Iron nickel oxide catalysts were prepared using co-precipitation procedure and studied for the conversion of synthesis gas to light olefins.In particular,the effects of a range of preparation variables such as Fe/Ni m...Iron nickel oxide catalysts were prepared using co-precipitation procedure and studied for the conversion of synthesis gas to light olefins.In particular,the effects of a range of preparation variables such as Fe/Ni molar ratios of the precipitation solution,precipitate aging times,calcination conditions,different supports and loading of optimum support on the structure of catalysts and their catalytic performance for the tested reaction were investigated.It was found that the catalyst containing 40%Fe/60%Ni/40wt%Al 2O3 ,which was aged for 180 min and calcined at 600 ℃ for 6 h was the optimum modified catalyst.The catalytic performance of optimal catalyst has been studied in different operation conditions such as reaction temperatures,H2 /CO molar feed ratios and reaction total pressure.Characterization of both precursors and calcined catalysts was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET） surface area measurements,thermal analysis methods such as thermal gravimetric analysis（TGA） and differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）.展开更多
Lifetime isone of the important indicators of automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cells. People used to evaluate the lifetime of vehicular fuel cells by laboratory tests or road tests that usually take thousands ...Lifetime isone of the important indicators of automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cells. People used to evaluate the lifetime of vehicular fuel cells by laboratory tests or road tests that usually take thousands hours even years. In order to achieve a rapid evaluation technique and to seek lifetime extension methods, a lifetime calculation formation was drawn out in consideration of the vehicle driving cycle and the working condition factors. Bench experiments were individually carried out on two fuel-cell stacks same as ones applied on vehicle, and the performance decay rates of the two stacks were obtained under four operation conditions of changing load cycle, start-stop cycle, idling and heavy load. As a result, the predicted lifetimes rather conform to the actual running status in road test. And the research on the fuel cell performance decay rates under different load conditions was also done. Consequently, an unexpected finding was discovered that operating under micro-current has an effect on recovering fuel cell performance. The vehicle fuel cell rapid assessment method only requires four laboratory tests of driving cycle, load cycle, idle operating conditions and heavy load conditions, and the whole process merely lasts less than 250 h. These experimental results can be used to predict the vehicular fuel cell lifetimes on various utility models or driving cycles, therefore to optimize the application model to prolong the fuel cell lifetime. Actually in the experiment, it has already been proved successfully that the fuel cell lifetime could be extended from 1 100 h to 2 600 h by optimizing operating mode. The quick evaluation method is helpful to develop extended life fuel cell and to deplete fuel cell for a longer time.展开更多
Effects of operation conditions such as ladle temperature, remining time of molten steel, slag basicity, slag oxidation, slag viscosity , vacuum treatment, ultra-high temperature, gas blowing and stirring, intermitten...Effects of operation conditions such as ladle temperature, remining time of molten steel, slag basicity, slag oxidation, slag viscosity , vacuum treatment, ultra-high temperature, gas blowing and stirring, intermittent operation, and different refining equipment on service life of ladle lining refractories were researched. The following conclusions are drawn ： （1） molten steel temperature rising, remaiaing time prolonging, slag oxidation ability enhancing, slag viscosity and basicity decreasing can aecelerate the corrosion of ladle lining ; （2） ultra-high temperature and vacuum treatment of ladle not only acceler- ate the fusion corrasion of ladle lining, but also make the carbon containing refractories react forming gases leading to more corrosion, so carbon containing refractories are not stdtable.for the smelting conditions of long term vacuum treatment and ultra-high temperature, especially carbon containing refractories added with conventional additives such as A1 and Si powders ; （ 3 ） argon blowing does not accelerate the corrosion of ladle lining obvioasly, but oxygen blowing does; （4） the corrosion degree of refractories varies with the refining equipment, and the service life of ladle lining decreases according to a certain proportion with the refining ratio increasing.展开更多
