Ergonomic reliability plays a significant role in the safe operation of devices.With the spread of infectious diseases around the world,in work environments with high loads and high infection rates,medical staff work ...Ergonomic reliability plays a significant role in the safe operation of devices.With the spread of infectious diseases around the world,in work environments with high loads and high infection rates,medical staff work in a state of high self-protection.The use of visual display terminal(VDT)for medical equipment has undergone fundamental changes,and the traditional medical equipment human-machine interface design needs to be improved.After the completion of design and development,a VDT design enters the experimental testing stage,which has significant limitations for simulating the work of medical staff in the high-load and high-infection environments.The testing cost is high,and subjects face harsh conditions;thus,an ergonomic reliability model that can predict the use of VDT in such special high-infection and high-load circumstances must be established.An ergonomic reliability model based on an improved backpropagation neural network(BPNN)and human cognition reliability(HCR)is proposed for predicting and evaluating operation flows according tomedical equipment VDTs.Firstly,a small data sample can be used to train BPNN to generate a network that can ensure suitable accuracy.To prevent the model from falling into local optimal solutions,the bat algorithm is introduced to improve the BPNN.Compared to a traditional BPNN,the superiority of the improved BPNN is clearly demonstrated.Secondly,the HCR method is used to analyze and highlight changes in the human factor reliability of VDTs for medical equipment in different time processes and operating processes according to BPNN prediction results,to provide a reference for selecting the optimalmethod.Finally,the validity and availability of the proposedmethod are verified through an eye tracker experiment and statistical analysis results.展开更多
On March 31, in accordance with the typical design requirements of the State Grid, the f irst large electric vehicle (EV) charging station, built by the North China Grid,
Capacitor-less 2T0C dynamic random-access memory(DRAM)employing oxide semiconductors(OSs)as a channel has great potential in the development of highly scaled three dimensional(3D)-structured devices.However,the use of...Capacitor-less 2T0C dynamic random-access memory(DRAM)employing oxide semiconductors(OSs)as a channel has great potential in the development of highly scaled three dimensional(3D)-structured devices.However,the use of OS and such device structures presents certain challenges,including the trade-off relationship between the field-effect mobility and stability of OSs.Conventional 4-line-based operation of the 2T0C enlarges the entire cell volume and complicates the peripheral circuit.Herein,we proposed an IGO(In-Ga-O)channel 2-line-based 2T0C cell design and operating sequences comparable to those of the conventional Si-channel 1 T1C DRAM.IGO was adopted to achieve high thermal stability above 800℃,and the process conditions were optimized to simultaneously obtain a high μFE of 90.7 cm^(2)·V^(-)1·s^(-1),positive Vth of 0.34 V,superior reliability,and uniformity.The proposed 2-line-based 2T0C DRAM cell successfully exhibited multi-bit operation,with the stored voltage varying from 0 V to 1 V at 0.1 V intervals.Furthermore,for stored voltage intervals of 0.1 V and 0.5 V,the refresh time was 10 s and 1000 s in multi-bit operation;these values were more than 150 and 15000 times longer than those of the conventional Si channel 1T1C DRAM,respectively.A monolithic stacked 2-line-based 2T0C DRAM was fabricated,and a multi-bit operation was confirmed.展开更多
The desulfuration system in the second phase project of Sanhe Power Plant is the first such system that adopts in-duct FGD with no-bypass design by domestic power plants.Different from that of the conventional FGD wit...The desulfuration system in the second phase project of Sanhe Power Plant is the first such system that adopts in-duct FGD with no-bypass design by domestic power plants.Different from that of the conventional FGD with bypass design,a running control mode,which is important for the security of the absorbing tower within the designed ranges,shall be made to ensure the flue gas temperature and dust concentration at the inlet of the absorbing tower.The stable running of the system shows that the control mode is feasible.展开更多
With the growing rate of automated vehicles(AVs)at the lower level of automation,the experimental tests are also in progress with vehicles at higher levels.In the absence of extended digital infrastructures and deploy...With the growing rate of automated vehicles(AVs)at the lower level of automation,the experimental tests are also in progress with vehicles at higher levels.In the absence of extended digital infrastructures and deployment of level 5 full automated vehicles,the physical infrastructure is required to maintain a fundamental role to enable their introduction in public roads.This paper focuses on lane support system(LSS)whose operational design domain(ODD)is strongly connected to the road characteristics and conditions.An experimental test was carried out with a state of the art,and LSS and advanced technologies were used for road monitoring on different roads under various environmental conditions including dry,wet pavements and rain.We applied the generalized estimation equation for logistic regression to account within-cluster homogeneity which is induced by repeated measures on the same road sections.Statistical models allow the identification of variables that are significant for the LSS fault probability among various effects of road features including marking,pavement distress,weather conditions,horizontal curvature,and cross section.Results pointed out the relevance of the wet retro-reflection of marking(RLw)and the horizontal curvature in the definition of ODD for LSS.Threshold values have been proposed for the tested LSS.Wet pavement doesn’t affect the LSS performance when compared to the dry condition.Rain was shown to be critical even with very good road characteristics.展开更多
