Idealized numerical simulations are conducted in this study to comparatively investigate the characteristics of the stratiform sector in the outer rainbands of tropical cyclones(TCs)in lower-and upper-layer vertical w...Idealized numerical simulations are conducted in this study to comparatively investigate the characteristics of the stratiform sector in the outer rainbands of tropical cyclones(TCs)in lower-and upper-layer vertical wind shear(VWS)with moderate magnitude.Consistent with the results in previous studies,the outer rainband stratiform sector of the TCs simulated in both experiments is generally located downshear left.Upper-layer VWS tends to produce stronger asymmetric outflow at upper levels in the downshear-left quadrant than lower-layer shear.This stronger asymmetric outflow transports more water vapor radially outward from the inner core to the outer core at upper levels in the downshear-left quadrant in the upper-layer shear experiment.More depositional growth of both graupel and cloud ice thus occurs downshear left in upper layers in the outer core,yielding more diabatic heating and stronger upward motions,particularly in the stratiformdominated part of the stratiform sector in the upper-layer shear experiment.Resultingly,a better-organized stratiform sector in the outer rainbands is found in the upper-layer VWS experiment than in the lower-layer VWS experiment.The diabatic heating associated with the stratiform sector produces strong midlevel outflow on the radially inward side of,and weak midlevel inflow on the radially outward side of,the heating core,with lower-level inflow beneath the midlevel outflow and upper-level inflow above.The upper-layer VWS tends to produce a deeper asymmetric inflow layer in the outer rainband stratiform sector,with more significant lower-level inflow and tangential jets in the upper-layer VWS experiment.展开更多
The influence of outer-core surface entropy fluxes （SEFs） on tropical cyclone （TC） outer rainband activity is investigated in this study with a fully compressible,nonhydrostatic model.A control simulation and two ...The influence of outer-core surface entropy fluxes （SEFs） on tropical cyclone （TC） outer rainband activity is investigated in this study with a fully compressible,nonhydrostatic model.A control simulation and two sensitivity experiments with the outer-core SEF artificially increased and decreased by 20% respectively were conducted to examine the quasi-periodic outer rainband behavior.Larger negative horizontal advection due to the greater radial wind and the positive contribution by asymmetric eddies leads to a longer period of outer-rainband activity in the SEF-enhanced experiment.The well-developed outer rainbands in the control and SEF-reduced simulations significantly limit the TC intensity,whereas such an intensity suppression influence is not pronounced in the SEF-enhanced experiment.As diabatic heating in outer rainbands strengthens the outer-core tangential wind,the quasi-periodic activity of outer rainbands contributes to the quasi-periodic variations of the inner-core size of the TCs.展开更多
In 2021,Cempaka,a tiny tropical cyclone,made landfall in China.As the TC intensified prior to landfall,the tropical cyclone size measured with precipitation decreased significantly.A numerical simulation was conducted...In 2021,Cempaka,a tiny tropical cyclone,made landfall in China.As the TC intensified prior to landfall,the tropical cyclone size measured with precipitation decreased significantly.A numerical simulation was conducted to examine the possible processes modulating the storm size.Azimuthally mean potential vorticity(PV)was found to decrease mainly in the middle to upper troposphere between 50-and 80-km radii.The PV budget results indicate that the advection and generation of mean PV associated with asymmetric processes,rather than the symmetric processes,primarily contributed to the decrease in mean PV.These asymmetric processes leading to a negative PV tendency were likely associated with inactive outer rainbands.In contrast,the tangential winds simultaneously expanded radially outward,possibly related to inner-core diabatic heating.The findings here emphasize the importance of outer rainband activity in tropical cyclone size change.展开更多
2018年第14号台风“摩羯”8月14日北上影响山东期间,在台风东南侧鲁中以东地区出现了台风外围螺旋雨带,导致多地出现短时强降水。基于雷达、逐小时降水量、地面、探空、飞机报资料,并利用美国WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模...2018年第14号台风“摩羯”8月14日北上影响山东期间,在台风东南侧鲁中以东地区出现了台风外围螺旋雨带,导致多地出现短时强降水。基于雷达、逐小时降水量、地面、探空、飞机报资料,并利用美国WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式进行数值试验,对螺旋雨带的特征及成因进行了研究。研究结果表明:外围螺旋雨带是由多条线状对流系统合并发展而成。台风外围螺旋雨带表现出较明显的前导层状(LS)降水线状中尺度对流系统(MCS)的特征,即线状MCS由多个对流单体组成,对流为后向发展,且存在多次较强线状MCS由侧面并入线状MCS的过程。强降水主要出现在线状对流系统成熟阶段。强降水水汽主要来自850 hPa以下台风周边的近地层大气。对流发生前,山东上空中低层受高温高湿热力不稳定大气控制,风随高度顺时针旋转,有利于对流系统发展。随着台风缓慢北上,500 hPa高空有冷空气向下侵入,在台风东南侧鲁中地区900 hPa以下出现西南风和偏南风、以及偏南风和东南风气流的局地辐合,辐合动力抬升触发不稳定大气能量释放,激发出多条局地线状对流系统。对流系统沿引导气流向北发展,西侧对流系统向北发展同时向东北方向移动,并与前部线状对流系统多次合并加强,逐渐形成细长的外围螺旋雨带。对流发生过程中上升气流明显强于下沉气流,在成熟阶段对流系统的前方低层出现干冷下沉气流,600 hPa以上高度的对流区随高空引导气流快速东移,对流系统迅速减弱。同化AMDAR飞机报资料可以改进WRF模式台风路径和风场预报,准确预报出对流系统的动力触发机制,从而准确预报出台风外围螺旋中尺度雨带的发生。展开更多
