Ownership is an increasingly important conflict in outer space at this moment in time.Despite the principle in the Outer Space Treaty(1967),that emphasizes the importance of all states'free access to outer space b...Ownership is an increasingly important conflict in outer space at this moment in time.Despite the principle in the Outer Space Treaty(1967),that emphasizes the importance of all states'free access to outer space based on equality for exploration and use.Moreover,outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty,by means of use or occupation,or by any other means.However,outer space activity is not free from sovereignty and jurisdiction after all.Anyway,the legal situation relating to space resource exploitation and utilization activities under the adoption of United Nations is a challenge.Some scholars implied that the Outer Space Treaty(1967)clearly prohibits appropriation of whole celestial bodies but is far less clear concerning the rights of over-extracted resources.Nevertheless,the Moon Agreement(1979)promotes the idea of property ownership of over-extracted resources.It permits states to collect and remove samples of lunar minerals and other substances for further interest in scientific investigation.The application of the Moon Agreement(1979)is not only to the Moon itself but to other celestial bodies,thus potentially covering the planets and asteroids where the mining potential is considered to be limitless.Under this circumstance,numerous countries,such as the United States,Luxembourg,The United Arab Emirates,and Japan have enacted legal regimes that glorify the rights of their entities in mineral resources in outer space.However,these regimes could be disputed under the international legal framework if countries have merely interpreted and applied their rights and obligations on a national level as they understand them.Therefore,this paper purports to clarify the ownership rights in outer space and analyze the purpose of the legal situation relating to space resource exploitation and utilization activities under the adoption of the United States,Luxembourg,The United Arab Emirates,and Japan.展开更多
The legal framework for outer space governance,centered on the“Five Major Treaties”,is facing significant challenges.In the face of numerous variables that will shape the future order of outer space,an intrinsic dem...The legal framework for outer space governance,centered on the“Five Major Treaties”,is facing significant challenges.In the face of numerous variables that will shape the future order of outer space,an intrinsic demand for transformation has emerged within the governance of outer space.Under the leadership of the new wave of space technology revolutions and commercial innovations,outer space governance will undergo a profound transformation.New theories in space law will emerge,engage in long-term competition,and ultimately contribute to the formation of a completely new governance structure.展开更多
The general principle of utilizing the BGK equation to simulate a macroscopic gas flow is illustrated. Two typical examples, i.e., a low-speed axisymmetric submerged jet and the Prandtl-Meyer expansion to a vacuum, ar...The general principle of utilizing the BGK equation to simulate a macroscopic gas flow is illustrated. Two typical examples, i.e., a low-speed axisymmetric submerged jet and the Prandtl-Meyer expansion to a vacuum, are presented for validating the feasibility and accuracy of the BGK-equation simulation in continuum and non-continuum flow regimes. This approach is then used to simulate the exhaust plume formed by a small manoeuvre thruster of an artificial satellite in the outer space. The plume impingement on a flat surface perpendicular to the nozzle axis is also simulated by the same method. In the latter case the impingement force acting on the flat surface is calculated. When the flow reaches to the steady state the calculated impingement force is reasonably compared with the theoretical value of the nozzle thrust.展开更多
GaAs single crystal has been grown in recoverable satellite. Hall measurements indicate that the GaAs shows semi-insulating behavior. The structural properties of the crystal have been improved obviously, and their un...GaAs single crystal has been grown in recoverable satellite. Hall measurements indicate that the GaAs shows semi-insulating behavior. The structural properties of the crystal have been improved obviously, and their uniformity has been improved as well. The stoichiometry and its distribution in space-grown GaAs are improved greatly compared with the GaAs single crystal gmwn terrestrially. The properties of integrated circuits made by direct ion-implantation on space-grown GaAs are better than ihose made on gmund-gnmm materials. These results show that the stoichiometry in semi-insulating GaAs seriously affects the properties of related devices.展开更多