For figuring out the stress interference of multiphase fracture combinations and its effect on the fracture initiation pressure of subsequent hydraulic fracturing,a calculation model for the coupled stress field with ...For figuring out the stress interference of multiphase fracture combinations and its effect on the fracture initiation pressure of subsequent hydraulic fracturing,a calculation model for the coupled stress field with multiple induced fractures preexisted was established based on the calculation model for the stress field with single induced fracture preexisted,and the change laws of circumferential stress field around the wellbore under the effect of induced stress were analyzed.Then,the fracture initiation pressure of subsequent hydraulic fracturing was calculated according to the fracturing mechanics criterion.Finally,the effects of the length,phase,horizontal principal stress difference co-efficient and quantity of preexisting fractures on its initiation pressure were analyzed.And the following research results were obtained.First,the circumferential stress difference in the area near the fractures behind the preexisting fractures increase greatly and even the horizontal principal stress is reversed.Second,as the length of new preexisting fractures increases,the initiation pressure of initial preexisting fractures rises first and then drops.And when the length of new preexisting fractures is equal to that of the initial preexisting fractures,the initiation pressure of initial preexisting fractures drops quickly first and then slowly.Third,the initiation pressure of high phase fractures is lower than that of low phase fractures.Fourth,with the increase of fracture quantity,the initiation pressure of new preexisting fractures drops gradually,but the decline trend of initiation pressure difference is not obvious.Fifth,the stress interference of multiphase fractures influences the fracture initiation pressure,and high-phase long fractures and low-phase short fractures are both favorable for the simultaneous initiation of multiphase fractures.Sixth,syn-chronous propagation of multiple fractures can generate more complicated stress interference and excite the evolution of hydraulic fracture network,so as to realize uniform fracturing stimulation.In conclusion,the research results can provide a theoretical guidance for the design of fracturing operation,e.g.perforation phase of blasting induced fracturing,scale of induced fractures,and pump pressure of subsequent hydraulic fracturing.展开更多
This paper investigates the machine detectability(MD)of road markings under various environmental conditions,crucial for the definition of operational design domains(ODD)of automated driving systems as well as the ass...This paper investigates the machine detectability(MD)of road markings under various environmental conditions,crucial for the definition of operational design domains(ODD)of automated driving systems as well as the assessment of operational domains(OD).By analysing the correlation between MD parameters,specifically contrast,gradient,and edge detectability,and common photometric properties of road markings currently used for maintenance management(retroreflectivity and daytime visibility),the paper aims to bridge the gap in current road marking detectability research and OD assessment.The methodology encompassed a detailed examination of road markings on a motorway under different lighting and weather conditions,employing both camera and Li DAR sensors for data collection.The findings reveal that the retroreflectivity is a consistent predictor for MD in camera images during nighttime and for Li DAR contrast in dry and moist conditions,whereas the daytime visibility fails to reliably predict MD in daytime conditions.Moreover,the study introduces a multi-parameter approach that transcends sole contrast analysis as well as the usage of off-the-shelf machine vision systems,proposing a new set of MD parameters for a broader and transparent evaluation of road marking detectability.This comprehensive assessment highlights the need for quality standards for road markings that would accommodate varying environmental impacts on MD of road markings.Ultimately,this research provides valuable insights and recommendations on research approaches to find demand-oriented minimum standards for MD of road markings,enabling comprehensive OD assessments,and facilitating safer navigation for automated vehicles.展开更多