The influences of reaction temperature,duration,pressure,and catalyst concentration on the molecular transformation of residual slurry phase hydrocracking process were investigated.The molecular composition of the het...The influences of reaction temperature,duration,pressure,and catalyst concentration on the molecular transformation of residual slurry phase hydrocracking process were investigated.The molecular composition of the heteroatom compounds in the residue feedstock and its upgrading products were characterized using high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry coupled with multiple ionization methods.The simultaneous promotion of cracking and hydrogenation reactions was observed with increasing of the reaction temperature and time.Specifically,there was a significant increase in the cracking degree of alkyl side chain,while the removal of low-condensation sulfur compounds such as sulfides and benzothiophenes was enhanced.In particular,the cracking reactions were more significantly facilitated by high temperatures,while an appropriately extended reaction time can result in the complete elimination of the aforementioned sulfur compounds with a lower degree of condensation.Under conditions of low hydrogen pressure and catalyst concentration,the products still exhibit a high relative abundance of easily convertible compounds such as sulfoxides,indicating a significant deficiency in the effectiveness of hydrogenation.The hydrogen pressure exhibits an optimal value,beyond which further increments have no effect on the composition and performance of the liquid product but can increase the yield of the liquid product.At significantly high catalyst concentration,the effect of desulfurization and deoxidation slightly diminishes,while the aromatic saturation of highly condensed compounds was notably enhanced.This hydrogenation saturation effect cannot be attained through manipulation of other operational parameters,thereby potentially benefiting subsequent product processing and utilization.This present study demonstrates a profound comprehension of the molecular-level residue slurry phase hydrocracking process,offering not only specific guide for process design and optimization but also valuable fundamental data for constructing reaction models at the molecular level.展开更多
Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))photoproduction in seawater with metal-free photocatalysts derived from biomass materials is a green,sustainable,and ultra environmentally friendly way.However,most photocatalysts are alwa...Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))photoproduction in seawater with metal-free photocatalysts derived from biomass materials is a green,sustainable,and ultra environmentally friendly way.However,most photocatalysts are always corroded or poisoned in seawater,resulting in a significantly reduced catalytic performance.Here,we report the metal-free photocatalysts(RUT-1 to RUT-5)with in-situ generated carbon dots(CDs)from biomass materials(Rutin)by a simple microwave-assisted pyrolysis method.Under visible light(λ≥420 nm,81.6 mW/cm^(2)),the optimized catalyst of RUT-4 is stable and can achieve a high H_(2)O_(2)yield of 330.36μmol/L in seawater,1.78 times higher than that in normal water.New transient potential scanning(TPS)tests are developed and operated to in-situ study the H_(2)O_(2)photoproduction of RUT-4 under operation condition.RUT-4 has strong oxygen(O_(2))absorption capacity,and the O_(2)reduction rate in seawater is higher than that in water.Metal cations in seawater further promote the photo-charge separation and facilitate the photo-reduction reaction.For RUT-4,the conduction band level under operating conditions only satisfies the requirement of O_(2)reduction but not for hydrogen(H2)evolution.This work provides new insights for the in-situ study of photocatalyst under operation condition,and gives a green and sustainable path for the H_(2)O_(2)photoproduction with metal-free catalysts in seawater.展开更多
This study explores the aerodynamic performance and flow field characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide(sCO_(2))centrifugal compressors under varying operating conditions.In particular,the Sandia main compresso...This study explores the aerodynamic performance and flow field characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide(sCO_(2))centrifugal compressors under varying operating conditions.In particular,the Sandia main compressor impeller model is used as a reference system.Through three-dimensional numerical simulations,we examine the Mach number distribution,temperature field,blade pressure pulsation spectra,and velocity field evolution,and identify accordingly the operating boundaries ensuring stability and the mechanisms responsible for performance degradation.Findings indicate a stable operating range for mass flow rate between 0.74 and 3.74 kg/s.At the lower limit(0.74 kg/s),the maximum Mach number within the compressor decreases by 28%,while the temperature gradient sharpens,entropy rises notably,and fluid density varies significantly.The maximum pressure near the blades increases by 6%,yet flow velocity near the blades and outlet declines,with a 19%reduction in peak speed.Consequently,isentropic efficiency falls by 13%.Conversely,at 3.74 kg/s,the maximum Mach number increases by 23.7%,with diminished temperature gradients and minor fluid density variations.However,insufficient enthalpy gain and intensified pressure pulsations near the blades result in a 12%pressure drop.Peak velocity within the impeller channel surges by 23%,amplifying velocity gradients,inducing flow separation,and ultimately reducing the pressure ratio from 1.47 to 1.34.展开更多
