim of this study is to examine the association between elevated annual mean concentration of PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micrometers) and surface ozone and asthma prevalence among school children in Japan from 2006 to 2009. Annual rates of asthma prevalence among preschool and school children (5 to 11 years) are obtained from the database of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology—Japan (MEXT). Data on the concentrations of PM2.5 and surface ozone were obtained from 1,183 stations of air quality monitoring distributed in 47 prefectures. Annual means of these concentrations were compared to annual variations in asthma prevalence by using Pearson correlation coefficient. We found different associations between the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 and surface ozone and the annual rates of asthma prevalence among preschool and school children from 2006 to 2009. The positive values of the correlation coefficient in prefectures such as, Gumma, Shimane, and Niigata, are consistent with the previous knowledge. However, significant inverse associations were found in many prefectures. Our study suggests that the association between elevated concentrations of PM2.5 and surface ozone and asthma prevalence among school children in Japan is not strong enough to assume concretely a plausible and significant association.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91744311).
文摘We used observed concentrations of air pollutants,reanalyzed meteorological parameters,and results from the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemical Transport Model to examine the relationships between concentrations of maximum daily 8-h average ozone(MDA8 O_(3)),PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with diameter of 2.5μm or less),and PM_(2.5)components and 2-m temperature(T2)or relative humidity(RH),as well as the effectiveness of precursor emission reductions on the control of O_(3) and PM_(2.5) in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei(BTH)under different summertime temperature and humidity conditions.Both observed(simulated)MDA8 O_(3) and PM_(2.5) concentrations increased as T2 went up,with linear trends of 4.8(3.2)ppb℃^(−1) and 1.9(1.5)μg m^(−3)℃^(−1),respectively.Model results showed that the decreases in MDA8 O_(3) from precursor emission reductions were more sensitive to T2 than to RH.Reducing a larger proportion of volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions at higher T2 was more effective for the control of summertime O_(3) in BTH.For the control of summertime PM_(2.5) in BTH,reducing nitrogen oxides(NOx)combined with a small proportion of VOCs was the best measure.The magnitude of reduction in PM_(2.5) from reducing precursor emissions was more sensitive to RH than to T2,with the best efficiency at high RH.Results from this study are helpful for formulating effective policies to tackle O_(3) and PM_(2.5) pollution in BTH.
基金National Basic Research Plan Project of China,No.2023YFC3708303the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82241084the High-level Talent in Public Health of Beijing,No.Discipline Leaders-03-29(all to XL).
文摘Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter(PM2.5)may increase the risk of neurotoxicity in human populations.However,research studies on the underlying mechanisms of chronic PM2.5-induced depression-like behaviors,and potential therapeutical strategies,remain scarce.In the present study,after long-term exposure to real-world PM2.5 for 15 weeks,male mice displayed depression-like behaviors,which were revealed using the open field and sucrose preference tests.Mechanistically,chronic PM2.5 exposure promoted astrocytic A1 polarization and disrupted reduction-oxidation balance in the mouse hippocampus.Furthermore,PM2.5-exposed mice displayed pathological damage to hippocampal neurons as well as the inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling.Astrocytic ablation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 exacerbated PM2.5-induced hippocampal neuronal injury in mice via the disruption of astrocyte-to-microglia communication;this finding was confirmed in mice with bilateral and unilateral hippocampal astrocytic Nfe2l2 knockdown.Importantly,the upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation by procyanidin significantly ameliorated PM2.5-induced depression-like behaviors through the remodeling of astrocyte-to-microglia communication.Together,our findings shed light on the important role of hippocampal astrocytic nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation for maintaining astrocyte-to-microglia communication,and indicate potential research avenues for therapeutic strategies against PM2.5-induced depresson-like behaviors.
基金This work was jointly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019YFA0606802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41975155).
文摘Surface ozone(O3)and fine particulate matter(PM2.5)are dominant air pollutants in China.Concentrations of these pollutants can show significant differences between urban and nonurban areas.However,such contrast has never been explored on the country level.This study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of urban-to-suburban and urban-tobackground difference for O3(Δ[O3])and PM2.5(Δ[PM2.5])concentrations in China using monitoring data from 1171 urban,110 suburban,and 15 background sites built by the China National Environmental Monitoring Center(CNEMC).On the annual mean basis,the urban-to-suburbanΔ[O3]is−3.7 ppbv in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,1.0 ppbv in the Yangtze River Delta,−3.5 ppbv in the Pearl River Delta,and−3.8 ppbv in the Sichuan Basin.On the contrary,the urban-to-suburbanΔ[PM2.5]is 15.8,−0.3,3.5 and 2.4μg m^−3 in those areas,respectively.The urban-to-suburban contrast is more significant in winter for bothΔ[O3]andΔ[PM2.5].In eastern China,urban-to-background differences are also moderate during summer,with−5.1 to 6.8 ppbv forΔ[O3]and−0.1 to 22.5μg m^−3 forΔ[PM2.5].However,such contrasts are much larger in winter,with−22.2 to 5.5 ppbv forΔ[O3]and 3.1 to 82.3μg m^−3 forΔ[PM2.5].Since the urban region accounts for only 2%of the whole country’s area,the urban-dominant air quality data from the CNEMC network may overestimate winter[PM2.5]but underestimate winter[O3]over the vast domain of China.The study suggests that the CNEMC monitoring data should be used with caution for evaluating chemical models and assessing ecosystem health,which require more data outside urban areas.
文摘Researches on asthma have found that air pollution increased asthma prevalence among sensitive age groups, including school children, and exposed them to the recognized health impacts. The aim of this study is to examine the association between elevated annual mean concentration of PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micrometers) and surface ozone and asthma prevalence among school children in Japan from 2006 to 2009. Annual rates of asthma prevalence among preschool and school children (5 to 11 years) are obtained from the database of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology—Japan (MEXT). Data on the concentrations of PM2.5 and surface ozone were obtained from 1,183 stations of air quality monitoring distributed in 47 prefectures. Annual means of these concentrations were compared to annual variations in asthma prevalence by using Pearson correlation coefficient. We found different associations between the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 and surface ozone and the annual rates of asthma prevalence among preschool and school children from 2006 to 2009. The positive values of the correlation coefficient in prefectures such as, Gumma, Shimane, and Niigata, are consistent with the previous knowledge. However, significant inverse associations were found in many prefectures. Our study suggests that the association between elevated concentrations of PM2.5 and surface ozone and asthma prevalence among school children in Japan is not strong enough to assume concretely a plausible and significant association.