The recovery of low temperature heat sources is a hot topic in the world.The ORC system can effectively use the low temperature heat source.As its main output device,the performance of the turbine is very important.Th...The recovery of low temperature heat sources is a hot topic in the world.The ORC system can effectively use the low temperature heat source.As its main output device,the performance of the turbine is very important.The single stage transonic turbine has the characteristics of small size and large output power.In this paper,the complete design process of a transonic centrifugal turbine with R245fa in low working temperature condition is introduced.At the design conditions,the shaft power and the wheel efficiency of the centrifugal turbine can reach 1.12 MW and 83.61%,respectively.In addition,a thermodynamic ORC cycle is presented and the off-design conditions of the turbine and its influence on the system are studied in detail.The results obtained in the present work show that the single-stage transonic centrifugal turbine can be regarded as a potential choice to be applied in small scale ORC systems.展开更多
Background:The development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology provides a new method for surgical treatment,but currently there are few reports on its application in the treatment of aneurysm.The aim of the ...Background:The development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology provides a new method for surgical treatment,but currently there are few reports on its application in the treatment of aneurysm.The aim of the present study was to explore the materials and methods of fabricating 3D printed individual aneurysm model and its value in the treatment of intracranial aneurysm.Methods:Twenty-four patients with intracranial aneurysm diagnosed by CTA who had undergone operation in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively.CTA Data collected at the time of surgery was used for reconstruction.Soft Mimics 17.0 was used to reconstruct the thin layer CTA scan data into 3D image and the final data was sent to the 3D printer for fabricating the model.We compared the proposed 3D printed model-based preoperative plan and the actual approach used in the surgery based on CTA data to evaluate the value of the 3D printed model in preoperative planning,and picked out the materials which were more suitable for the clinic.Results:Twenty-four aneurysm models with high degree of reality were fabricated successfully with 3D-printing technology.The patients' blood vessels,skulls and aneurysms were printed into the reality model at a ratio of 1:1.It is reported that the soft material-based,3D printed vascular and aneurysm model more closely resembled the characteristics of the real blood vessels,thus provides a better simulation compared to the plaster-based model.Compared with the original operation plan,3D printed model could be used for pre-operative aneurysm clip selection,and provide more intuitive information in selection of operational approach.Conclusions:3D printed model can be used as an operational physical model to design operative schemes,choose the best operative paths and select suitable aneurysm clips by its high simulation degree and individualized characteristics.The model is helpful for surgical planning,especially for the preoperative plan of treating refractory multiple aneurysms and giant aneurysms.展开更多
Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to design a unified operational design domain(ODD)monitoring framework for mitigating Safety of the Intended Functionality(SOTIF)risks triggered by vehicles exceeding ODD boundari...Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to design a unified operational design domain(ODD)monitoring framework for mitigating Safety of the Intended Functionality(SOTIF)risks triggered by vehicles exceeding ODD boundaries in complex traffic scenarios.Design/methodology/approach–A unified model of ODD monitoring is constructed,which consists of three modules:weather condition monitoring for unusual weather conditions,such as rain,snow and fog;vehicle behavior monitoring for abnormal vehicle behavior,such as traffic rule violations;and road condition monitoring for abnormal road conditions,such as road defects,unexpected obstacles and slippery roads.Additionally,the applications of the proposed unified ODD monitoring framework are demonstrated.The practicability and effectiveness of the proposed unified ODD monitoring framework for mitigating SOTIF risk are verified in the applications.Findings–First,the application of weather condition monitoring demonstrates that the autonomous vehicle can make a safe decision based on the performance degradation of Lidar on rainy days using the proposed monitoring framework.Second,the application of vehicle behavior monitoring demonstrates that the autonomous vehicle can properly adhere to traffic rules using the proposed monitoring framework.Third,the application of road condition monitoring demonstrates that the proposed unified ODD monitoring framework enables the ego vehicle to successfully monitor and avoid road defects.Originality/value–The value of this paper is that the proposed unified ODD monitoring framework establishes a new foundation for monitoring and mitigating SOTIF risks in complex traffic environments.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51905116)Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (Item No.2020A1515111141)+3 种基金The 13th Five-Year Plan Youth Project of Philosophy and Social Science of Guangdong Province (GD20YYS03)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (No.201904010463)Youth Innovative Talent Projects from Ordinary University of Guangdong Province (2019WQNCX099)Innovation Training Program for College Students in Guangdong Province (S202111078058).