Predicting NO_(x)in the sintering process of iron ore powder in advance was helpful to adjust the denitrification process in time.Taking NO_(x)in the sintering process of iron ore powder as the object,the boxplot,empi...Predicting NO_(x)in the sintering process of iron ore powder in advance was helpful to adjust the denitrification process in time.Taking NO_(x)in the sintering process of iron ore powder as the object,the boxplot,empirical mode decomposition algorithm,Pearson correlation coefficient,maximum information coefficient and other methods were used to preprocess the sintering data and naive Bayes classification algorithm was used to identify the sintering conditions.The regression prediction model with high accuracy and good stability was selected as the sub-model for different sintering conditions,and the sub-models were combined into an integrated prediction model.Based on actual operational data,the approach proved the superiority and effectiveness of the developed model in predicting NO_(x),yielding an accuracy of 96.17%and an absolute error of 5.56,and thereby providing valuable foresight for on-site sintering operations.展开更多
In power generation industries,boilers are required to be operated under a range of different conditions to accommodate demands for fuel randomness and energy fluctuation.Reliable prediction of the combustion operatio...In power generation industries,boilers are required to be operated under a range of different conditions to accommodate demands for fuel randomness and energy fluctuation.Reliable prediction of the combustion operation condition is crucial for an in-depth understanding of boiler performance and maintaining high combustion efficiency.However,it is difficult to establish an accurate prediction model based on traditional data-driven methods,which requires prior expert knowledge and a large number of labeled data.To overcome these limitations,a novel prediction method for the combustion operation condition based on flame imaging and a hybrid deep neural network is proposed.The proposed hybrid model is a combination of convolutional sparse autoencoder(CSAE)and least support vector machine(LSSVM),i.e.,CSAE-LSSVM,where the convolutional sparse autoencoder with deep architectures is utilized to extract the essential features of flame image,and then essential features are input into the least support vector machine for operation condition prediction.A comprehensive investigation of optimal hyper-parameter and dropout technique is carried out to improve the performance of the CSAE-LSSVM.The effectiveness of the proposed model is evaluated by 300 MW tangential coal-fired boiler flame images.The prediction accuracy of the proposed hybrid model reaches 98.06%,and its prediction time is 3.06 ms/image.It is observed that the proposed model could present a superior performance in comparison to other existing neural network models.展开更多
Taking precipitation process during May 17-18,2009 as an example,this paper analyzed and summarized the operational conditions of artificial precipitation enhancement in Liaoning Province.Operational conditions can be...Taking precipitation process during May 17-18,2009 as an example,this paper analyzed and summarized the operational conditions of artificial precipitation enhancement in Liaoning Province.Operational conditions can be divided into two categories,namely,macro-weather and cloud micro-physical operational conditions,this paper described their respective indexes and criterions as well as their effect and application in formulation and command of artificial precipitation enhancement plan real-timely.展开更多
Mining machineries are generally exposed to intensive vibrations in harsh mining environment. If vibrations are beyond the tolerable limit, the machine and its operator health will be under the risk. In this work, the...Mining machineries are generally exposed to intensive vibrations in harsh mining environment. If vibrations are beyond the tolerable limit, the machine and its operator health will be under the risk. In this work, the vibration of a mining truck at different operational conditions are simulated and discussed. To achieve this aim, three haul roads with low, medium and poor qualities are considered based on the ISO standard. Accordingly, the vibration of a mining truck in different speeds, payload and distribution qualities of materials in the dump body are evaluated in each haul road quality using Trucksim software. The simulation results with statistical discussions indicate that the truck speed and the materials distribution quality have significant effects on the root mean square(RMS) of vertical vibrations. However, the effect of the payload is not considerable on the RMS. Moreover, the accumulation of materials on the rear side of the truck dump body is efficient on the vibrational health risk.展开更多
Membrane fouling remains the primary economic barrier to the widespread implementation of membrane bioreactors (MBRs), despite the fact that they lead to the production of high-quality effluent. Operational conditions...Membrane fouling remains the primary economic barrier to the widespread implementation of membrane bioreactors (MBRs), despite the fact that they lead to the production of high-quality effluent. Operational conditions are critical factors influencing membrane fouling. This study aimed to investigate the simultaneous impacts of temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) variations on membrane fouling. Experiments were conducted at three different temperatures (18°C, 25°C, and 32°C) and HRTs (6 h, 9 h, and 15 h). The results demonstrated that increases in both temperature and HRT contributed to a reduction in membrane fouling. Additionally, a positive interaction between temperature and HRT was observed in the linear slope variation of membrane permeation, with temperature variations exerting a greater influence on membrane fouling than HRT variations. Fouling factor analysis revealed that increases in temperature and HRT led to decreased concentrations of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), particularly carbohydrates, in the activated sludge. Analyses of the cake layer of the membrane indicated that increasing temperature and HRT reduced EPS levels, particularly polysaccharides and proteins;altered primary protein structure;and increased the mean particle size distribution. Ultimately, these changes led to reductions in both reversible and irreversible hydraulic resistances. This study highlights the importance of optimizing operational parameters such as temperature and HRT to enhance membrane performance and treatment efficiency in MBR systems while mitigating fouling.展开更多