Idealized numerical simulations have been carried out to reveal the complexity in the development of asymmetric convection in a tropical cyclone(TC)under the influence of an environment with either uniform flow,vertic...Idealized numerical simulations have been carried out to reveal the complexity in the development of asymmetric convection in a tropical cyclone(TC)under the influence of an environment with either uniform flow,vertical wind shear(VWS),or both.Results show that rainwater is enhanced to the right of the motion in the outer rainband,but such enhancement occurs in the upshear-left area of the inner-core region.Additionally,due to the asymmetries introduced by environmental flow,wavenumber-1 temperature and height anomalies develop at a radius of~1000 km in the upper levels.A sub-vortex aside from the TC center encompassing the wavenumber-1 warm center appears,and asymmetric horizontal winds emerge,which,in turn,changes the storm-scale(within 400 km)VWS.Deep convection in the inner core closely follows the changing storm-scale VWS when its magnitude is larger than 2 m s^(-1) and is located downshear of the storm-scale VWS in all the experiments with environmental flow.In the outer rainbands,the maximum boundary layer convergence is mainly controlled by the direction of motion and is located in the rear-right quadrant.These results extend upon the findings of previous studies in three aspects:(1)The discovery of the roughly linear combination effect from the uniform flow and large-scale VWS;(2)The development of upper-level asymmetric winds on a 1000-km scale through the interaction between the TC vortex and environmental flow,resulting in changes in the storm-scale VWS pattern within the TC area;(3)The revelation that TC asymmetric convection closely aligns with the direction-varying storm-scale VWS instead of the initially designated VWS.展开更多
The characteristics and dynamics associated with the distribution, intensity, and triggering factors of local severe precipitation in Zhejiang Province induced by Super Typhoon Soudelor(2015) were investigated using m...The characteristics and dynamics associated with the distribution, intensity, and triggering factors of local severe precipitation in Zhejiang Province induced by Super Typhoon Soudelor(2015) were investigated using mesoscale surface observations, radar reflectivity, satellite nephograms, and the final(FNL) analyses of the Global Forecasting System(GFS) of the National Center for Environmental Prediction(NCEP). The rainfall processes during Soudelor's landfall and translation over East China could be separated into four stages based on rainfall characteristics such as distribution, intensity, and corresponding dynamics. The relatively less precipitation in the first stage resulted from interaction between the easterly wind to the north flank of this tropical cyclone(TC) and the coastal topography along the southeast of Zhejiang Province, China. With landfall of the TC in East China during the second stage, precipitation maxima occurred because of interaction between the TC's principal rainbands and the local topography from northeastern Fujian Province to southwestern Zhejiang Province. The distribution of precipitation presented significant asymmetric features in the third stage with maximal rainfall bands in the northeast quadrant of the TC when Soudelor's track turned from westward to northward as the TC decayed rapidly. Finally, during the northward to northeastward translation of the TC in the fourth stage, the interaction between a mid-latitude weather system and the northern part of the TC resulted in transfer of the maximum rainfall from the north of Zhejiang Province to the north of Jiangsu Province,which represented the end of rainfall in Zhejiang Province. Further quantitative calculations of the rainfall rate induced by the interaction between local topography and TC circulation(defined as "orographic effects") in the context of a one-dimensional simplified model showed that orographic effects were the primary factor determining the intensity of precipitation in this case,and accounted for over 50% of the total precipitation. The asymmetric distribution of the TC's rainbands was closely related to the asymmetric distribution of moisture resulted from changes of the TC's structure, and led to asymmetric distribution of local intense precipitation induced by Soudelor. Based on analysis of this TC, it could be concluded that local severe rainfall in the coastal regions of East China is closely related to changes of TC structure and intensity, as well as the outer rainbands. In addition, precipitation intensity and duration will increase correspondingly because of the complex interactions between the TC and local topography, and the particular TC track along large-scale steering flow. The results of this study may be useful for the understanding, prediction, and warning of disasters induced by local extreme rainfall caused by TCs, especially for facilitating forecasting and warning of flooding and mudslides associated with torrential rain caused by interactions between landfalling TCs and coastal topography.展开更多
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC1501601)the Key Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2017YFE0107700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41875054,41730961,41730960,and 41775065).