文摘Ergonomic reliability plays a significant role in the safe operation of devices.With the spread of infectious diseases around the world,in work environments with high loads and high infection rates,medical staff work in a state of high self-protection.The use of visual display terminal(VDT)for medical equipment has undergone fundamental changes,and the traditional medical equipment human-machine interface design needs to be improved.After the completion of design and development,a VDT design enters the experimental testing stage,which has significant limitations for simulating the work of medical staff in the high-load and high-infection environments.The testing cost is high,and subjects face harsh conditions;thus,an ergonomic reliability model that can predict the use of VDT in such special high-infection and high-load circumstances must be established.An ergonomic reliability model based on an improved backpropagation neural network(BPNN)and human cognition reliability(HCR)is proposed for predicting and evaluating operation flows according tomedical equipment VDTs.Firstly,a small data sample can be used to train BPNN to generate a network that can ensure suitable accuracy.To prevent the model from falling into local optimal solutions,the bat algorithm is introduced to improve the BPNN.Compared to a traditional BPNN,the superiority of the improved BPNN is clearly demonstrated.Secondly,the HCR method is used to analyze and highlight changes in the human factor reliability of VDTs for medical equipment in different time processes and operating processes according to BPNN prediction results,to provide a reference for selecting the optimalmethod.Finally,the validity and availability of the proposedmethod are verified through an eye tracker experiment and statistical analysis results.
文摘On March 31, in accordance with the typical design requirements of the State Grid, the f irst large electric vehicle (EV) charging station, built by the North China Grid,
基金supported by the Technology Innovation Program(Grant Nos.20017382 and 20023023)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Republic of Korea)supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean Government(MSIT)(Grant No.RS-2023-00260527).
文摘Capacitor-less 2T0C dynamic random-access memory(DRAM)employing oxide semiconductors(OSs)as a channel has great potential in the development of highly scaled three dimensional(3D)-structured devices.However,the use of OS and such device structures presents certain challenges,including the trade-off relationship between the field-effect mobility and stability of OSs.Conventional 4-line-based operation of the 2T0C enlarges the entire cell volume and complicates the peripheral circuit.Herein,we proposed an IGO(In-Ga-O)channel 2-line-based 2T0C cell design and operating sequences comparable to those of the conventional Si-channel 1 T1C DRAM.IGO was adopted to achieve high thermal stability above 800℃,and the process conditions were optimized to simultaneously obtain a high μFE of 90.7 cm^(2)·V^(-)1·s^(-1),positive Vth of 0.34 V,superior reliability,and uniformity.The proposed 2-line-based 2T0C DRAM cell successfully exhibited multi-bit operation,with the stored voltage varying from 0 V to 1 V at 0.1 V intervals.Furthermore,for stored voltage intervals of 0.1 V and 0.5 V,the refresh time was 10 s and 1000 s in multi-bit operation;these values were more than 150 and 15000 times longer than those of the conventional Si channel 1T1C DRAM,respectively.A monolithic stacked 2-line-based 2T0C DRAM was fabricated,and a multi-bit operation was confirmed.
文摘The desulfuration system in the second phase project of Sanhe Power Plant is the first such system that adopts in-duct FGD with no-bypass design by domestic power plants.Different from that of the conventional FGD with bypass design,a running control mode,which is important for the security of the absorbing tower within the designed ranges,shall be made to ensure the flue gas temperature and dust concentration at the inlet of the absorbing tower.The stable running of the system shows that the control mode is feasible.
