Kubernetes has become the dominant container orchestration platform,withwidespread adoption across industries.However,its default pod-to-pod communicationmechanism introduces security vulnerabilities,particularly IP s...Kubernetes has become the dominant container orchestration platform,withwidespread adoption across industries.However,its default pod-to-pod communicationmechanism introduces security vulnerabilities,particularly IP spoofing attacks.Attackers can exploit this weakness to impersonate legitimate pods,enabling unauthorized access,lateral movement,and large-scale Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)attacks.Existing security mechanisms such as network policies and intrusion detection systems introduce latency and performance overhead,making them less effective in dynamic Kubernetes environments.This research presents PodCA,an eBPF-based security framework designed to detect and prevent IP spoofing in real time while minimizing performance impact.PodCA integrates with Kubernetes’Container Network Interface(CNI)and uses eBPF to monitor and validate packet metadata at the kernel level.It maintains a container network mapping table that tracks pod IP assignments,validates packet legitimacy before forwarding,and ensures network integrity.If an attack is detected,PodCA automatically blocks spoofed packets and,in cases of repeated attempts,terminates compromised pods to prevent further exploitation.Experimental evaluation on an AWS Kubernetes cluster demonstrates that PodCA detects and prevents spoofed packets with 100%accuracy.Additionally,resource consumption analysis reveals minimal overhead,with a CPU increase of only 2–3%per node and memory usage rising by 40–60 MB.These results highlight the effectiveness of eBPF in securing Kubernetes environments with low overhead,making it a scalable and efficient security solution for containerized applications.展开更多
Bone repair and regeneration is a complex spatiotemporal process recruiting a variety of cell types,which need to precisely mediated for effective healing post-damage.The concept of osteoimmunology emphasizes the exte...Bone repair and regeneration is a complex spatiotemporal process recruiting a variety of cell types,which need to precisely mediated for effective healing post-damage.The concept of osteoimmunology emphasizes the extensive and intricate crosstalk between the bone and the immune system.Despite the significant advancements in understanding osteoimmunology,the precise role of dendritic cells(DCs)in this field remains under investigation.As key antigen-presenting cells,DCs are critical in orchestrating adaptive immune responses and maintaining tissue homeostasis.Recent researches have further revealed the potential of DCs to influence the development or acceleration of inflammatory and autoimmune bone disease,as well as their interaction with skeletal cells in the context of bone repair and regeneration.展开更多
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate(PIP_(2))to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate(PIP_(3)),a key second messenger that orchestrates downstream signali...Phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate(PIP_(2))to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate(PIP_(3)),a key second messenger that orchestrates downstream signaling by recruiting and activating effector proteins,such as protein kinase B(AKT).PI3Ks are categorized into four classes(IA,IB,II,and III)based on structural characteristics and substrate preferences1.Class IA PI3K enzymes are heterodimeric complexes composed of a catalytic subunit(p110α,p110β,or p110δ)and a regulatory subunit(p85α,p55α,p50α,p85β,or p55γ)2.Although the catalytic isoforms p110αand p110β,are ubiquitously expressed across tissues,p110δis predominantly found in leukocytes3.Notably,p85αfunctions as the primary regulatory subunit.展开更多
Metal ions trigger Fenton/Fenton-like reactions,generating highly toxic hydroxyl radicals(•OH)for chemodynamic therapy(CDT),which is crucial in inducing lethal oxidative DNA damage and subsequent cell apoptosis.Howeve...Metal ions trigger Fenton/Fenton-like reactions,generating highly toxic hydroxyl radicals(•OH)for chemodynamic therapy(CDT),which is crucial in inducing lethal oxidative DNA damage and subsequent cell apoptosis.However,tumor cells can counteract this damage through repair pathways,particularly MutT homolog 1(MTH1)protein attenuation of oxidative DNA damage.Suppression of MTH1 can enhance CDT efficacy,therefore,orderly integrating Fenton/Fenton-like agents with an MTH1 inhibitor is expected to significantly augment CDT effectiveness.Carrier-free CuTH@CD,self-assembled through the supramolecular orchestration ofγ-cyclodextrin(γ-CD)with Cu^(2+)and the MTH1 inhibitor TH588,effectively overcoming tumor resistance by greatly amplifying oxidative damage capability.Without additional carriers and mediated by multiple supramolecular regulatory effects,CuTH@CD enables high drug loading content,stability,and uniform size distribution.Upon internalization by tumor cells,CuTH@CD invalidates repair pathways through Cu^(2+)-mediated glutathione(GSH)depletion and TH588-mediated MTH1 inhibition.Meanwhile,both generated Cu^(+)ions and existing ones within the nanoassembly initiate a Fentonlike reaction,leading to the accumulation of•OH.This strategy enhances CDT efficiency with minimal side effects,improving oxidative damage potency and advancing self-delivery nanoplatforms for developing effective chemodynamic tumor therapies.展开更多
