Carbon dioxide is the main factor causing the greenhouse effect,and reducing carbon dioxide emissions is an important task in ecological civilization governance.The audit of outgoing officials'natural resource ass...Carbon dioxide is the main factor causing the greenhouse effect,and reducing carbon dioxide emissions is an important task in ecological civilization governance.The audit of outgoing officials'natural resource asset management is an audit of the natural resources within the jurisdiction of each province to ensure that senior officials implement policies to protect natural resources.Therefore,this paper empirically verifies the impact of audit outgoing officials'natural resource asset management on carbon emission reduction based on panel data of 297 prefecture-level cities in China from 2012 to 2021.The study finds that auditing outgoing officials'natural resource asset management can effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions and achieve energy conservation and emission reduction.Further research finds that auditing outgoing officials'natural resource asset management can promote technological innovation and industrial structure optimization,providing a reference for the country to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and promote the green transformation and upgrading of social development.展开更多
In this study,we put forward a radiative-convective-transportive energy balance model of a gray atmosphere to examine individual roles of the greenhouse effect of water vapor,vertical convection,and atmospheric polewa...In this study,we put forward a radiative-convective-transportive energy balance model of a gray atmosphere to examine individual roles of the greenhouse effect of water vapor,vertical convection,and atmospheric poleward energy transport as well as their combined effects for a quasi-linear relationship between the outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)and surface temperature(T_(S)).The greenhouse effect of water vapor enhances the meridional gradient of surface temperature,thereby directly contributing to a quasi-linear OLR-T_(S) relationship.The atmospheric poleward energy transport decreases the meridional gradient of surface temperature.As a result of the poleward energy transport,tropical(high-latitude)atmosphere-surface columns emit less(more)OLR than the solar energy input at their respective locations,causing a substantial reduction of the meridional gradient of the OLR.The combined effect of reducing the meridional gradients of both OLR and surface temperature by the poleward energy transport also contributes to the quasi-linear OLR-T_(S) relationship.Vertical convective energy transport reduces the meridional gradient of surface temperature without affecting the meridional gradient of OLR,thereby suppressing part of the reduction to the increasing rate of OLR with surface temperature by the greenhouse effect of water vapor and poleward energy transport.Because of the nature of the energy balance in the climate system,such a quasi-linear relationship is also a good approximation for the relationship between the annual-mean net downward solar energy flux at the top of the atmosphere and surface temperature.展开更多
Based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration （NOAA） daily satellite dataset of global outgoing longwave radiation （OLR） for the period of 1974-2004 and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis for 1971- 2004, the ...Based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration （NOAA） daily satellite dataset of global outgoing longwave radiation （OLR） for the period of 1974-2004 and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis for 1971- 2004, the linkage between persistent heavy rainfall （PHR） events in the vicinity of the Yangtze River valley and global OLR leading up to those events （with 1- to 3O-day lag） was investigated. The results reveal that there is a significant connection between the initiation of PHR events over the study area and anomalous convective activity over the tropical Indian Ocean, maritime continent, and tropical western Pacific Ocean. During the 30-day period prior to the onset of PHR events, the major significantly anomalous convective centers have an apparent dipole structure, always with enhanced convection in the west and suppressed convection in the east. This dipole structure continuously shifts eastward with time during the 30-day lead period. The influence of the anomalous convective activity over the tropical oceans on the initiation of PHR events over the study area is achieved via an interaction between tropical and extratropical latitudes. More specifically, anomalous convective activity weakens the Walker circulation cell over the tropical Indian Ocean first. This is followed by a weakening of the Indian summer monsoon background state and the excitation and dispersion of Rossby wave activity over Eurasia. Finally, a major modulation of the large scale background circulation occurs. As a result, the condition of a phase-lock among major large scale circulation features favoring PHR events is established over the study area.展开更多