基金partially financed by“Astro Database”Project of the University of Catania
文摘With the growing rate of automated vehicles(AVs)at the lower level of automation,the experimental tests are also in progress with vehicles at higher levels.In the absence of extended digital infrastructures and deployment of level 5 full automated vehicles,the physical infrastructure is required to maintain a fundamental role to enable their introduction in public roads.This paper focuses on lane support system(LSS)whose operational design domain(ODD)is strongly connected to the road characteristics and conditions.An experimental test was carried out with a state of the art,and LSS and advanced technologies were used for road monitoring on different roads under various environmental conditions including dry,wet pavements and rain.We applied the generalized estimation equation for logistic regression to account within-cluster homogeneity which is induced by repeated measures on the same road sections.Statistical models allow the identification of variables that are significant for the LSS fault probability among various effects of road features including marking,pavement distress,weather conditions,horizontal curvature,and cross section.Results pointed out the relevance of the wet retro-reflection of marking(RLw)and the horizontal curvature in the definition of ODD for LSS.Threshold values have been proposed for the tested LSS.Wet pavement doesn’t affect the LSS performance when compared to the dry condition.Rain was shown to be critical even with very good road characteristics.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,“Microscopic Damage Mechanism of Saturated Brittle Rock during Blasting Induced Fracturing and Its Control Law on Macroscopic Damage”(No.51874339)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,“Study on the Coupled Response Mechanism of Crack Propagation and Rock Damage in the fracturing condition of multistage strong pulse”(No.ZR2016EEQ04)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China,“Study on the Mechanical Mechanism of Multistage Blasting Induced SRV in Deep-Seated Tight Reservoirs with High Horizontal Stress Difference”(No.17CX05004).
文摘For figuring out the stress interference of multiphase fracture combinations and its effect on the fracture initiation pressure of subsequent hydraulic fracturing,a calculation model for the coupled stress field with multiple induced fractures preexisted was established based on the calculation model for the stress field with single induced fracture preexisted,and the change laws of circumferential stress field around the wellbore under the effect of induced stress were analyzed.Then,the fracture initiation pressure of subsequent hydraulic fracturing was calculated according to the fracturing mechanics criterion.Finally,the effects of the length,phase,horizontal principal stress difference co-efficient and quantity of preexisting fractures on its initiation pressure were analyzed.And the following research results were obtained.First,the circumferential stress difference in the area near the fractures behind the preexisting fractures increase greatly and even the horizontal principal stress is reversed.Second,as the length of new preexisting fractures increases,the initiation pressure of initial preexisting fractures rises first and then drops.And when the length of new preexisting fractures is equal to that of the initial preexisting fractures,the initiation pressure of initial preexisting fractures drops quickly first and then slowly.Third,the initiation pressure of high phase fractures is lower than that of low phase fractures.Fourth,with the increase of fracture quantity,the initiation pressure of new preexisting fractures drops gradually,but the decline trend of initiation pressure difference is not obvious.Fifth,the stress interference of multiphase fractures influences the fracture initiation pressure,and high-phase long fractures and low-phase short fractures are both favorable for the simultaneous initiation of multiphase fractures.Sixth,syn-chronous propagation of multiple fractures can generate more complicated stress interference and excite the evolution of hydraulic fracture network,so as to realize uniform fracturing stimulation.In conclusion,the research results can provide a theoretical guidance for the design of fracturing operation,e.g.perforation phase of blasting induced fracturing,scale of induced fractures,and pump pressure of subsequent hydraulic fracturing.