Software Defined Network(SDN)and Network Function Virtualization(NFV)technology promote several benefits to network operators,including reduced maintenance costs,increased network operational performance,simplified ne...Software Defined Network(SDN)and Network Function Virtualization(NFV)technology promote several benefits to network operators,including reduced maintenance costs,increased network operational performance,simplified network lifecycle,and policies management.Network vulnerabilities try to modify services provided by Network Function Virtualization MANagement and Orchestration(NFV MANO),and malicious attacks in different scenarios disrupt the NFV Orchestrator(NFVO)and Virtualized Infrastructure Manager(VIM)lifecycle management related to network services or individual Virtualized Network Function(VNF).This paper proposes an anomaly detection mechanism that monitors threats in NFV MANO and manages promptly and adaptively to implement and handle security functions in order to enhance the quality of experience for end users.An anomaly detector investigates these identified risks and provides secure network services.It enables virtual network security functions and identifies anomalies in Kubernetes(a cloud-based platform).For training and testing purpose of the proposed approach,an intrusion-containing dataset is used that hold multiple malicious activities like a Smurf,Neptune,Teardrop,Pod,Land,IPsweep,etc.,categorized as Probing(Prob),Denial of Service(DoS),User to Root(U2R),and Remote to User(R2L)attacks.An anomaly detector is anticipated with the capabilities of a Machine Learning(ML)technique,making use of supervised learning techniques like Logistic Regression(LR),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),Naïve Bayes(NB),and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost).The proposed framework has been evaluated by deploying the identified ML algorithm on a Jupyter notebook in Kubeflow to simulate Kubernetes for validation purposes.RF classifier has shown better outcomes(99.90%accuracy)than other classifiers in detecting anomalies/intrusions in the containerized environment.展开更多
The management of network intelligence in Beyond 5G(B5G)networks encompasses the complex challenges of scalability,dynamicity,interoperability,privacy,and security.These are essential steps towards achieving the reali...The management of network intelligence in Beyond 5G(B5G)networks encompasses the complex challenges of scalability,dynamicity,interoperability,privacy,and security.These are essential steps towards achieving the realization of truly ubiquitous Artificial Intelligence(AI)-based analytics,empowering seamless integration across the entire Continuum(Edge,Fog,Core,Cloud).This paper introduces a Federated Network Intelligence Orchestration approach aimed at scalable and automated Federated Learning(FL)-based anomaly detection in B5Gnetworks.By leveraging a horizontal Federated learning approach based on the FedAvg aggregation algorithm,which employs a deep autoencoder model trained on non-anomalous traffic samples to recognize normal behavior,the systemorchestrates network intelligence to detect and prevent cyber-attacks.Integrated into a B5G Zero-touch Service Management(ZSM)aligned Security Framework,the proposal utilizes multi-domain and multi-tenant orchestration to automate and scale the deployment of FL-agents and AI-based anomaly detectors,enhancing reaction capabilities against cyber-attacks.The proposed FL architecture can be dynamically deployed across the B5G Continuum,utilizing a hierarchy of Network Intelligence orchestrators for real-time anomaly and security threat handling.Implementation includes FL enforcement operations for interoperability and extensibility,enabling dynamic deployment,configuration,and reconfiguration on demand.Performance validation of the proposed solution was conducted through dynamic orchestration,FL,and real-time anomaly detection processes using a practical test environment.Analysis of key performance metrics,leveraging the 5G-NIDD dataset,demonstrates the system’s capability for automatic and near real-time handling of anomalies and attacks,including real-time network monitoring and countermeasure implementation for mitigation.展开更多
The future Sixth-Generation (6G) wireless systems are expected to encounter emerging services with diverserequirements. In this paper, 6G network resource orchestration is optimized to support customized networkslicin...The future Sixth-Generation (6G) wireless systems are expected to encounter emerging services with diverserequirements. In this paper, 6G network resource orchestration is optimized to support customized networkslicing of services, and place network functions generated by heterogeneous devices into available resources.This is a combinatorial optimization problem that is solved by developing a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)based scheduling strategy with enhanced inertia weight, particle variation, and nonlinear learning factor, therebybalancing the local and global solutions and improving the convergence speed to globally near-optimal solutions.Simulations show that the method improves the convergence speed and the utilization of network resourcescompared with other variants of PSO.展开更多
This paper examines how cybersecurity is developing and how it relates to more conventional information security. Although information security and cyber security are sometimes used synonymously, this study contends t...This paper examines how cybersecurity is developing and how it relates to more conventional information security. Although information security and cyber security are sometimes used synonymously, this study contends that they are not the same. The concept of cyber security is explored, which goes beyond protecting information resources to include a wider variety of assets, including people [1]. Protecting information assets is the main goal of traditional information security, with consideration to the human element and how people fit into the security process. On the other hand, cyber security adds a new level of complexity, as people might unintentionally contribute to or become targets of cyberattacks. This aspect presents moral questions since it is becoming more widely accepted that society has a duty to protect weaker members of society, including children [1]. The study emphasizes how important cyber security is on a larger scale, with many countries creating plans and laws to counteract cyberattacks. Nevertheless, a lot of these sources frequently neglect to define the differences or the relationship between information security and cyber security [1]. The paper focus on differentiating between cybersecurity and information security on a larger scale. The study also highlights other areas of cybersecurity which includes defending people, social norms, and vital infrastructure from threats that arise from online in addition to information and technology protection. It contends that ethical issues and the human factor are becoming more and more important in protecting assets in the digital age, and that cyber security is a paradigm shift in this regard [1].展开更多