Hourly outgoing longwave radiation （OLR） from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite （COMS） has been retrieved since June 2010.The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based o...Hourly outgoing longwave radiation （OLR） from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite （COMS） has been retrieved since June 2010.The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels.This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm （OLR12.0 using the 12.0 μm channel） and three multiple-channel algorithms （OLR10.8＋12.0 using the 10.8 and 12.0 pm channels; OLR6.7＋10.8 using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLRAll using the 6.7,10.8,and 12.0 μm channels）.The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth＇s Radiant Energy System （CERES） over the full COMS field of view [roughly （50°S-50°N,70°-170°E）] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5-7 W m-2,which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain.OLR6.7＋10.8 and OLRAll have much smaller errors （～ 6 W m-2） than OLR12.0 and OLR10.8＋12.0 （～ 8 W m-2）.Moreover,the small errors of OLR6.7＋10.8 and OLRAll are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration.These results indicate a noteworthy role of the 6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs.The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface,atmospheric,and observational conditions is also discussed.展开更多
Calculation of tidal changes reveals that the MS 7. 0 Lushan County,Sichuan,China,earthquake of April 20,2013 occurred at the minimum phase point of tidal force. It indicates that the seismogenic fault on which the ti...Calculation of tidal changes reveals that the MS 7. 0 Lushan County,Sichuan,China,earthquake of April 20,2013 occurred at the minimum phase point of tidal force. It indicates that the seismogenic fault on which the tidal force acts on is of thrust type. The outgoing long-wave radiation( OLR) is the energy radiating from the Earth as infrared radiation at low energy to space. According to the tidal cycle,abnormal OLR change is analyzed based on NOAA satellite data around the whole of China before and after the earthquake. The result shows that the OLR changed evidently with the tide force change.Temporally,the change went through the course: initial OLR rise → s trengthening →reaching abnormal peak → a ttenuation → r eturning to normal; in space,the abnormal area was distributed along the Longmenshan fault and evolved as: scattering→ c onvergent→ s cattering. The process is similar to the change process of rock breaking under stress loading. It indicates that the celestial tidal force can trigger earthquakes when the tectonic stress reaches the critical break point of an active fault and the OLR anomaly is proportional to the seismic tectonic stress change. It is of practical value to combine OLR and tidal force anomaly with earthquake precursor studies.展开更多
The performance of the responsibility of resources and environment management by the township party committees and governments is related to the "last kilometer" of the implementation of the governance bluep...The performance of the responsibility of resources and environment management by the township party committees and governments is related to the "last kilometer" of the implementation of the governance blueprint of "ecological civilization construction and new progress" at the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC central Committee. The main leading cadres of township party and government are the objects of the outgoing audit of natural resources assets. In view of the problems existing in the implementation of the audit of natural resources assets of township leading cadres at present, and combining with the analysis of relevant policies and regulations, this paper puts forward the key contents, implementation methods and evaluation methods of the audit of natural resources assets of township leading cadres.展开更多
Lucy and Lily are twin sisters,b ut they are quite different in many ways.Lucy is outgoing and loves sports.She is always the first one to join in basketball games at school.Her face lights up with joy every time she ...Lucy and Lily are twin sisters,b ut they are quite different in many ways.Lucy is outgoing and loves sports.She is always the first one to join in basketball games at school.Her face lights up with joy every time she scores a point.展开更多
Doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)-based wind farm has the characteristic of transient fault with low voltage ride through(LVRT)capability.A new three-phase fault direction identification method for the outgoing tra...Doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)-based wind farm has the characteristic of transient fault with low voltage ride through(LVRT)capability.A new three-phase fault direction identification method for the outgoing transmission line of the wind farm is presented.The ability of the new directional relay to differentiate between a three-phase fault in one direction or the other is obtained by using the increment of phase angle difference between the memory voltage signal and the fault current signal within a certain time,and using the amplitude variation of the fault current.It can be inferred that the fault current is supplied by the wind farm whether the phase angle differs or the current amplitude varies considerably.Different fault locations at the outgoing transmission line have been simulated by PSCAD/EMTDC to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of the proposed technique.Results show that the new directional relay is of faster response when a three-phase fault occurs at the outgoing transmission line of a DFIG-based wind farm.展开更多