Thermoacoustic instabilities,frequent in a wide range of combustors,arise from the intricate coupling between the flame's unsteady heat release and the combustor acoustic.The application of plasma,characterized by...Thermoacoustic instabilities,frequent in a wide range of combustors,arise from the intricate coupling between the flame's unsteady heat release and the combustor acoustic.The application of plasma,characterized by its substantial local energy addition and radical generation,has demonstrated potential in disrupting this coupling and thereby mitigating thermoacoustic oscillations.Notably,open-loop control using discharge plasma has been successfully implemented to suppress self-excited oscillations in a Rijke tube setup.Considering the broader context of a complex system that integrates both thermoacoustic systems and discharge plasma,experiments were done to see its performance in stability under different arrangement and discharge repetition rates of discharge plasma.These experimental investigations identified critical operating conditions essential for complete suppression:(A)the optimal location of discharge actuations,and(B)the minimum energy required for complete suppression.Moreover,the impact of discharge plasma,particularly when tuned to the eigenfrequencies of oscillations within the thermoacoustic system.was thoroughly examined.The insights gained from these successful suppression trials are instrumental in guiding the strategic design of both physical arrangement and electrical configurations for the control of combustion instabilities via discharge plasma.Furthermore,through the photographing of the swinging arcs and their thermal disturbances by high-speed camera and highspeed schlieren,the characteristics of arcs'thermal disturbances and the reasons affecting its suppression effectiveness were determined.展开更多
Considering the earth powered by intermittent renewable energy in the coming future,solid oxide electrolysis cell(SOEC)will play an indispensable role in efficient energy conversion and storage on demand.The thermolyt...Considering the earth powered by intermittent renewable energy in the coming future,solid oxide electrolysis cell(SOEC)will play an indispensable role in efficient energy conversion and storage on demand.The thermolytic and kinetic merits grant SOEC a bright potential to be directly integrated with electrical grid and downstream chemical synthesis process.Meanwhile,the scientific community are still endeavoring to pursue the SOEC assembled with better materials and operated at a more energy-efficient way.In this review article,at cell level,we focus on the recent development of electrolyte,cathode,anode and buffer layer materials for both steam and CO_(2)electrolysis.On the other hand,we also discuss the next generation SOEC operated with the assistant of other fuels to further reduce the energy consumption and enhance the productivity of the electrolyzer.And stack level,the sealant,interconnect and stack operation strategies are collectively covered.Finally,the challenges and future research direction in SOECs are included.展开更多
Small modular reactor(SMR)belongs to the research forefront of nuclear reactor technology.Nowadays,advancement of intelligent control technologies paves a new way to the design and build of unmanned SMR.The autonomous...Small modular reactor(SMR)belongs to the research forefront of nuclear reactor technology.Nowadays,advancement of intelligent control technologies paves a new way to the design and build of unmanned SMR.The autonomous control process of SMR can be divided into three stages,say,state diagnosis,autonomous decision-making and coordinated control.In this paper,the autonomous state recognition and task planning of unmanned SMR are investigated.An operating condition recognition method based on the knowledge base of SMR operation is proposed by using the artificial neural network(ANN)technology,which constructs a basis for the state judgment of intelligent reactor control path planning.An improved reinforcement learning path planning algorithm is utilized to implement the path transfer decision-makingThis algorithm performs condition transitions with minimal cost under specified modes.In summary,the full range control path intelligent decision-planning technology of SMR is realized,thus provides some theoretical basis for the design and build of unmanned SMR in the future.展开更多