In the relentless quest for digital sovereignty, organizations face an unprecedented challenge in safeguarding sensitive information, protecting against cyber threats, and maintaining regulatory compliance. This manus...In the relentless quest for digital sovereignty, organizations face an unprecedented challenge in safeguarding sensitive information, protecting against cyber threats, and maintaining regulatory compliance. This manuscript unveils a revolutionary blueprint for cyber resilience, empowering organizations to transcend the limitations of traditional cybersecurity paradigms and forge ahead into uncharted territories of data security excellence and frictionless secrets management experience. Enter a new era of cybersecurity innovation and continued excellence. By seamlessly integrating secrets based on logical environments and applications (assets), dynamic secrets management orchestrates and automates the secrets lifecycle management with other platform cohesive integrations. Enterprises can enhance security, streamline operations, fasten development practices, avoid secrets sprawl, and improve overall compliance and DevSecOps practice. This enables the enterprises to enhance security, streamline operations, fasten development & deployment practices, avoid secrets spawls, and improve overall volume in shipping software with paved-road DevSecOps Practices, and improve developers’ productivity. By seamlessly integrating secrets based on logical environments and applications (assets), dynamic secrets management orchestrates and automates the application secrets lifecycle with other platform cohesive integrations. Organizations can enhance security, streamline operations, fasten development & deployment practices, avoid secrets sprawl, and improve overall volume in shipping software with paved-road DevSecOps practices. Most importantly, increases developer productivity.展开更多
The Internet of Things(IoT)has recently become a popular technology that can play increasingly important roles in every aspect of our daily life.For collaboration between IoT devices and edge cloud servers,edge server...The Internet of Things(IoT)has recently become a popular technology that can play increasingly important roles in every aspect of our daily life.For collaboration between IoT devices and edge cloud servers,edge server nodes provide the computation and storage capabilities for IoT devices through the task offloading process for accelerating tasks with large resource requests.However,the quantitative impact of different offloading architectures and policies on IoT applications’performance remains far from clear,especially with a dynamic and unpredictable range of connected physical and virtual devices.To this end,this work models the performance impact by exploiting a potential latency that exhibits within the environment of edge cloud.Also,it investigates and compares the effects of loosely-coupled(LC)and orchestrator-enabled(OE)architecture.The LC scheme can smoothly address task redistribution with less time consumption for the offloading sceneries with small scale and small task requests.Moreover,the OE scheme not only outperforms the LC scheme in the large-scale tasks requests and offloading occurs but also reduces the overall time by 28.19%.Finally,to achieve optimized solutions for optimal offloading placement with different constraints,orchestration is important.展开更多
Abstract:Fog computing provides quality of service for cloud infrastructure.As the data computation intensifies,edge computing becomes difficult.Therefore,mobile fog computing is used for reducing traffic and the time...Abstract:Fog computing provides quality of service for cloud infrastructure.As the data computation intensifies,edge computing becomes difficult.Therefore,mobile fog computing is used for reducing traffic and the time for data computation in the network.In previous studies,software-defined networking(SDN)and network functions virtualization(NFV)were used separately in edge computing.Current industrial and academic research is tackling to integrate SDN and NFV in different environments to address the challenges in performance,reliability,and scalability.SDN/NFV is still in development.The traditional Internet of things(IoT)data analysis system is only based on a linear and time-variant system that needs an IoT data system with a high-precision model.This paper proposes a combined architecture of SDN and NFV on an edge node server for IoT devices to reduce the computational complexity in cloud-based fog computing.SDN provides a generalization structure of the forwarding plane,which is separated from the control plane.Meanwhile,NFV concentrates on virtualization by combining the forwarding model with virtual network functions(VNFs)as a single or chain of VNFs,which leads to interoperability and consistency.The orchestrator layer in the proposed software-defined NFV is responsible for handling real-time tasks by using an edge node server through the SDN controller via four actions:task creation,modification,operation,and completion.Our proposed architecture is simulated on the EstiNet simulator,and total time delay,reliability,and satisfaction are used as evaluation parameters.The simulation results are compared with the results of existing architectures,such as software-defined unified virtual monitoring function and ASTP,to analyze the performance of the proposed architecture.The analysis results indicate that our proposed architecture achieves better performance in terms of total time delay(1800 s for 200 IoT devices),reliability(90%),and satisfaction(90%).展开更多