Top-of-atmosphere(TOA)outgoing longwave radiation(OLR),a key component of the Earth’s energy budget,serves as a diagnostic of the Earth’s climate system response to incoming solar radiation.However,existing products...Top-of-atmosphere(TOA)outgoing longwave radiation(OLR),a key component of the Earth’s energy budget,serves as a diagnostic of the Earth’s climate system response to incoming solar radiation.However,existing products are typically estimated using broadband sensors with coarse spatial resolutions.This paper presents a machine learning method to estimate TOA OLR by directly linking Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)TOA radiances with TOA OLR determined by Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System(CERES)and other information,such as the viewing geometry,land surface temperature and cloud top temperature determined by Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications,Version 2(MERRA-2).Models are built separately under clear-and cloudy-sky conditions using a gradient boosting regression tree.Independent test results show that the root mean square errors(RMSEs)of the clear-sky and cloudy-sky models for estimating instantaneous values are 4.1 and 7.8 W/m^(2),respectively.Real-time conversion ratios derived from CERES daily and hourly OLR data are used to convert the instantaneous MODIS OLR to daily results.Inter-comparisons of the daily results show that the RMSE of the estimated MODIS OLR is 8.9 W/m^(2) in East Asia.The developed high resolution dataset will be beneficial in analyzing the regional energy budget.展开更多
The outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)observed by NOAA satellite series has widely applied in various research fields since the 1980s in China.In this paper,advances of the applied research of OLR are described in the f...The outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)observed by NOAA satellite series has widely applied in various research fields since the 1980s in China.In this paper,advances of the applied research of OLR are described in the following re- spects: (1)Studies of the global ITCZ; (2)Climatology of the subtropical high over northern Pacific; (3)Studies of the tropical cyclone over West Pacific; (4)Characteristics of the intraseasonal variation(ISV)of tropical convective activities; (5)Divergence wind and large scale circulation over the tropics; (6)Studies of the air-sea interaction; (7)Estimation of precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze River(Changjiang River)basin during the rainy season; (8)Analyses of regional climates of China; (9)Studies of prediction of the severe and disastrous weather and climate; (10)Atlas of OLR. The distinctive features of these advances are reviewed and the focal points of the OLR applied research in future are also suggested.展开更多
ERBE and ISCCP data are used to investigate the cloud forcing and latitude and atmospheric temperature effects on outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)in the earth-atmosphere system,and the similarity of OLR field to 500 h...ERBE and ISCCP data are used to investigate the cloud forcing and latitude and atmospheric temperature effects on outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)in the earth-atmosphere system,and the similarity of OLR field to 500 hPa and surface effective radiation fields.Also,discussion is taken up of the OLR distribution on a nationwide basis,indicating that the winter(summer)OLR pattern is roughly a zonal type(asymmetrical saddle)with the annual pattern analogous to the January one.In the end the yearly OLR variation features are addressed on a regional basis.展开更多
Outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)at the top of the atmosphere(TOA)is a key parameter for understanding and interpreting the relationship between clouds,radiation,and climate interactions.It has been one of the operatio...Outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)at the top of the atmosphere(TOA)is a key parameter for understanding and interpreting the relationship between clouds,radiation,and climate interactions.It has been one of the operational products of the Fengyun(FY)meteorological satellites.OLR accuracy has gradually improved with advancements in satellite payload performance and the OLR retrieval algorithm.Supported by the National Key R&D Program Retrospective Calibration of Historical Chinese Earth Observation Satellite data(Richceos)project,a long-term OLR climate data record(CDR)was reprocessed based on the recalibrated Level 1 data of FY series satellites using the latest OLR retrieval algorithm.In this study,Fengyun-3B(FY-3B)’s reprocessed global OLR data from 2010 to 2018 were evaluated by using the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System(CERES)global daily OLR data.The results showed that there was a high consistency between the FY-3B instantaneous OLR and CERES Single Scanner Footprint(SSF)OLR.Globally,between the two CDR datasets,the correlation coefficient reached 0.98,and the rootmean-square error(RMSE)was approximately 8-9 W m^(−2).The bias mainly came from the edge regions of the satellite orbit,which may be related to the satellite zenith angle and cloud cover distribution.It was shown that the longterm FY-3B OLR had temporal stability compared to CERES OLR long-term data.In terms of spatial distribution,the mean deviations showed zonal and seasonal characteristics,although seasonal fluctuations were observed in the differences between the two datasets.Effects of FY-3B OLR application to the South China Sea monsoon region and ENSO were demonstrated and analyzed,and the results showed that the seasonal deviation of FY-3B’s OLR comes mainly from the retrieval algorithm.However,it has little effect on the analysis of climate events.展开更多