The Outer Space Treaty(OST)remains a cornerstone of international space law,enshrining the principle of peaceful use for celestial bodies.However,ambiguities in its provisions,particularly regarding military activitie...The Outer Space Treaty(OST)remains a cornerstone of international space law,enshrining the principle of peaceful use for celestial bodies.However,ambiguities in its provisions,particularly regarding military activities and dual-use technologies,pose significant challenges in the 21st century.This paper examines the treaty’s limitations in addressing modern space militarization,commercial-military convergence,and resource exploitation.It critiques the lack of robust verification mechanisms and proposes clarifications to ensure sustainable and cooperative space exploration.The analysis highlights the urgent need for updated legal frameworks to govern private actors and emerging technologies while preserving the OST’s foundational principles.The paper evaluates recent policy initiatives to enhance space weapons regulations,including the Russo-Chinese treaty proposal to ban space-based weapons and the EU’s International Code of Conduct for Space.It concludes existing provisions indicate a reluctance to limit nuclear weapons in space,but are a milestone in regulating the arms race’s expansion.However,ambiguities persist regarding prohibited activities.展开更多
The initiative to ban destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite(ASAT)missile testing,spearheaded by the U.S.and subsequently adopted by the UN General Assembly,represents a pivotal yet limited step in addressing the mi...The initiative to ban destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite(ASAT)missile testing,spearheaded by the U.S.and subsequently adopted by the UN General Assembly,represents a pivotal yet limited step in addressing the militarization of outer space.Tracing the historical evolution of ASAT technology since the Cold War,this paper examines the divergent state practices of major spacefaring nations-including the U.S.,Russia,and India-highlighting their technological advancements and geopolitical motivations.Through an analysis of existing treaties,recent resolutions,and the persistent divide between western states and the China-Russia bloc over the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space(PAROS),the study underscores the initiative’s inherent limitations in deterring comprehensive militarization.The paper concludes that sustainable space safety necessitates multilateral,legally binding agreements that transcend symbolic measures,should reconcile competing state interests.Achieving this requires global cooperation,compromise among major powers,and a reinvigorated commitment to the peaceful use of outer space enshrined in international law.展开更多
We identify the functions whose polynomial multiples are weak＊ dense in Qp spaces and prove that if ｜f（z）｜ ≥ ｜g（z）｜ and g is cyclic in Qp, then f is cyclic in Qp. We also show that the multiplication operato...We identify the functions whose polynomial multiples are weak＊ dense in Qp spaces and prove that if ｜f（z）｜ ≥ ｜g（z）｜ and g is cyclic in Qp, then f is cyclic in Qp. We also show that the multiplication operator Mx on Qp spaces is cellular indecomposable.展开更多
文摘Ownership is an increasingly important conflict in outer space at this moment in time.Despite the principle in the Outer Space Treaty(1967),that emphasizes the importance of all states'free access to outer space based on equality for exploration and use.Moreover,outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty,by means of use or occupation,or by any other means.However,outer space activity is not free from sovereignty and jurisdiction after all.Anyway,the legal situation relating to space resource exploitation and utilization activities under the adoption of United Nations is a challenge.Some scholars implied that the Outer Space Treaty(1967)clearly prohibits appropriation of whole celestial bodies but is far less clear concerning the rights of over-extracted resources.Nevertheless,the Moon Agreement(1979)promotes the idea of property ownership of over-extracted resources.It permits states to collect and remove samples of lunar minerals and other substances for further interest in scientific investigation.The application of the Moon Agreement(1979)is not only to the Moon itself but to other celestial bodies,thus potentially covering the planets and asteroids where the mining potential is considered to be limitless.Under this circumstance,numerous countries,such as the United States,Luxembourg,The United Arab Emirates,and Japan have enacted legal regimes that glorify the rights of their entities in mineral resources in outer space.However,these regimes could be disputed under the international legal framework if countries have merely interpreted and applied their rights and obligations on a national level as they understand them.Therefore,this paper purports to clarify the ownership rights in outer space and analyze the purpose of the legal situation relating to space resource exploitation and utilization activities under the adoption of the United States,Luxembourg,The United Arab Emirates,and Japan.