Blades are important parts of rotating machinery such as marine gas turbines and wind turbines,which are exposed to harsh environments during mechanical operations,including centrifugal loads,aerodynamic forces,or hig...Blades are important parts of rotating machinery such as marine gas turbines and wind turbines,which are exposed to harsh environments during mechanical operations,including centrifugal loads,aerodynamic forces,or high temperatures.These demanding working conditions considerably influence the dynamic performance of blades.Therefore,because of the challenges posed by blades in complex working environments,in-depth research and optimization are necessary to ensure that blades can operate safely and efficiently,thus guaranteeing the reliability and performance of mechanical systems.Focusing on the vibration analysis of blades in rotating machinery,this paper conducts a comprehensive literature review on the research advancements in vibration modeling and structural optimization of blades under complex operational conditions.First,the paper outlines the development of several modeling theories for rotating blades,including one-dimensional beam theory,two-dimensional plate-shell theory,and three-dimensional solid theory.Second,the research progress in the vibrational analysis of blades under aerodynamic loads,thermal environments,and crack factors is separately discussed.Finally,the developments in rotating blade structural optimization are presented from material optimization and shape optimization perspectives.The methodology and theory of analyzing and optimizing blade vibration characteristics under multifactorial operating conditions are comprehensively outlined,aiming to assist future researchers in proposing more effective and practical approaches for the vibration analysis and optimization of blades.展开更多
Purpose–The paper aims to clarify the operation rationality of high speed trains(HSTs)under tunnel condition with the speed of 400 km/h through representative aerodynamic factors including running drag,eardrum comfor...Purpose–The paper aims to clarify the operation rationality of high speed trains(HSTs)under tunnel condition with the speed of 400 km/h through representative aerodynamic factors including running drag,eardrum comfort,carriages noise,aerodynamic loads on tunnel ancillary facilities and HST,micro-pressure waves,and then put forward engineering suggestions for higher speed tunnel operation based on the analysis.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the field measurement data of CR400AF-C and CR400BF-J tunnel operation,correlations between each aerodynamic indicators with HST speed were established.By analyzing the safety reserve of aerodynamic indicators at 350 km/h and the sensitivity of each indicator to HST speed increasing and the indicators’formation mechanism,the coupling relationship between various indicators was obtained.Findings–The sensitivity of different aerodynamic indicators to speed variation differed.The aerodynamic indicators representing flow field around HST showed a linear relationship with HST speed including noise,eardrum comfort,aerodynamic load on HST body.The positive aerodynamic load on tunnel auxiliary facilities and the micro-pressure wave at the entrance of the tunnel have the same sensitivity to the 3th-power relation of HST speed.The over-limit proportion of micro-pressure wave was the highest among the indicators,and aerodynamic buffering measures were recommended for optimization.The open tunnel pressure relief structure is recommended,while allowing trains to pass through the tunnel at an unconditional speed of 380 km/h.Originality/value–Comprehensive evaluation of multiple aerodynamic indicators for HST tunnel operation with higher speeds was realized.The main engineering requirements to release aerodynamic effect were identified and the optimization scheme is proposed.展开更多
In the case of fault diagnosis for roller bearings, the conventional diagnosis approaches by using the time interval of energy impacts in time-frequency distribution or the pass-frequencies are based on the assumption...In the case of fault diagnosis for roller bearings, the conventional diagnosis approaches by using the time interval of energy impacts in time-frequency distribution or the pass-frequencies are based on the assumption that machinery operates under a constant rotational speed. However, when the rotational speed varies in the broader range, the pass-frequencies vary with the change of rotational speed and bearing faults cannot be identified by the interval of impacts. Researches related to automatic diagnosis for rotational machinery in variable operating conditions were quite few. A novel automatic feature extraction method is proposed based on a pseudo-Wigner-Ville distribution （PWVD） and an extraction of symptom parameter （SP）. An extraction method for instantaneous feature spectrum is presented using the relative crossing information （RCI） and sequential inference approach, by which the feature spectrum from time-frequency distribution can be automatically, sequentially extracted. The SPs are considered in the frequency domain using the extracted feature spectrum to identify among the conditions of a machine. A method to obtain the synthetic symptom parameter is also proposed by the least squares mapping （LSM） technique for increasing the diagnosis sensitivity of SP. Practical examples of diagnosis for bearings are given in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The verification results show that the features of bearing faults, such as the outer-race, inner-race and roller element defects have been effectively extracted, and the proposed method can be used for condition diagnosis of a machine under the variable rotational speed.展开更多