1-12 month lagged correlations between winter temperatures at 22 stations in China and the global dis- tribution of the Outgoing Longwave Radiation(OLR)are investigated.The basic results are:(1)The monthly averaged te...1-12 month lagged correlations between winter temperatures at 22 stations in China and the global dis- tribution of the Outgoing Longwave Radiation(OLR)are investigated.The basic results are:(1)The monthly averaged temperatures of Dec.,Jan.and Feb.of China are correlated to the global distribution of OLR of Oct.,Nov.and Dec.,respectively.It is consistent with the response period(about 50 days)of 500 hPa geopotential height field in extratropical latitudes to the thermal forcing in tropical latitudes,and also consis- tent with the Walker cell of a 40-60 day oscillation.(2)There is a significant positive correlation between the winter temperature of the most part of China and the OLR in the Gulf of Mexico.It shows that when the thermal forcing of the Gulf of Mexico is stronger,the excited barotropic instability of westerlies in northern Atlantic could influence the East Asian circulation and cause the temperature of China to be below normal. (3)The temperature around the Tibetan(Xizang)Plateau is negatively correlated to the OLR in western equa- torial Pacific,showing that when the Walker cell is stronger,the local Hadley cell in Southeast Asia is stronger and it causes the temperature around the Tibetan Plateau to be higher than normal.展开更多
Domain name system(DNS)amplification distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks are one of the popular types of intrusions that involve accessing DNS servers on behalf of the victim.In this case,the size of the respon...Domain name system(DNS)amplification distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks are one of the popular types of intrusions that involve accessing DNS servers on behalf of the victim.In this case,the size of the response is many times greater than the size of the request,in which the source of the request is substituted for the address of the victim.This paper presents an original method for countering DNS amplification DDoS attacks.The novelty of our approach lies in the analysis of outgoing traffic from the victim’s server.DNS servers used for amplification attacks are easily detected in Internet control message protocol(ICMP)packet headers(type 3,code 3)in outgoing traffic.ICMP packets of this type are generated when accessing closed user datagram protocol(UDP)ports of the victim,which are randomly assigned by the Saddam attack tool.To prevent such attacks,we used a Linux utility and a software-defined network(SDN)module that we previously developed to protect against port scanning.The Linux utility showed the highest efficiency of 99.8%,i.e.,only two attack packets out of a thousand reached the victim server.展开更多
重点知识园地重点单词1.both adj.&pron.两个;两个都Both the answers are right.两个答案都对。Both of them are interested in English.他们两个都对英语感兴趣。可构成both... and...结构,意为'不仅……而且……'。可...重点知识园地重点单词1.both adj.&pron.两个;两个都Both the answers are right.两个答案都对。Both of them are interested in English.他们两个都对英语感兴趣。可构成both... and...结构,意为'不仅……而且……'。可连接两个并列的成分,若连接两个并列的主语。展开更多
重点词汇1.both adj.&pron.两个;两个都Both the answers are right.两个答案都对。Both of them are interested in English.他们两个都对英语感兴趣。可构成both…and…结构,意为'不仅……而且……'。可连接两个并列的成...重点词汇1.both adj.&pron.两个;两个都Both the answers are right.两个答案都对。Both of them are interested in English.他们两个都对英语感兴趣。可构成both…and…结构,意为'不仅……而且……'。可连接两个并列的成分,若连接两个并列的主语,谓语动词用复数形式。Both you and I were wrong.你和我都错了。注意:both…and…的否定式为neither…nor…意为'既不……,也不……'。展开更多
How the Hadley circulation changes in response to global climate change and how its change impacts upon regional and global climates has generated a lot of interest in the literature in the past few years. In this pap...How the Hadley circulation changes in response to global climate change and how its change impacts upon regional and global climates has generated a lot of interest in the literature in the past few years. In this paper, consistent and statistically significant poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation in the past few decades is demonstrated, using independent observational datasets as proxy measures of the Hadley circulation. Both observational outgoing longwave radiation and precipitation datasets show an annual average total poleward expansion of the Hadley cells of about 3.6° latitude. Sea level pressure from observational and reanalysis datasets show smaller magnitudes of poleward expansion, of about 1.2° latitude. Ensemble general circulation model simulations forced by observed time-varying sea surface temperatures were found to generate a total poleward expansion of about 1.23°latitude. Possible mechanisms behind the changes in the horizontal extent of the Hadley circulation are discussed.展开更多
By using a new reaction model for light nuclei, the double-differential cross section of total outgoing neutron with LUNF code for n＋^16O reactions at En=14.1 MeV and 18 MeV have been calculated and analyzed. In this...By using a new reaction model for light nuclei, the double-differential cross section of total outgoing neutron with LUNF code for n＋^16O reactions at En=14.1 MeV and 18 MeV have been calculated and analyzed. In this paper the opened reaction channels, which have contribution to emitting the neutrons, are listed in detail. To improve the fitting results the direct inelastic scattering mechanism is involved. The calculating results agree fairly well with the experimental data at E,~ = 14.1 MeV and the deviation from calculated results and experimental data in low energy region at En= 18 MeV has been analyzed. Since the possibility of 5He has been affirmed theoretically [J.S. Zhang, Sci. Chin. G 47 （2004） 137], so 5He emission from n＋ ^16O reaction is taken into account, which plays an important role at the region of the outgoing neutron energy εn〈3 MeV in total outgoing neutron energy-angular spectrum. The calculated results indicate that the pre-equilibrium mechanism dominates the whole reaction processes, and the recoil effect in light nuclear reactions is essentially important.展开更多