文摘Idealized numerical simulations are conducted in this study to comparatively investigate the characteristics of the stratiform sector in the outer rainbands of tropical cyclones(TCs)in lower-and upper-layer vertical wind shear(VWS)with moderate magnitude.Consistent with the results in previous studies,the outer rainband stratiform sector of the TCs simulated in both experiments is generally located downshear left.Upper-layer VWS tends to produce stronger asymmetric outflow at upper levels in the downshear-left quadrant than lower-layer shear.This stronger asymmetric outflow transports more water vapor radially outward from the inner core to the outer core at upper levels in the downshear-left quadrant in the upper-layer shear experiment.More depositional growth of both graupel and cloud ice thus occurs downshear left in upper layers in the outer core,yielding more diabatic heating and stronger upward motions,particularly in the stratiformdominated part of the stratiform sector in the upper-layer shear experiment.Resultingly,a better-organized stratiform sector in the outer rainbands is found in the upper-layer VWS experiment than in the lower-layer VWS experiment.The diabatic heating associated with the stratiform sector produces strong midlevel outflow on the radially inward side of,and weak midlevel inflow on the radially outward side of,the heating core,with lower-level inflow beneath the midlevel outflow and upper-level inflow above.The upper-layer VWS tends to produce a deeper asymmetric inflow layer in the outer rainband stratiform sector,with more significant lower-level inflow and tangential jets in the upper-layer VWS experiment.
基金Supported by the National(Key)Basic Research and Development(973)Program of China(2009CB421505)National NaturalScience Foundation of China(40775060,41005033,40975035,and 40921160381)China Meteorological Administration SpecialPublic Welfare Research Fund(GYHY201006008 and GYHY200906002)
文摘The influence of outer-core surface entropy fluxes （SEFs） on tropical cyclone （TC） outer rainband activity is investigated in this study with a fully compressible,nonhydrostatic model.A control simulation and two sensitivity experiments with the outer-core SEF artificially increased and decreased by 20% respectively were conducted to examine the quasi-periodic outer rainband behavior.Larger negative horizontal advection due to the greater radial wind and the positive contribution by asymmetric eddies leads to a longer period of outer-rainband activity in the SEF-enhanced experiment.The well-developed outer rainbands in the control and SEF-reduced simulations significantly limit the TC intensity,whereas such an intensity suppression influence is not pronounced in the SEF-enhanced experiment.As diabatic heating in outer rainbands strengthens the outer-core tangential wind,the quasi-periodic activity of outer rainbands contributes to the quasi-periodic variations of the inner-core size of the TCs.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers U2342202 and 42175005]the Qing Lan Project[grant number R2023Q06]。
文摘In 2021,Cempaka,a tiny tropical cyclone,made landfall in China.As the TC intensified prior to landfall,the tropical cyclone size measured with precipitation decreased significantly.A numerical simulation was conducted to examine the possible processes modulating the storm size.Azimuthally mean potential vorticity(PV)was found to decrease mainly in the middle to upper troposphere between 50-and 80-km radii.The PV budget results indicate that the advection and generation of mean PV associated with asymmetric processes,rather than the symmetric processes,primarily contributed to the decrease in mean PV.These asymmetric processes leading to a negative PV tendency were likely associated with inactive outer rainbands.In contrast,the tangential winds simultaneously expanded radially outward,possibly related to inner-core diabatic heating.The findings here emphasize the importance of outer rainband activity in tropical cyclone size change.
文摘2018年第14号台风“摩羯”8月14日北上影响山东期间,在台风东南侧鲁中以东地区出现了台风外围螺旋雨带,导致多地出现短时强降水。基于雷达、逐小时降水量、地面、探空、飞机报资料,并利用美国WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式进行数值试验,对螺旋雨带的特征及成因进行了研究。研究结果表明:外围螺旋雨带是由多条线状对流系统合并发展而成。台风外围螺旋雨带表现出较明显的前导层状(LS)降水线状中尺度对流系统(MCS)的特征,即线状MCS由多个对流单体组成,对流为后向发展,且存在多次较强线状MCS由侧面并入线状MCS的过程。强降水主要出现在线状对流系统成熟阶段。强降水水汽主要来自850 hPa以下台风周边的近地层大气。对流发生前,山东上空中低层受高温高湿热力不稳定大气控制,风随高度顺时针旋转,有利于对流系统发展。随着台风缓慢北上,500 hPa高空有冷空气向下侵入,在台风东南侧鲁中地区900 hPa以下出现西南风和偏南风、以及偏南风和东南风气流的局地辐合,辐合动力抬升触发不稳定大气能量释放,激发出多条局地线状对流系统。对流系统沿引导气流向北发展,西侧对流系统向北发展同时向东北方向移动,并与前部线状对流系统多次合并加强,逐渐形成细长的外围螺旋雨带。对流发生过程中上升气流明显强于下沉气流,在成熟阶段对流系统的前方低层出现干冷下沉气流,600 hPa以上高度的对流区随高空引导气流快速东移,对流系统迅速减弱。同化AMDAR飞机报资料可以改进WRF模式台风路径和风场预报,准确预报出对流系统的动力触发机制,从而准确预报出台风外围螺旋中尺度雨带的发生。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number 42075072)support from The Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology.