Pjridine has been generally synthesized by aldehydes and ammonia in a turbulent fluidized-bed reactor. In this paper, a novel riser reactor was proposed for pyridine synthesis. Experiment result showed that the yield ...Pjridine has been generally synthesized by aldehydes and ammonia in a turbulent fluidized-bed reactor. In this paper, a novel riser reactor was proposed for pyridine synthesis. Experiment result showed that the yield of pyridine and 3-picoline decreased, but the selectivity of pyridine over 3-picoline increased compared to turbulent fluidized-bed reactor. Based on experimental data, a modified kinetic model was used for the determination of optimal operating condition for riser reactor. The optimal operating condition of riser reactor given by this modified model was as follows： The reaction temperature of 755 K, catalyst to feedstock ratio （CTFR） of 87, residence timeof3.8sandinitialacetaldehydesconcentrationof0.0029mol.L-1 （acetaldehydes to formaldehydes ratio by mole （ATFR） of 0.65 and ammonia to aldehydes ratio by mole （ATAR） of 0.9, water contention of 63wt% （formaldehyde solution））.展开更多
Slurry reactors are popular in many industrial processes,involved with numerous chemical and biological mixtures,solid particles with different concentrations and properties,and a wide range of operating conditions.Th...Slurry reactors are popular in many industrial processes,involved with numerous chemical and biological mixtures,solid particles with different concentrations and properties,and a wide range of operating conditions.These factors can significantly affect the hydrodynamic in the slurry reactors,having remarkable effects on the design,scale-up,and operation of the slurry reactors.This article reviews the influences of fluid physical properties,solid particles,and operating conditions on the hydrodynamics in slurry reactors.Firstly,the influence of fluid properties,including the density and viscosity of the individual liquid and gas phases and the interfacial tension,has been reviewed.Secondly,the solid particle properties(i.e.,concentration,density,size,wettability,and shape)on the hydrodynamics have been discussed in detail,and some vital but often ignored features,especially the influences of particle wettability and shape,as well as the variation of surface tension because of solid concentration alteration,are highlighted in this work.Thirdly,the variations of physical properties of fluids,hydrodynamics,and bubble behavior resulted from the temperature and pressure variations are also summarized,and the indirect influences of pressure on viscosity and surface tension are addressed systematically.Finally,conclusions and perspectives of these notable influences on the design and scale-up of industrial slurry reactors are presented.展开更多
New chemistries are being developed to increase the capacity and power of rechargeable batteries. However, the risk of safety issues increases when high-energy batteries using highly active materials encounter harsh o...New chemistries are being developed to increase the capacity and power of rechargeable batteries. However, the risk of safety issues increases when high-energy batteries using highly active materials encounter harsh operating conditions. Here we report on the synthesis of a unique ionogel electrolyte for abuse-tolerant lithium batteries. A hierarchically architected silica/polymer scaffold is designed and fabricated through a facile soft chemistry route, which is competent to confine ionic liquids with superior uptake ability (92.4 wt%). The monolithic ionogel exhibits high conductivity and thermal/mechanical stability, featuring high-temperature elastic modulus and dendrite-free lithium cycling. The Li/LiFePO_(4) pouch cells achieve outstanding cyclability at different temperatures up to 150 ℃, and can sustain cutting, crumpling, and even coupled thermal–mechanical abuses. Moreover, the solid-state lithium batteries with LiNi_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O_(2), LiNi_(0.80)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_(2), and Li_(1.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)O_(2) cathodes demonstrate excellent cycle performances at 60 ℃. These results indicate that the resilient and high-conductivity ionogel electrolyte is promising to realize high-performance lithium batteries with high energy density and safety.展开更多
文摘Iron nickel oxide catalysts were prepared using co-precipitation procedure and studied for the conversion of synthesis gas to light olefins.In particular,the effects of a range of preparation variables such as Fe/Ni molar ratios of the precipitation solution,precipitate aging times,calcination conditions,different supports and loading of optimum support on the structure of catalysts and their catalytic performance for the tested reaction were investigated.It was found that the catalyst containing 40%Fe/60%Ni/40wt%Al 2O3 ,which was aged for 180 min and calcined at 600 ℃ for 6 h was the optimum modified catalyst.The catalytic performance of optimal catalyst has been studied in different operation conditions such as reaction temperatures,H2 /CO molar feed ratios and reaction total pressure.Characterization of both precursors and calcined catalysts was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET） surface area measurements,thermal analysis methods such as thermal gravimetric analysis（TGA） and differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）.