基金supported by the National Pre-Research Project of Hebei GEO University(Grant No.KY2024YB19)the 2023-2024 Hebei Higher Education Teaching Reform Research and Practice Project(Grant No.2023GJJG302)+4 种基金Regional System Research Center of Hebei GEO University(Grant No.QYZDYJZX202525)Smart Financial Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province(Grant No.HBZX202401004)Hebei Geo University graduate course construction project in 2025(Grant No.YKSZ2025006)Major Research Project on Humanities and Social Sciences in Colleges and Universities of Hebei Province(Grant No.ZD202418)Teaching Case of Hebei GEO University MBA Case Center in 2025(Grant No.AL202511).
文摘Carbon dioxide is the main factor causing the greenhouse effect,and reducing carbon dioxide emissions is an important task in ecological civilization governance.The audit of outgoing officials'natural resource asset management is an audit of the natural resources within the jurisdiction of each province to ensure that senior officials implement policies to protect natural resources.Therefore,this paper empirically verifies the impact of audit outgoing officials'natural resource asset management on carbon emission reduction based on panel data of 297 prefecture-level cities in China from 2012 to 2021.The study finds that auditing outgoing officials'natural resource asset management can effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions and achieve energy conservation and emission reduction.Further research finds that auditing outgoing officials'natural resource asset management can promote technological innovation and industrial structure optimization,providing a reference for the country to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and promote the green transformation and upgrading of social development.
基金part supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42222502 and 42075028)grants from the National Science Foundation(AGS-2032542 and AGS-2202875)。
文摘In this study,we put forward a radiative-convective-transportive energy balance model of a gray atmosphere to examine individual roles of the greenhouse effect of water vapor,vertical convection,and atmospheric poleward energy transport as well as their combined effects for a quasi-linear relationship between the outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)and surface temperature(T_(S)).The greenhouse effect of water vapor enhances the meridional gradient of surface temperature,thereby directly contributing to a quasi-linear OLR-T_(S) relationship.The atmospheric poleward energy transport decreases the meridional gradient of surface temperature.As a result of the poleward energy transport,tropical(high-latitude)atmosphere-surface columns emit less(more)OLR than the solar energy input at their respective locations,causing a substantial reduction of the meridional gradient of the OLR.The combined effect of reducing the meridional gradients of both OLR and surface temperature by the poleward energy transport also contributes to the quasi-linear OLR-T_(S) relationship.Vertical convective energy transport reduces the meridional gradient of surface temperature without affecting the meridional gradient of OLR,thereby suppressing part of the reduction to the increasing rate of OLR with surface temperature by the greenhouse effect of water vapor and poleward energy transport.Because of the nature of the energy balance in the climate system,such a quasi-linear relationship is also a good approximation for the relationship between the annual-mean net downward solar energy flux at the top of the atmosphere and surface temperature.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.40575015
文摘Based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration （NOAA） daily satellite dataset of global outgoing longwave radiation （OLR） for the period of 1974-2004 and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis for 1971- 2004, the linkage between persistent heavy rainfall （PHR） events in the vicinity of the Yangtze River valley and global OLR leading up to those events （with 1- to 3O-day lag） was investigated. The results reveal that there is a significant connection between the initiation of PHR events over the study area and anomalous convective activity over the tropical Indian Ocean, maritime continent, and tropical western Pacific Ocean. During the 30-day period prior to the onset of PHR events, the major significantly anomalous convective centers have an apparent dipole structure, always with enhanced convection in the west and suppressed convection in the east. This dipole structure continuously shifts eastward with time during the 30-day lead period. The influence of the anomalous convective activity over the tropical oceans on the initiation of PHR events over the study area is achieved via an interaction between tropical and extratropical latitudes. More specifically, anomalous convective activity weakens the Walker circulation cell over the tropical Indian Ocean first. This is followed by a weakening of the Indian summer monsoon background state and the excitation and dispersion of Rossby wave activity over Eurasia. Finally, a major modulation of the large scale background circulation occurs. As a result, the condition of a phase-lock among major large scale circulation features favoring PHR events is established over the study area.