文摘The legal framework for outer space governance,centered on the“Five Major Treaties”,is facing significant challenges.In the face of numerous variables that will shape the future order of outer space,an intrinsic demand for transformation has emerged within the governance of outer space.Under the leadership of the new wave of space technology revolutions and commercial innovations,outer space governance will undergo a profound transformation.New theories in space law will emerge,engage in long-term competition,and ultimately contribute to the formation of a completely new governance structure.
基金The project supported by Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Overall Design
文摘The general principle of utilizing the BGK equation to simulate a macroscopic gas flow is illustrated. Two typical examples, i.e., a low-speed axisymmetric submerged jet and the Prandtl-Meyer expansion to a vacuum, are presented for validating the feasibility and accuracy of the BGK-equation simulation in continuum and non-continuum flow regimes. This approach is then used to simulate the exhaust plume formed by a small manoeuvre thruster of an artificial satellite in the outer space. The plume impingement on a flat surface perpendicular to the nozzle axis is also simulated by the same method. In the latter case the impingement force acting on the flat surface is calculated. When the flow reaches to the steady state the calculated impingement force is reasonably compared with the theoretical value of the nozzle thrust.
文摘GaAs single crystal has been grown in recoverable satellite. Hall measurements indicate that the GaAs shows semi-insulating behavior. The structural properties of the crystal have been improved obviously, and their uniformity has been improved as well. The stoichiometry and its distribution in space-grown GaAs are improved greatly compared with the GaAs single crystal gmwn terrestrially. The properties of integrated circuits made by direct ion-implantation on space-grown GaAs are better than ihose made on gmund-gnmm materials. These results show that the stoichiometry in semi-insulating GaAs seriously affects the properties of related devices.
文摘The Outer Space Treaty(OST)remains a cornerstone of international space law,enshrining the principle of peaceful use for celestial bodies.However,ambiguities in its provisions,particularly regarding military activities and dual-use technologies,pose significant challenges in the 21st century.This paper examines the treaty’s limitations in addressing modern space militarization,commercial-military convergence,and resource exploitation.It critiques the lack of robust verification mechanisms and proposes clarifications to ensure sustainable and cooperative space exploration.The analysis highlights the urgent need for updated legal frameworks to govern private actors and emerging technologies while preserving the OST’s foundational principles.The paper evaluates recent policy initiatives to enhance space weapons regulations,including the Russo-Chinese treaty proposal to ban space-based weapons and the EU’s International Code of Conduct for Space.It concludes existing provisions indicate a reluctance to limit nuclear weapons in space,but are a milestone in regulating the arms race’s expansion.However,ambiguities persist regarding prohibited activities.
文摘The initiative to ban destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite(ASAT)missile testing,spearheaded by the U.S.and subsequently adopted by the UN General Assembly,represents a pivotal yet limited step in addressing the militarization of outer space.Tracing the historical evolution of ASAT technology since the Cold War,this paper examines the divergent state practices of major spacefaring nations-including the U.S.,Russia,and India-highlighting their technological advancements and geopolitical motivations.Through an analysis of existing treaties,recent resolutions,and the persistent divide between western states and the China-Russia bloc over the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space(PAROS),the study underscores the initiative’s inherent limitations in deterring comprehensive militarization.The paper concludes that sustainable space safety necessitates multilateral,legally binding agreements that transcend symbolic measures,should reconcile competing state interests.Achieving this requires global cooperation,compromise among major powers,and a reinvigorated commitment to the peaceful use of outer space enshrined in international law.
基金supported by NNSF of China (10771130)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of High Education (2007056004)+1 种基金NSF of GuangdongProvince (10151503101000025)NSF of Fujian Province (2009J01004)
文摘We identify the functions whose polynomial multiples are weak＊ dense in Qp spaces and prove that if ｜f（z）｜ ≥ ｜g（z）｜ and g is cyclic in Qp, then f is cyclic in Qp. We also show that the multiplication operator Mx on Qp spaces is cellular indecomposable.