基金supported by National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, Grant No. 2007AA05Z125)
文摘Lifetime isone of the important indicators of automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cells. People used to evaluate the lifetime of vehicular fuel cells by laboratory tests or road tests that usually take thousands hours even years. In order to achieve a rapid evaluation technique and to seek lifetime extension methods, a lifetime calculation formation was drawn out in consideration of the vehicle driving cycle and the working condition factors. Bench experiments were individually carried out on two fuel-cell stacks same as ones applied on vehicle, and the performance decay rates of the two stacks were obtained under four operation conditions of changing load cycle, start-stop cycle, idling and heavy load. As a result, the predicted lifetimes rather conform to the actual running status in road test. And the research on the fuel cell performance decay rates under different load conditions was also done. Consequently, an unexpected finding was discovered that operating under micro-current has an effect on recovering fuel cell performance. The vehicle fuel cell rapid assessment method only requires four laboratory tests of driving cycle, load cycle, idle operating conditions and heavy load conditions, and the whole process merely lasts less than 250 h. These experimental results can be used to predict the vehicular fuel cell lifetimes on various utility models or driving cycles, therefore to optimize the application model to prolong the fuel cell lifetime. Actually in the experiment, it has already been proved successfully that the fuel cell lifetime could be extended from 1 100 h to 2 600 h by optimizing operating mode. The quick evaluation method is helpful to develop extended life fuel cell and to deplete fuel cell for a longer time.
文摘Effects of operation conditions such as ladle temperature, remining time of molten steel, slag basicity, slag oxidation, slag viscosity , vacuum treatment, ultra-high temperature, gas blowing and stirring, intermittent operation, and different refining equipment on service life of ladle lining refractories were researched. The following conclusions are drawn ： （1） molten steel temperature rising, remaiaing time prolonging, slag oxidation ability enhancing, slag viscosity and basicity decreasing can aecelerate the corrosion of ladle lining ; （2） ultra-high temperature and vacuum treatment of ladle not only acceler- ate the fusion corrasion of ladle lining, but also make the carbon containing refractories react forming gases leading to more corrosion, so carbon containing refractories are not stdtable.for the smelting conditions of long term vacuum treatment and ultra-high temperature, especially carbon containing refractories added with conventional additives such as A1 and Si powders ; （ 3 ） argon blowing does not accelerate the corrosion of ladle lining obvioasly, but oxygen blowing does; （4） the corrosion degree of refractories varies with the refining equipment, and the service life of ladle lining decreases according to a certain proportion with the refining ratio increasing.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1501200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC U23B20169 and 22021004)the Project of R&D Department of CNPC(2020B-2011)。
文摘The influences of reaction temperature,duration,pressure,and catalyst concentration on the molecular transformation of residual slurry phase hydrocracking process were investigated.The molecular composition of the heteroatom compounds in the residue feedstock and its upgrading products were characterized using high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry coupled with multiple ionization methods.The simultaneous promotion of cracking and hydrogenation reactions was observed with increasing of the reaction temperature and time.Specifically,there was a significant increase in the cracking degree of alkyl side chain,while the removal of low-condensation sulfur compounds such as sulfides and benzothiophenes was enhanced.In particular,the cracking reactions were more significantly facilitated by high temperatures,while an appropriately extended reaction time can result in the complete elimination of the aforementioned sulfur compounds with a lower degree of condensation.Under conditions of low hydrogen pressure and catalyst concentration,the products still exhibit a high relative abundance of easily convertible compounds such as sulfoxides,indicating a significant deficiency in the effectiveness of hydrogenation.The hydrogen pressure exhibits an optimal value,beyond which further increments have no effect on the composition and performance of the liquid product but can increase the yield of the liquid product.At significantly high catalyst concentration,the effect of desulfurization and deoxidation slightly diminishes,while the aromatic saturation of highly condensed compounds was notably enhanced.This hydrogenation saturation effect cannot be attained through manipulation of other operational parameters,thereby potentially benefiting subsequent product processing and utilization.This present study demonstrates a profound comprehension of the molecular-level residue slurry phase hydrocracking process,offering not only specific guide for process design and optimization but also valuable fundamental data for constructing reaction models at the molecular level.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20220028)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2020YFA0406104 and 2020YFA0406101)+6 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52272043,52271223,52202107,and 52201269)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BK20210735 and 21KJB430043)the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(No.0009/2022/ITP)Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan Project(Collaborative Innovation Special Project,SGDX20220530111203019)Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technologythe 111 ProjectSuzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nano and Soft Materials.