文摘Idealized numerical simulations have been carried out to reveal the complexity in the development of asymmetric convection in a tropical cyclone(TC)under the influence of an environment with either uniform flow,vertical wind shear(VWS),or both.Results show that rainwater is enhanced to the right of the motion in the outer rainband,but such enhancement occurs in the upshear-left area of the inner-core region.Additionally,due to the asymmetries introduced by environmental flow,wavenumber-1 temperature and height anomalies develop at a radius of~1000 km in the upper levels.A sub-vortex aside from the TC center encompassing the wavenumber-1 warm center appears,and asymmetric horizontal winds emerge,which,in turn,changes the storm-scale(within 400 km)VWS.Deep convection in the inner core closely follows the changing storm-scale VWS when its magnitude is larger than 2 m s^(-1) and is located downshear of the storm-scale VWS in all the experiments with environmental flow.In the outer rainbands,the maximum boundary layer convergence is mainly controlled by the direction of motion and is located in the rear-right quadrant.These results extend upon the findings of previous studies in three aspects:(1)The discovery of the roughly linear combination effect from the uniform flow and large-scale VWS;(2)The development of upper-level asymmetric winds on a 1000-km scale through the interaction between the TC vortex and environmental flow,resulting in changes in the storm-scale VWS pattern within the TC area;(3)The revelation that TC asymmetric convection closely aligns with the direction-varying storm-scale VWS instead of the initially designated VWS.
基金supported by the Huadong Regional Meteorological Science and Technology Innovation Fund Collaborative Project (Grant No. QYHZ201404)the Development of Social Welfare Project of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 2013C33037)+2 种基金the Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. LY18D050001)United States Office of Naval Research Project (Grant No. N000140910526)the Development of Social Welfare Key Project of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 2017C03035)
文摘The characteristics and dynamics associated with the distribution, intensity, and triggering factors of local severe precipitation in Zhejiang Province induced by Super Typhoon Soudelor(2015) were investigated using mesoscale surface observations, radar reflectivity, satellite nephograms, and the final(FNL) analyses of the Global Forecasting System(GFS) of the National Center for Environmental Prediction(NCEP). The rainfall processes during Soudelor's landfall and translation over East China could be separated into four stages based on rainfall characteristics such as distribution, intensity, and corresponding dynamics. The relatively less precipitation in the first stage resulted from interaction between the easterly wind to the north flank of this tropical cyclone(TC) and the coastal topography along the southeast of Zhejiang Province, China. With landfall of the TC in East China during the second stage, precipitation maxima occurred because of interaction between the TC's principal rainbands and the local topography from northeastern Fujian Province to southwestern Zhejiang Province. The distribution of precipitation presented significant asymmetric features in the third stage with maximal rainfall bands in the northeast quadrant of the TC when Soudelor's track turned from westward to northward as the TC decayed rapidly. Finally, during the northward to northeastward translation of the TC in the fourth stage, the interaction between a mid-latitude weather system and the northern part of the TC resulted in transfer of the maximum rainfall from the north of Zhejiang Province to the north of Jiangsu Province,which represented the end of rainfall in Zhejiang Province. Further quantitative calculations of the rainfall rate induced by the interaction between local topography and TC circulation(defined as "orographic effects") in the context of a one-dimensional simplified model showed that orographic effects were the primary factor determining the intensity of precipitation in this case,and accounted for over 50% of the total precipitation. The asymmetric distribution of the TC's rainbands was closely related to the asymmetric distribution of moisture resulted from changes of the TC's structure, and led to asymmetric distribution of local intense precipitation induced by Soudelor. Based on analysis of this TC, it could be concluded that local severe rainfall in the coastal regions of East China is closely related to changes of TC structure and intensity, as well as the outer rainbands. In addition, precipitation intensity and duration will increase correspondingly because of the complex interactions between the TC and local topography, and the particular TC track along large-scale steering flow. The results of this study may be useful for the understanding, prediction, and warning of disasters induced by local extreme rainfall caused by TCs, especially for facilitating forecasting and warning of flooding and mudslides associated with torrential rain caused by interactions between landfalling TCs and coastal topography.