基金supported by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program (Grant No. CATER 2012-2040)
文摘Hourly outgoing longwave radiation （OLR） from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite （COMS） has been retrieved since June 2010.The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels.This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm （OLR12.0 using the 12.0 μm channel） and three multiple-channel algorithms （OLR10.8＋12.0 using the 10.8 and 12.0 pm channels; OLR6.7＋10.8 using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLRAll using the 6.7,10.8,and 12.0 μm channels）.The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth＇s Radiant Energy System （CERES） over the full COMS field of view [roughly （50°S-50°N,70°-170°E）] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5-7 W m-2,which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain.OLR6.7＋10.8 and OLRAll have much smaller errors （～ 6 W m-2） than OLR12.0 and OLR10.8＋12.0 （～ 8 W m-2）.Moreover,the small errors of OLR6.7＋10.8 and OLRAll are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration.These results indicate a noteworthy role of the 6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs.The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface,atmospheric,and observational conditions is also discussed.
基金supported by the science for earthquake resilience of China(No.XH15050)the Research on Determination and Announcement of the National Significant Seismic Monitoring and Protction Regions During 2015 to 2016(201508010)
文摘Calculation of tidal changes reveals that the MS 7. 0 Lushan County,Sichuan,China,earthquake of April 20,2013 occurred at the minimum phase point of tidal force. It indicates that the seismogenic fault on which the tidal force acts on is of thrust type. The outgoing long-wave radiation( OLR) is the energy radiating from the Earth as infrared radiation at low energy to space. According to the tidal cycle,abnormal OLR change is analyzed based on NOAA satellite data around the whole of China before and after the earthquake. The result shows that the OLR changed evidently with the tide force change.Temporally,the change went through the course: initial OLR rise → s trengthening →reaching abnormal peak → a ttenuation → r eturning to normal; in space,the abnormal area was distributed along the Longmenshan fault and evolved as: scattering→ c onvergent→ s cattering. The process is similar to the change process of rock breaking under stress loading. It indicates that the celestial tidal force can trigger earthquakes when the tectonic stress reaches the critical break point of an active fault and the OLR anomaly is proportional to the seismic tectonic stress change. It is of practical value to combine OLR and tidal force anomaly with earthquake precursor studies.
文摘The performance of the responsibility of resources and environment management by the township party committees and governments is related to the "last kilometer" of the implementation of the governance blueprint of "ecological civilization construction and new progress" at the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC central Committee. The main leading cadres of township party and government are the objects of the outgoing audit of natural resources assets. In view of the problems existing in the implementation of the audit of natural resources assets of township leading cadres at present, and combining with the analysis of relevant policies and regulations, this paper puts forward the key contents, implementation methods and evaluation methods of the audit of natural resources assets of township leading cadres.
文摘Lucy and Lily are twin sisters,b ut they are quite different in many ways.Lucy is outgoing and loves sports.She is always the first one to join in basketball games at school.Her face lights up with joy every time she scores a point.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China(No.2012CB215105).
文摘Doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)-based wind farm has the characteristic of transient fault with low voltage ride through(LVRT)capability.A new three-phase fault direction identification method for the outgoing transmission line of the wind farm is presented.The ability of the new directional relay to differentiate between a three-phase fault in one direction or the other is obtained by using the increment of phase angle difference between the memory voltage signal and the fault current signal within a certain time,and using the amplitude variation of the fault current.It can be inferred that the fault current is supplied by the wind farm whether the phase angle differs or the current amplitude varies considerably.Different fault locations at the outgoing transmission line have been simulated by PSCAD/EMTDC to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of the proposed technique.Results show that the new directional relay is of faster response when a three-phase fault occurs at the outgoing transmission line of a DFIG-based wind farm.
基金supported by the Open Research P rogram of the International Research Center of Big Data for Sus-tainable Development Goals(grant no.CBAS2022ORP01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.42090011).