It's promising to use Software-Defined Networking(SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization(NFV) to integrate satellite and terrestrial networks. To construct network service function chains in such a multi-domain...It's promising to use Software-Defined Networking(SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization(NFV) to integrate satellite and terrestrial networks. To construct network service function chains in such a multi-domain environment, we propose a horizontal-based Multi-domain Service Function Chaining(Md-SFC) orchestration framework. In this framework, multi-domain orchestrators can coordinate with each other to guarantee the end-to-end service quality. Intra-domain orchestrators also coordinate SDN controllers and NFV management components to implement intra-domain service function chains. Based on this, we further propose a heuristic SFC mapping algorithm with a cooperative inter-domain path calculation method to map service function chains to infrastructures. In this method, master multi-domain orchestrator and intra-domain orchestrators coordinate to select proper inter-domain links. We compare the cooperative method with a naive uncooperative way that domains' topology information is provided to the master multi-domain orchestrator and it calculates the shortest inter-domain path between intra-domain service function chains directly. Simulation results demonstrate that our solution is feasible. It is able to construct end-to-end performance guaranteed service function chain by horizontal-based cooperation. The cooperative inter-domain path calculation method decreasesthe mapping load for the master orchestrator and gets the same end-to-end performance.展开更多
Current orchestration and choreography process engines only serve with dedicate process languages.To solve these problems,an Event-driven Process Execution Model(EPEM) was developed.Formalization and mapping principle...Current orchestration and choreography process engines only serve with dedicate process languages.To solve these problems,an Event-driven Process Execution Model(EPEM) was developed.Formalization and mapping principles of the model were presented to guarantee the correctness and efficiency for process transformation.As a case study,the EPEM descriptions of Web Services Business Process Execution Language(WS-BPEL) were represented and a Process Virtual Machine(PVM)-OncePVM was implemented in compliance with the EPEM.展开更多
New and emerging use cases, such as the interconnection of geographically distributed data centers(DCs), are drawing attention to the requirement for dynamic end-to-end service provisioning, spanning multiple and hete...New and emerging use cases, such as the interconnection of geographically distributed data centers(DCs), are drawing attention to the requirement for dynamic end-to-end service provisioning, spanning multiple and heterogeneous optical network domains. This heterogeneity is, not only due to the diverse data transmission and switching technologies, but also due to the different options of control plane techniques. In light of this, the problem of heterogeneous control plane interworking needs to be solved, and in particular, the solution must address the specific issues of multi-domain networks, such as limited domain topology visibility, given the scalability and confidentiality constraints. In this article, some of the recent activities regarding the Software-Defined Networking(SDN) orchestration are reviewed to address such a multi-domain control plane interworking problem. Specifically, three different models, including the single SDN controller model, multiple SDN controllers in mesh, and multiple SDN controllers in a hierarchical setting, are presented for the DC interconnection network with multiple SDN/Open Flow domains or multiple Open Flow/Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching( GMPLS) heterogeneous domains. I n addition, two concrete implementations of the orchestration architectures are detailed, showing the overall feasibility and procedures of SDN orchestration for the end-to-endservice provisioning in multi-domain data center optical networks.展开更多
Software.defined networking(SDN) enables third.part companies to participate in the network function innovations. A number of instances for one network function will inevitably co.exist in the network. Although some o...Software.defined networking(SDN) enables third.part companies to participate in the network function innovations. A number of instances for one network function will inevitably co.exist in the network. Although some orchestration architecture has been proposed to chain network functions, rare works are focused on how to optimize this process. In this paper, we propose an optimized model for network function orchestration, function combination model(FCM). Our main contributions are as following. First, network functions are featured with a new abstraction, and are open to external providers. And FCM identifies network functions using unique type, and organizes their instances distributed over the network with the appropriate way. Second, with the specialized demands, we can combine function instances under the global network views, and formulate it into the problem of Boolean linear program(BLP). A simulated annealing algorithm is designed to approach optimal solution for this BLP. Finally, the numerical experiment demonstrates that our model can create outstanding composite schemas efficiently.展开更多
基金partially supported by Asia Pacific University of Technology&Innovation(APU)Bukit Jalil,Kuala Lumpur,MalaysiaThe funding body had no role in the study design,data collection,analysis,interpretation,or writing of the manuscript.
