Many studies on the mixture design of fly ash and slag ternary blended concrete have been conducted.However,these previous studies did not consider the effects of climate change,such as acceleration in the deteriorati...Many studies on the mixture design of fly ash and slag ternary blended concrete have been conducted.However,these previous studies did not consider the effects of climate change,such as acceleration in the deterioration of durability,on mixture design.This study presents a procedure for the optimal mixture design of termary blended concrete considering climate change and durability.First,the costs of CO2 emissions and material are calculated based on the concrete mixture and unit prices.Total cost is equal to the sum of material cost and CO2 emissions cost,and is set as the objective function of the optimization.Second,strength,slump,carbonation,and chloride ingress models are used to evaluate concrete properties.The effect of different climate change scenarios on carbonation and chloride ingress is considered.A genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal mixture considering various constraints.Third,ilustrative examples are shown for mixture design of ternary blended concrete.The analysis results show that for termary blended concrete exposed to an atmospheric environment,a rich mix is necessary to meet the challenge of climate change,and for termary blended concrete exposed to a marine environment,the impact of climate change on mixture design is marginal.展开更多
To create a gluten-free flour that closely mimic wheat in terms of its physico-chemical characteristics,a careful combination of several replacements is necessary.therefore,the goal of this study was to develop a comp...To create a gluten-free flour that closely mimic wheat in terms of its physico-chemical characteristics,a careful combination of several replacements is necessary.therefore,the goal of this study was to develop a composite flour devoid of gluten using rice(R),Cardaba banana(C),and pigeon pea(P)and to evaluate its technofunctional qualities.Using 12-runs optimal mixture experimental design,5 composite blends containing varying percentage of rice,Cardaba banana and pigeon pea flours were chosen based on dietary fiber.the blends containing 22%pigeon pea and above exhibited significantly higher protein(7.59-8.36 g/100 g),fiber(2.39-3.05 g/100 g),ash(1.94-2.34 g/100 g),total phenols(6.49-6.78 mg gallic acid equivalent/g),flavonoids(0.03-0.04 mg quercetin equivalent/g),and antioxidant properties in terms of ferric reducing antioxidant power,Fe2+-chelating capacity and·oH scavenging abilities.However,these flour blends,due to the large proportion of pigeon pea retained higher but tolerable level of some antinutritional factors such as phytate(4.53-7.00 mg/100 g),tannin(0.30-0.44 mg/g),and trypsin-inhibitor(8.69-10.49 mg/100 g).Conversely,dietary fiber(both soluble and insoluble),resistant starch,amylose,amylopectin,and essential micronutrients including Na,Ca,and Zn were the main features of R79-C06-P15 composite blend.a biplots in the context of principal component analysis model with 78%explained variance(R2=0.78),graphically revealed the distinctive nutritional and functional attributes of each of the flour blend.therefore,depending on the intended application,blends of rice,Cardaba banana,and pigeon pea flour at various percentages may result in a gluten-free flour with a range of nutritional and techno-functional properties.展开更多
基金This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT&Future Planning(No.2015R1A5A1037548)an NRF Grant(NRF-2020R1A2C4002093)This study was supported by a 2018 Research grant(POINT)from Kangwon National University.
文摘Many studies on the mixture design of fly ash and slag ternary blended concrete have been conducted.However,these previous studies did not consider the effects of climate change,such as acceleration in the deterioration of durability,on mixture design.This study presents a procedure for the optimal mixture design of termary blended concrete considering climate change and durability.First,the costs of CO2 emissions and material are calculated based on the concrete mixture and unit prices.Total cost is equal to the sum of material cost and CO2 emissions cost,and is set as the objective function of the optimization.Second,strength,slump,carbonation,and chloride ingress models are used to evaluate concrete properties.The effect of different climate change scenarios on carbonation and chloride ingress is considered.A genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal mixture considering various constraints.Third,ilustrative examples are shown for mixture design of ternary blended concrete.The analysis results show that for termary blended concrete exposed to an atmospheric environment,a rich mix is necessary to meet the challenge of climate change,and for termary blended concrete exposed to a marine environment,the impact of climate change on mixture design is marginal.
文摘To create a gluten-free flour that closely mimic wheat in terms of its physico-chemical characteristics,a careful combination of several replacements is necessary.therefore,the goal of this study was to develop a composite flour devoid of gluten using rice(R),Cardaba banana(C),and pigeon pea(P)and to evaluate its technofunctional qualities.Using 12-runs optimal mixture experimental design,5 composite blends containing varying percentage of rice,Cardaba banana and pigeon pea flours were chosen based on dietary fiber.the blends containing 22%pigeon pea and above exhibited significantly higher protein(7.59-8.36 g/100 g),fiber(2.39-3.05 g/100 g),ash(1.94-2.34 g/100 g),total phenols(6.49-6.78 mg gallic acid equivalent/g),flavonoids(0.03-0.04 mg quercetin equivalent/g),and antioxidant properties in terms of ferric reducing antioxidant power,Fe2+-chelating capacity and·oH scavenging abilities.However,these flour blends,due to the large proportion of pigeon pea retained higher but tolerable level of some antinutritional factors such as phytate(4.53-7.00 mg/100 g),tannin(0.30-0.44 mg/g),and trypsin-inhibitor(8.69-10.49 mg/100 g).Conversely,dietary fiber(both soluble and insoluble),resistant starch,amylose,amylopectin,and essential micronutrients including Na,Ca,and Zn were the main features of R79-C06-P15 composite blend.a biplots in the context of principal component analysis model with 78%explained variance(R2=0.78),graphically revealed the distinctive nutritional and functional attributes of each of the flour blend.therefore,depending on the intended application,blends of rice,Cardaba banana,and pigeon pea flour at various percentages may result in a gluten-free flour with a range of nutritional and techno-functional properties.