基金the German Federal Highway Research Institute(BASt)project FE 0.3.0590/2019/EGB,which funded part of the measurements in this study。
文摘This paper investigates the machine detectability(MD)of road markings under various environmental conditions,crucial for the definition of operational design domains(ODD)of automated driving systems as well as the assessment of operational domains(OD).By analysing the correlation between MD parameters,specifically contrast,gradient,and edge detectability,and common photometric properties of road markings currently used for maintenance management(retroreflectivity and daytime visibility),the paper aims to bridge the gap in current road marking detectability research and OD assessment.The methodology encompassed a detailed examination of road markings on a motorway under different lighting and weather conditions,employing both camera and Li DAR sensors for data collection.The findings reveal that the retroreflectivity is a consistent predictor for MD in camera images during nighttime and for Li DAR contrast in dry and moist conditions,whereas the daytime visibility fails to reliably predict MD in daytime conditions.Moreover,the study introduces a multi-parameter approach that transcends sole contrast analysis as well as the usage of off-the-shelf machine vision systems,proposing a new set of MD parameters for a broader and transparent evaluation of road marking detectability.This comprehensive assessment highlights the need for quality standards for road markings that would accommodate varying environmental impacts on MD of road markings.Ultimately,this research provides valuable insights and recommendations on research approaches to find demand-oriented minimum standards for MD of road markings,enabling comprehensive OD assessments,and facilitating safer navigation for automated vehicles.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51536006)supported by Shanghai Science and Technology Committee with Grant No.17060502300
文摘The recovery of low temperature heat sources is a hot topic in the world.The ORC system can effectively use the low temperature heat source.As its main output device,the performance of the turbine is very important.The single stage transonic turbine has the characteristics of small size and large output power.In this paper,the complete design process of a transonic centrifugal turbine with R245fa in low working temperature condition is introduced.At the design conditions,the shaft power and the wheel efficiency of the centrifugal turbine can reach 1.12 MW and 83.61%,respectively.In addition,a thermodynamic ORC cycle is presented and the off-design conditions of the turbine and its influence on the system are studied in detail.The results obtained in the present work show that the single-stage transonic centrifugal turbine can be regarded as a potential choice to be applied in small scale ORC systems.
文摘Background:The development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology provides a new method for surgical treatment,but currently there are few reports on its application in the treatment of aneurysm.The aim of the present study was to explore the materials and methods of fabricating 3D printed individual aneurysm model and its value in the treatment of intracranial aneurysm.Methods:Twenty-four patients with intracranial aneurysm diagnosed by CTA who had undergone operation in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively.CTA Data collected at the time of surgery was used for reconstruction.Soft Mimics 17.0 was used to reconstruct the thin layer CTA scan data into 3D image and the final data was sent to the 3D printer for fabricating the model.We compared the proposed 3D printed model-based preoperative plan and the actual approach used in the surgery based on CTA data to evaluate the value of the 3D printed model in preoperative planning,and picked out the materials which were more suitable for the clinic.Results:Twenty-four aneurysm models with high degree of reality were fabricated successfully with 3D-printing technology.The patients' blood vessels,skulls and aneurysms were printed into the reality model at a ratio of 1:1.It is reported that the soft material-based,3D printed vascular and aneurysm model more closely resembled the characteristics of the real blood vessels,thus provides a better simulation compared to the plaster-based model.Compared with the original operation plan,3D printed model could be used for pre-operative aneurysm clip selection,and provide more intuitive information in selection of operational approach.Conclusions:3D printed model can be used as an operational physical model to design operative schemes,choose the best operative paths and select suitable aneurysm clips by its high simulation degree and individualized characteristics.The model is helpful for surgical planning,especially for the preoperative plan of treating refractory multiple aneurysms and giant aneurysms.
基金the financial support of the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFB1600303)the National Science Foundation of China Project:(Grant Nos.U1964203 and 52072215).
文摘Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to design a unified operational design domain(ODD)monitoring framework for mitigating Safety of the Intended Functionality(SOTIF)risks triggered by vehicles exceeding ODD boundaries in complex traffic scenarios.Design/methodology/approach–A unified model of ODD monitoring is constructed,which consists of three modules:weather condition monitoring for unusual weather conditions,such as rain,snow and fog;vehicle behavior monitoring for abnormal vehicle behavior,such as traffic rule violations;and road condition monitoring for abnormal road conditions,such as road defects,unexpected obstacles and slippery roads.Additionally,the applications of the proposed unified ODD monitoring framework are demonstrated.The practicability and effectiveness of the proposed unified ODD monitoring framework for mitigating SOTIF risk are verified in the applications.Findings–First,the application of weather condition monitoring demonstrates that the autonomous vehicle can make a safe decision based on the performance degradation of Lidar on rainy days using the proposed monitoring framework.Second,the application of vehicle behavior monitoring demonstrates that the autonomous vehicle can properly adhere to traffic rules using the proposed monitoring framework.Third,the application of road condition monitoring demonstrates that the proposed unified ODD monitoring framework enables the ego vehicle to successfully monitor and avoid road defects.Originality/value–The value of this paper is that the proposed unified ODD monitoring framework establishes a new foundation for monitoring and mitigating SOTIF risks in complex traffic environments.