文摘Top-of-atmosphere(TOA)outgoing longwave radiation(OLR),a key component of the Earth’s energy budget,serves as a diagnostic of the Earth’s climate system response to incoming solar radiation.However,existing products are typically estimated using broadband sensors with coarse spatial resolutions.This paper presents a machine learning method to estimate TOA OLR by directly linking Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)TOA radiances with TOA OLR determined by Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System(CERES)and other information,such as the viewing geometry,land surface temperature and cloud top temperature determined by Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications,Version 2(MERRA-2).Models are built separately under clear-and cloudy-sky conditions using a gradient boosting regression tree.Independent test results show that the root mean square errors(RMSEs)of the clear-sky and cloudy-sky models for estimating instantaneous values are 4.1 and 7.8 W/m^(2),respectively.Real-time conversion ratios derived from CERES daily and hourly OLR data are used to convert the instantaneous MODIS OLR to daily results.Inter-comparisons of the daily results show that the RMSE of the estimated MODIS OLR is 8.9 W/m^(2) in East Asia.The developed high resolution dataset will be beneficial in analyzing the regional energy budget.
文摘The outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)observed by NOAA satellite series has widely applied in various research fields since the 1980s in China.In this paper,advances of the applied research of OLR are described in the following re- spects: (1)Studies of the global ITCZ; (2)Climatology of the subtropical high over northern Pacific; (3)Studies of the tropical cyclone over West Pacific; (4)Characteristics of the intraseasonal variation(ISV)of tropical convective activities; (5)Divergence wind and large scale circulation over the tropics; (6)Studies of the air-sea interaction; (7)Estimation of precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze River(Changjiang River)basin during the rainy season; (8)Analyses of regional climates of China; (9)Studies of prediction of the severe and disastrous weather and climate; (10)Atlas of OLR. The distinctive features of these advances are reviewed and the focal points of the OLR applied research in future are also suggested.
基金The work is sponsored by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China.
文摘ERBE and ISCCP data are used to investigate the cloud forcing and latitude and atmospheric temperature effects on outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)in the earth-atmosphere system,and the similarity of OLR field to 500 hPa and surface effective radiation fields.Also,discussion is taken up of the OLR distribution on a nationwide basis,indicating that the winter(summer)OLR pattern is roughly a zonal type(asymmetrical saddle)with the annual pattern analogous to the January one.In the end the yearly OLR variation features are addressed on a regional basis.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB0504900 and 2018YFB0504905)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41801278).
文摘Outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)at the top of the atmosphere(TOA)is a key parameter for understanding and interpreting the relationship between clouds,radiation,and climate interactions.It has been one of the operational products of the Fengyun(FY)meteorological satellites.OLR accuracy has gradually improved with advancements in satellite payload performance and the OLR retrieval algorithm.Supported by the National Key R&D Program Retrospective Calibration of Historical Chinese Earth Observation Satellite data(Richceos)project,a long-term OLR climate data record(CDR)was reprocessed based on the recalibrated Level 1 data of FY series satellites using the latest OLR retrieval algorithm.In this study,Fengyun-3B(FY-3B)’s reprocessed global OLR data from 2010 to 2018 were evaluated by using the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System(CERES)global daily OLR data.The results showed that there was a high consistency between the FY-3B instantaneous OLR and CERES Single Scanner Footprint(SSF)OLR.Globally,between the two CDR datasets,the correlation coefficient reached 0.98,and the rootmean-square error(RMSE)was approximately 8-9 W m^(−2).The bias mainly came from the edge regions of the satellite orbit,which may be related to the satellite zenith angle and cloud cover distribution.It was shown that the longterm FY-3B OLR had temporal stability compared to CERES OLR long-term data.In terms of spatial distribution,the mean deviations showed zonal and seasonal characteristics,although seasonal fluctuations were observed in the differences between the two datasets.Effects of FY-3B OLR application to the South China Sea monsoon region and ENSO were demonstrated and analyzed,and the results showed that the seasonal deviation of FY-3B’s OLR comes mainly from the retrieval algorithm.However,it has little effect on the analysis of climate events.