文摘Kubernetes has become the dominant container orchestration platform,withwidespread adoption across industries.However,its default pod-to-pod communicationmechanism introduces security vulnerabilities,particularly IP spoofing attacks.Attackers can exploit this weakness to impersonate legitimate pods,enabling unauthorized access,lateral movement,and large-scale Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)attacks.Existing security mechanisms such as network policies and intrusion detection systems introduce latency and performance overhead,making them less effective in dynamic Kubernetes environments.This research presents PodCA,an eBPF-based security framework designed to detect and prevent IP spoofing in real time while minimizing performance impact.PodCA integrates with Kubernetes’Container Network Interface(CNI)and uses eBPF to monitor and validate packet metadata at the kernel level.It maintains a container network mapping table that tracks pod IP assignments,validates packet legitimacy before forwarding,and ensures network integrity.If an attack is detected,PodCA automatically blocks spoofed packets and,in cases of repeated attempts,terminates compromised pods to prevent further exploitation.Experimental evaluation on an AWS Kubernetes cluster demonstrates that PodCA detects and prevents spoofed packets with 100%accuracy.Additionally,resource consumption analysis reveals minimal overhead,with a CPU increase of only 2–3%per node and memory usage rising by 40–60 MB.These results highlight the effectiveness of eBPF in securing Kubernetes environments with low overhead,making it a scalable and efficient security solution for containerized applications.
基金supported by the“Pioneer and Leading Goose+X”research and development program of Zhejiang Province Science and Technology Department(2024C03193)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82271026)Start-up Fund of Stomatology Hospital,School of Stomatology,Zhejiang University School of Medicine(2023PDF017).
文摘Bone repair and regeneration is a complex spatiotemporal process recruiting a variety of cell types,which need to precisely mediated for effective healing post-damage.The concept of osteoimmunology emphasizes the extensive and intricate crosstalk between the bone and the immune system.Despite the significant advancements in understanding osteoimmunology,the precise role of dendritic cells(DCs)in this field remains under investigation.As key antigen-presenting cells,DCs are critical in orchestrating adaptive immune responses and maintaining tissue homeostasis.Recent researches have further revealed the potential of DCs to influence the development or acceleration of inflammatory and autoimmune bone disease,as well as their interaction with skeletal cells in the context of bone repair and regeneration.
基金supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2020YFA0803301)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2024QH181)The Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade C)of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.GZC20240770).
文摘Phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate(PIP_(2))to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate(PIP_(3)),a key second messenger that orchestrates downstream signaling by recruiting and activating effector proteins,such as protein kinase B(AKT).PI3Ks are categorized into four classes(IA,IB,II,and III)based on structural characteristics and substrate preferences1.Class IA PI3K enzymes are heterodimeric complexes composed of a catalytic subunit(p110α,p110β,or p110δ)and a regulatory subunit(p85α,p55α,p50α,p85β,or p55γ)2.Although the catalytic isoforms p110αand p110β,are ubiquitously expressed across tissues,p110δis predominantly found in leukocytes3.Notably,p85αfunctions as the primary regulatory subunit.
基金funded by Tongzhou District Health Development Research Reserve Project Foundation(No.KJ2024CX024)Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City(No.23JCQNJC01640)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82304393,22404122)Beijing Nova Program(No.Z211100002121127).
