AIM To explore the natural history of covert hepatic encephalopathy(CHE) in absence of medication intervention.METHODS Consecutive outpatient cirrhotic patients in a Chinese tertiary care hospital were enrolled and ev...AIM To explore the natural history of covert hepatic encephalopathy(CHE) in absence of medication intervention.METHODS Consecutive outpatient cirrhotic patients in a Chinese tertiary care hospital were enrolled and evaluated for CHE diagnosis. They were followed up for a mean of 11.2 ± 1.3 mo. Time to the first cirrhosis-related complications requiring hospitalization, including overt HE(OHE), resolution of CHE and death/transplantation, were compared between CHE and no-CHE patients. Predictors for complication(s) and death/transplantation were also analyzed.RESULTS A total of 366 patients(age: 47.2 ± 8.6 years, male: 73.0%) were enrolled. CHE was identified in 131 patients(35.8%). CHE patients had higher rates of death and incidence of complications requiring hospitalization, including OHE, compared to unimpaired patients. Moreover, 17.6% of CHE patients developed OHE, 42.0% suffered persistent CHE, and 19.8% of CHE spontaneously resolved. In CHE patients, serum albumin < 30 g/L(HR = 5.22, P = 0.03) was the sole predictor for developing OHE, and blood creatinine > 133 μmol/L(HR = 4.75, P = 0.036) predicted mortality. Child-Pugh B/C(HR = 0.084, P < 0.001) and OHE history(HR = 0.15, P = 0.014) were predictors of spontaneous resolution of CHE.CONCLUSION CHE exacerbates, persists or resolves without medication intervention in clinically stable cirrhosis. Triage of patients based on these predictors will allow for more cost-effect management of CHE.展开更多
Participant observation is often applied in qualitative research to help researchers obtain the overall,useful data,which will lead researchers to gain the knowledge that the academia tries to.However,different levels...Participant observation is often applied in qualitative research to help researchers obtain the overall,useful data,which will lead researchers to gain the knowledge that the academia tries to.However,different levels of participant observation,mainly the covert and overt participant observation,have aroused heated discussions among scholars.Field researchers are faced with many problems when doing research,such as whether they should be a covert participant observer or an overt one;what the research will get when they are in different roles and etc.In order to solve those problems,this article tries to provide some effective methods to field researchers,especially to the new ones.This article mainly talks about two types of participant observation:covert and overt participant observation;tries to explore the issues caused by them and the strategies to help researchers deal with such issues.Finally,in qualitative research,when faced with different fieldworks,researchers should adapt themselves to choosing participant roles flexibly and appropriately.展开更多
Currently,it is key to convey precise meanings to readers for translators.Observing expressing habits between different languages is the precondition to make target texts more readable.It is crucial to ensure the exac...Currently,it is key to convey precise meanings to readers for translators.Observing expressing habits between different languages is the precondition to make target texts more readable.It is crucial to ensure the exactness and seriousness of legal texts,but it does not mean that translators have to take machined way to leave out and even give up transmitting in-deep cultural implications for the intention of achieving the all-inclusive integrity of target content.It is a correct choice for translators to take overt translation and covert translation in line with traits of source language and target language and differences between civil law system and common law system.The intention of the article is to make an empirical study between overt translation and covert translation.展开更多
基金Supported by Science and Technology Planning Project of Health and Family Planning Commission of Jiangxi Province,No.20171022National Natural Science Fund of China,No.81460122+2 种基金Project in the Science and Technology Pillar Program of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology,No.20161BBG70166Jiangxi Provincial Outstanding Young Talent Program,No.20171BCB23085Natural Science Fund of Jiangxi Province For Young Scholars,No.20171BAB215008
文摘AIM To explore the natural history of covert hepatic encephalopathy(CHE) in absence of medication intervention.METHODS Consecutive outpatient cirrhotic patients in a Chinese tertiary care hospital were enrolled and evaluated for CHE diagnosis. They were followed up for a mean of 11.2 ± 1.3 mo. Time to the first cirrhosis-related complications requiring hospitalization, including overt HE(OHE), resolution of CHE and death/transplantation, were compared between CHE and no-CHE patients. Predictors for complication(s) and death/transplantation were also analyzed.RESULTS A total of 366 patients(age: 47.2 ± 8.6 years, male: 73.0%) were enrolled. CHE was identified in 131 patients(35.8%). CHE patients had higher rates of death and incidence of complications requiring hospitalization, including OHE, compared to unimpaired patients. Moreover, 17.6% of CHE patients developed OHE, 42.0% suffered persistent CHE, and 19.8% of CHE spontaneously resolved. In CHE patients, serum albumin < 30 g/L(HR = 5.22, P = 0.03) was the sole predictor for developing OHE, and blood creatinine > 133 μmol/L(HR = 4.75, P = 0.036) predicted mortality. Child-Pugh B/C(HR = 0.084, P < 0.001) and OHE history(HR = 0.15, P = 0.014) were predictors of spontaneous resolution of CHE.CONCLUSION CHE exacerbates, persists or resolves without medication intervention in clinically stable cirrhosis. Triage of patients based on these predictors will allow for more cost-effect management of CHE.
文摘Participant observation is often applied in qualitative research to help researchers obtain the overall,useful data,which will lead researchers to gain the knowledge that the academia tries to.However,different levels of participant observation,mainly the covert and overt participant observation,have aroused heated discussions among scholars.Field researchers are faced with many problems when doing research,such as whether they should be a covert participant observer or an overt one;what the research will get when they are in different roles and etc.In order to solve those problems,this article tries to provide some effective methods to field researchers,especially to the new ones.This article mainly talks about two types of participant observation:covert and overt participant observation;tries to explore the issues caused by them and the strategies to help researchers deal with such issues.Finally,in qualitative research,when faced with different fieldworks,researchers should adapt themselves to choosing participant roles flexibly and appropriately.
文摘Currently,it is key to convey precise meanings to readers for translators.Observing expressing habits between different languages is the precondition to make target texts more readable.It is crucial to ensure the exactness and seriousness of legal texts,but it does not mean that translators have to take machined way to leave out and even give up transmitting in-deep cultural implications for the intention of achieving the all-inclusive integrity of target content.It is a correct choice for translators to take overt translation and covert translation in line with traits of source language and target language and differences between civil law system and common law system.The intention of the article is to make an empirical study between overt translation and covert translation.