文摘1-12 month lagged correlations between winter temperatures at 22 stations in China and the global dis- tribution of the Outgoing Longwave Radiation(OLR)are investigated.The basic results are:(1)The monthly averaged temperatures of Dec.,Jan.and Feb.of China are correlated to the global distribution of OLR of Oct.,Nov.and Dec.,respectively.It is consistent with the response period(about 50 days)of 500 hPa geopotential height field in extratropical latitudes to the thermal forcing in tropical latitudes,and also consis- tent with the Walker cell of a 40-60 day oscillation.(2)There is a significant positive correlation between the winter temperature of the most part of China and the OLR in the Gulf of Mexico.It shows that when the thermal forcing of the Gulf of Mexico is stronger,the excited barotropic instability of westerlies in northern Atlantic could influence the East Asian circulation and cause the temperature of China to be below normal. (3)The temperature around the Tibetan(Xizang)Plateau is negatively correlated to the OLR in western equa- torial Pacific,showing that when the Walker cell is stronger,the local Hadley cell in Southeast Asia is stronger and it causes the temperature around the Tibetan Plateau to be higher than normal.
基金Russian Foundation for Basic Research(RFBR)(20-37-90002)Andrei Sukhov acknowledge SevSU for a Research(42-01-09/253/2022-1)。
文摘Domain name system(DNS)amplification distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks are one of the popular types of intrusions that involve accessing DNS servers on behalf of the victim.In this case,the size of the response is many times greater than the size of the request,in which the source of the request is substituted for the address of the victim.This paper presents an original method for countering DNS amplification DDoS attacks.The novelty of our approach lies in the analysis of outgoing traffic from the victim’s server.DNS servers used for amplification attacks are easily detected in Internet control message protocol(ICMP)packet headers(type 3,code 3)in outgoing traffic.ICMP packets of this type are generated when accessing closed user datagram protocol(UDP)ports of the victim,which are randomly assigned by the Saddam attack tool.To prevent such attacks,we used a Linux utility and a software-defined network(SDN)module that we previously developed to protect against port scanning.The Linux utility showed the highest efficiency of 99.8%,i.e.,only two attack packets out of a thousand reached the victim server.
文摘重点知识园地重点单词1.both adj.&pron.两个;两个都Both the answers are right.两个答案都对。Both of them are interested in English.他们两个都对英语感兴趣。可构成both... and...结构,意为'不仅……而且……'。可连接两个并列的成分,若连接两个并列的主语。
文摘重点词汇1.both adj.&pron.两个;两个都Both the answers are right.两个答案都对。Both of them are interested in English.他们两个都对英语感兴趣。可构成both…and…结构,意为'不仅……而且……'。可连接两个并列的成分,若连接两个并列的主语,谓语动词用复数形式。Both you and I were wrong.你和我都错了。注意:both…and…的否定式为neither…nor…意为'既不……,也不……'。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40875042, 41025018)the National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB411801)+2 种基金the Ministry of Education of China (20070001002)J Liu is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2006CB403605)NSFC (40876099)
文摘How the Hadley circulation changes in response to global climate change and how its change impacts upon regional and global climates has generated a lot of interest in the literature in the past few years. In this paper, consistent and statistically significant poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation in the past few decades is demonstrated, using independent observational datasets as proxy measures of the Hadley circulation. Both observational outgoing longwave radiation and precipitation datasets show an annual average total poleward expansion of the Hadley cells of about 3.6° latitude. Sea level pressure from observational and reanalysis datasets show smaller magnitudes of poleward expansion, of about 1.2° latitude. Ensemble general circulation model simulations forced by observed time-varying sea surface temperatures were found to generate a total poleward expansion of about 1.23°latitude. Possible mechanisms behind the changes in the horizontal extent of the Hadley circulation are discussed.
文摘By using a new reaction model for light nuclei, the double-differential cross section of total outgoing neutron with LUNF code for n＋^16O reactions at En=14.1 MeV and 18 MeV have been calculated and analyzed. In this paper the opened reaction channels, which have contribution to emitting the neutrons, are listed in detail. To improve the fitting results the direct inelastic scattering mechanism is involved. The calculating results agree fairly well with the experimental data at E,~ = 14.1 MeV and the deviation from calculated results and experimental data in low energy region at En= 18 MeV has been analyzed. Since the possibility of 5He has been affirmed theoretically [J.S. Zhang, Sci. Chin. G 47 （2004） 137], so 5He emission from n＋ ^16O reaction is taken into account, which plays an important role at the region of the outgoing neutron energy εn〈3 MeV in total outgoing neutron energy-angular spectrum. The calculated results indicate that the pre-equilibrium mechanism dominates the whole reaction processes, and the recoil effect in light nuclear reactions is essentially important.