文摘Metal ions trigger Fenton/Fenton-like reactions,generating highly toxic hydroxyl radicals(•OH)for chemodynamic therapy(CDT),which is crucial in inducing lethal oxidative DNA damage and subsequent cell apoptosis.However,tumor cells can counteract this damage through repair pathways,particularly MutT homolog 1(MTH1)protein attenuation of oxidative DNA damage.Suppression of MTH1 can enhance CDT efficacy,therefore,orderly integrating Fenton/Fenton-like agents with an MTH1 inhibitor is expected to significantly augment CDT effectiveness.Carrier-free CuTH@CD,self-assembled through the supramolecular orchestration ofγ-cyclodextrin(γ-CD)with Cu^(2+)and the MTH1 inhibitor TH588,effectively overcoming tumor resistance by greatly amplifying oxidative damage capability.Without additional carriers and mediated by multiple supramolecular regulatory effects,CuTH@CD enables high drug loading content,stability,and uniform size distribution.Upon internalization by tumor cells,CuTH@CD invalidates repair pathways through Cu^(2+)-mediated glutathione(GSH)depletion and TH588-mediated MTH1 inhibition.Meanwhile,both generated Cu^(+)ions and existing ones within the nanoassembly initiate a Fentonlike reaction,leading to the accumulation of•OH.This strategy enhances CDT efficiency with minimal side effects,improving oxidative damage potency and advancing self-delivery nanoplatforms for developing effective chemodynamic tumor therapies.
基金This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University under Grant Number(DSR2022-RG-0102).
文摘Software Defined Network(SDN)and Network Function Virtualization(NFV)technology promote several benefits to network operators,including reduced maintenance costs,increased network operational performance,simplified network lifecycle,and policies management.Network vulnerabilities try to modify services provided by Network Function Virtualization MANagement and Orchestration(NFV MANO),and malicious attacks in different scenarios disrupt the NFV Orchestrator(NFVO)and Virtualized Infrastructure Manager(VIM)lifecycle management related to network services or individual Virtualized Network Function(VNF).This paper proposes an anomaly detection mechanism that monitors threats in NFV MANO and manages promptly and adaptively to implement and handle security functions in order to enhance the quality of experience for end users.An anomaly detector investigates these identified risks and provides secure network services.It enables virtual network security functions and identifies anomalies in Kubernetes(a cloud-based platform).For training and testing purpose of the proposed approach,an intrusion-containing dataset is used that hold multiple malicious activities like a Smurf,Neptune,Teardrop,Pod,Land,IPsweep,etc.,categorized as Probing(Prob),Denial of Service(DoS),User to Root(U2R),and Remote to User(R2L)attacks.An anomaly detector is anticipated with the capabilities of a Machine Learning(ML)technique,making use of supervised learning techniques like Logistic Regression(LR),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),Naïve Bayes(NB),and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost).The proposed framework has been evaluated by deploying the identified ML algorithm on a Jupyter notebook in Kubeflow to simulate Kubernetes for validation purposes.RF classifier has shown better outcomes(99.90%accuracy)than other classifiers in detecting anomalies/intrusions in the containerized environment.
基金supported by the grants:PID2020-112675RBC44(ONOFRE-3),funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033Horizon Project RIGOUROUS funded by European Commission,GA:101095933TSI-063000-2021-{36,44,45,62}(Cerberus)funded by MAETD’s 2021 UNICO I+D Program.
文摘The management of network intelligence in Beyond 5G(B5G)networks encompasses the complex challenges of scalability,dynamicity,interoperability,privacy,and security.These are essential steps towards achieving the realization of truly ubiquitous Artificial Intelligence(AI)-based analytics,empowering seamless integration across the entire Continuum(Edge,Fog,Core,Cloud).This paper introduces a Federated Network Intelligence Orchestration approach aimed at scalable and automated Federated Learning(FL)-based anomaly detection in B5Gnetworks.By leveraging a horizontal Federated learning approach based on the FedAvg aggregation algorithm,which employs a deep autoencoder model trained on non-anomalous traffic samples to recognize normal behavior,the systemorchestrates network intelligence to detect and prevent cyber-attacks.Integrated into a B5G Zero-touch Service Management(ZSM)aligned Security Framework,the proposal utilizes multi-domain and multi-tenant orchestration to automate and scale the deployment of FL-agents and AI-based anomaly detectors,enhancing reaction capabilities against cyber-attacks.The proposed FL architecture can be dynamically deployed across the B5G Continuum,utilizing a hierarchy of Network Intelligence orchestrators for real-time anomaly and security threat handling.Implementation includes FL enforcement operations for interoperability and extensibility,enabling dynamic deployment,configuration,and reconfiguration on demand.Performance validation of the proposed solution was conducted through dynamic orchestration,FL,and real-time anomaly detection processes using a practical test environment.Analysis of key performance metrics,leveraging the 5G-NIDD dataset,demonstrates the system’s capability for automatic and near real-time handling of anomalies and attacks,including real-time network monitoring and countermeasure implementation for mitigation.
基金supported by the Social Scientific Research Foundation of China(21VSZ126).
文摘The future Sixth-Generation (6G) wireless systems are expected to encounter emerging services with diverserequirements. In this paper, 6G network resource orchestration is optimized to support customized networkslicing of services, and place network functions generated by heterogeneous devices into available resources.This is a combinatorial optimization problem that is solved by developing a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)based scheduling strategy with enhanced inertia weight, particle variation, and nonlinear learning factor, therebybalancing the local and global solutions and improving the convergence speed to globally near-optimal solutions.Simulations show that the method improves the convergence speed and the utilization of network resourcescompared with other variants of PSO.
文摘This paper examines how cybersecurity is developing and how it relates to more conventional information security. Although information security and cyber security are sometimes used synonymously, this study contends that they are not the same. The concept of cyber security is explored, which goes beyond protecting information resources to include a wider variety of assets, including people [1]. Protecting information assets is the main goal of traditional information security, with consideration to the human element and how people fit into the security process. On the other hand, cyber security adds a new level of complexity, as people might unintentionally contribute to or become targets of cyberattacks. This aspect presents moral questions since it is becoming more widely accepted that society has a duty to protect weaker members of society, including children [1]. The study emphasizes how important cyber security is on a larger scale, with many countries creating plans and laws to counteract cyberattacks. Nevertheless, a lot of these sources frequently neglect to define the differences or the relationship between information security and cyber security [1]. The paper focus on differentiating between cybersecurity and information security on a larger scale. The study also highlights other areas of cybersecurity which includes defending people, social norms, and vital infrastructure from threats that arise from online in addition to information and technology protection. It contends that ethical issues and the human factor are becoming more and more important in protecting assets in the digital age, and that cyber security is a paradigm shift in this regard [1].
文摘In the relentless quest for digital sovereignty, organizations face an unprecedented challenge in safeguarding sensitive information, protecting against cyber threats, and maintaining regulatory compliance. This manuscript unveils a revolutionary blueprint for cyber resilience, empowering organizations to transcend the limitations of traditional cybersecurity paradigms and forge ahead into uncharted territories of data security excellence and frictionless secrets management experience. Enter a new era of cybersecurity innovation and continued excellence. By seamlessly integrating secrets based on logical environments and applications (assets), dynamic secrets management orchestrates and automates the secrets lifecycle management with other platform cohesive integrations. Enterprises can enhance security, streamline operations, fasten development practices, avoid secrets sprawl, and improve overall compliance and DevSecOps practice. This enables the enterprises to enhance security, streamline operations, fasten development & deployment practices, avoid secrets spawls, and improve overall volume in shipping software with paved-road DevSecOps Practices, and improve developers’ productivity. By seamlessly integrating secrets based on logical environments and applications (assets), dynamic secrets management orchestrates and automates the application secrets lifecycle with other platform cohesive integrations. Organizations can enhance security, streamline operations, fasten development & deployment practices, avoid secrets sprawl, and improve overall volume in shipping software with paved-road DevSecOps practices. Most importantly, increases developer productivity.
文摘The Internet of Things(IoT)has recently become a popular technology that can play increasingly important roles in every aspect of our daily life.For collaboration between IoT devices and edge cloud servers,edge server nodes provide the computation and storage capabilities for IoT devices through the task offloading process for accelerating tasks with large resource requests.However,the quantitative impact of different offloading architectures and policies on IoT applications’performance remains far from clear,especially with a dynamic and unpredictable range of connected physical and virtual devices.To this end,this work models the performance impact by exploiting a potential latency that exhibits within the environment of edge cloud.Also,it investigates and compares the effects of loosely-coupled(LC)and orchestrator-enabled(OE)architecture.The LC scheme can smoothly address task redistribution with less time consumption for the offloading sceneries with small scale and small task requests.Moreover,the OE scheme not only outperforms the LC scheme in the large-scale tasks requests and offloading occurs but also reduces the overall time by 28.19%.Finally,to achieve optimized solutions for optimal offloading placement with different constraints,orchestration is important.
文摘Abstract:Fog computing provides quality of service for cloud infrastructure.As the data computation intensifies,edge computing becomes difficult.Therefore,mobile fog computing is used for reducing traffic and the time for data computation in the network.In previous studies,software-defined networking(SDN)and network functions virtualization(NFV)were used separately in edge computing.Current industrial and academic research is tackling to integrate SDN and NFV in different environments to address the challenges in performance,reliability,and scalability.SDN/NFV is still in development.The traditional Internet of things(IoT)data analysis system is only based on a linear and time-variant system that needs an IoT data system with a high-precision model.This paper proposes a combined architecture of SDN and NFV on an edge node server for IoT devices to reduce the computational complexity in cloud-based fog computing.SDN provides a generalization structure of the forwarding plane,which is separated from the control plane.Meanwhile,NFV concentrates on virtualization by combining the forwarding model with virtual network functions(VNFs)as a single or chain of VNFs,which leads to interoperability and consistency.The orchestrator layer in the proposed software-defined NFV is responsible for handling real-time tasks by using an edge node server through the SDN controller via four actions:task creation,modification,operation,and completion.Our proposed architecture is simulated on the EstiNet simulator,and total time delay,reliability,and satisfaction are used as evaluation parameters.The simulation results are compared with the results of existing architectures,such as software-defined unified virtual monitoring function and ASTP,to analyze the performance of the proposed architecture.The analysis results indicate that our proposed architecture achieves better performance in terms of total time delay(1800 s for 200 IoT devices),reliability(90%),and satisfaction(90%).
基金supported by National High Technology of China ("863 program") under Grant No. 2015AA015702NSAF under Grant No.U1530118+1 种基金NSFC under Grant No.61602030National Basic Research Program of China ("973 program")under Grant No. 2013CB329101
文摘It's promising to use Software-Defined Networking(SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization(NFV) to integrate satellite and terrestrial networks. To construct network service function chains in such a multi-domain environment, we propose a horizontal-based Multi-domain Service Function Chaining(Md-SFC) orchestration framework. In this framework, multi-domain orchestrators can coordinate with each other to guarantee the end-to-end service quality. Intra-domain orchestrators also coordinate SDN controllers and NFV management components to implement intra-domain service function chains. Based on this, we further propose a heuristic SFC mapping algorithm with a cooperative inter-domain path calculation method to map service function chains to infrastructures. In this method, master multi-domain orchestrator and intra-domain orchestrators coordinate to select proper inter-domain links. We compare the cooperative method with a naive uncooperative way that domains' topology information is provided to the master multi-domain orchestrator and it calculates the shortest inter-domain path between intra-domain service function chains directly. Simulation results demonstrate that our solution is feasible. It is able to construct end-to-end performance guaranteed service function chain by horizontal-based cooperation. The cooperative inter-domain path calculation method decreasesthe mapping load for the master orchestrator and gets the same end-to-end performance.
文摘Current orchestration and choreography process engines only serve with dedicate process languages.To solve these problems,an Event-driven Process Execution Model(EPEM) was developed.Formalization and mapping principles of the model were presented to guarantee the correctness and efficiency for process transformation.As a case study,the EPEM descriptions of Web Services Business Process Execution Language(WS-BPEL) were represented and a Process Virtual Machine(PVM)-OncePVM was implemented in compliance with the EPEM.
文摘New and emerging use cases, such as the interconnection of geographically distributed data centers(DCs), are drawing attention to the requirement for dynamic end-to-end service provisioning, spanning multiple and heterogeneous optical network domains. This heterogeneity is, not only due to the diverse data transmission and switching technologies, but also due to the different options of control plane techniques. In light of this, the problem of heterogeneous control plane interworking needs to be solved, and in particular, the solution must address the specific issues of multi-domain networks, such as limited domain topology visibility, given the scalability and confidentiality constraints. In this article, some of the recent activities regarding the Software-Defined Networking(SDN) orchestration are reviewed to address such a multi-domain control plane interworking problem. Specifically, three different models, including the single SDN controller model, multiple SDN controllers in mesh, and multiple SDN controllers in a hierarchical setting, are presented for the DC interconnection network with multiple SDN/Open Flow domains or multiple Open Flow/Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching( GMPLS) heterogeneous domains. I n addition, two concrete implementations of the orchestration architectures are detailed, showing the overall feasibility and procedures of SDN orchestration for the end-to-endservice provisioning in multi-domain data center optical networks.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Fund Project (No.44603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61309020)+1 种基金the National key Research and Development Program of China (No.2016YFB0800100, 2016YFB0800101)the National Natural Science Fund for Creative Research Groups Project(No.61521003)
文摘Software.defined networking(SDN) enables third.part companies to participate in the network function innovations. A number of instances for one network function will inevitably co.exist in the network. Although some orchestration architecture has been proposed to chain network functions, rare works are focused on how to optimize this process. In this paper, we propose an optimized model for network function orchestration, function combination model(FCM). Our main contributions are as following. First, network functions are featured with a new abstraction, and are open to external providers. And FCM identifies network functions using unique type, and organizes their instances distributed over the network with the appropriate way. Second, with the specialized demands, we can combine function instances under the global network views, and formulate it into the problem of Boolean linear program(BLP). A simulated annealing algorithm is designed to approach optimal solution for this BLP. Finally, the numerical experiment demonstrates that our model can create outstanding composite schemas efficiently.