文摘Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))photoproduction in seawater with metal-free photocatalysts derived from biomass materials is a green,sustainable,and ultra environmentally friendly way.However,most photocatalysts are always corroded or poisoned in seawater,resulting in a significantly reduced catalytic performance.Here,we report the metal-free photocatalysts(RUT-1 to RUT-5)with in-situ generated carbon dots(CDs)from biomass materials(Rutin)by a simple microwave-assisted pyrolysis method.Under visible light(λ≥420 nm,81.6 mW/cm^(2)),the optimized catalyst of RUT-4 is stable and can achieve a high H_(2)O_(2)yield of 330.36μmol/L in seawater,1.78 times higher than that in normal water.New transient potential scanning(TPS)tests are developed and operated to in-situ study the H_(2)O_(2)photoproduction of RUT-4 under operation condition.RUT-4 has strong oxygen(O_(2))absorption capacity,and the O_(2)reduction rate in seawater is higher than that in water.Metal cations in seawater further promote the photo-charge separation and facilitate the photo-reduction reaction.For RUT-4,the conduction band level under operating conditions only satisfies the requirement of O_(2)reduction but not for hydrogen(H2)evolution.This work provides new insights for the in-situ study of photocatalyst under operation condition,and gives a green and sustainable path for the H_(2)O_(2)photoproduction with metal-free catalysts in seawater.
基金National Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 52366009 and 52130607)Doble First-Class Key Programof Gansu Provincial Department of Education(grant number GCJ2022-38)+1 种基金2022 Gansu Provincial University Industry Support Plan Project(grant number 2022CYZC-21)KeyR&DProgramofGansu Province of China(grant number 22YF7GA163).
文摘This study explores the aerodynamic performance and flow field characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide(sCO_(2))centrifugal compressors under varying operating conditions.In particular,the Sandia main compressor impeller model is used as a reference system.Through three-dimensional numerical simulations,we examine the Mach number distribution,temperature field,blade pressure pulsation spectra,and velocity field evolution,and identify accordingly the operating boundaries ensuring stability and the mechanisms responsible for performance degradation.Findings indicate a stable operating range for mass flow rate between 0.74 and 3.74 kg/s.At the lower limit(0.74 kg/s),the maximum Mach number within the compressor decreases by 28%,while the temperature gradient sharpens,entropy rises notably,and fluid density varies significantly.The maximum pressure near the blades increases by 6%,yet flow velocity near the blades and outlet declines,with a 19%reduction in peak speed.Consequently,isentropic efficiency falls by 13%.Conversely,at 3.74 kg/s,the maximum Mach number increases by 23.7%,with diminished temperature gradients and minor fluid density variations.However,insufficient enthalpy gain and intensified pressure pulsations near the blades result in a 12%pressure drop.Peak velocity within the impeller channel surges by 23%,amplifying velocity gradients,inducing flow separation,and ultimately reducing the pressure ratio from 1.47 to 1.34.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Basic foundation of China(Program No.52174325)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.2020GY-166 and Program No.2020GY-247)the Shaanxi Provincial Innovation Capacity Support Plan(Grant No.2023-CX-TD-53).
文摘Predicting NO_(x)in the sintering process of iron ore powder in advance was helpful to adjust the denitrification process in time.Taking NO_(x)in the sintering process of iron ore powder as the object,the boxplot,empirical mode decomposition algorithm,Pearson correlation coefficient,maximum information coefficient and other methods were used to preprocess the sintering data and naive Bayes classification algorithm was used to identify the sintering conditions.The regression prediction model with high accuracy and good stability was selected as the sub-model for different sintering conditions,and the sub-models were combined into an integrated prediction model.Based on actual operational data,the approach proved the superiority and effectiveness of the developed model in predicting NO_(x),yielding an accuracy of 96.17%and an absolute error of 5.56,and thereby providing valuable foresight for on-site sintering operations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51976038)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China for Young Scholars(Grant No.BK20190366)the China Scholarship Council(Grant No.202006090164).
文摘In power generation industries,boilers are required to be operated under a range of different conditions to accommodate demands for fuel randomness and energy fluctuation.Reliable prediction of the combustion operation condition is crucial for an in-depth understanding of boiler performance and maintaining high combustion efficiency.However,it is difficult to establish an accurate prediction model based on traditional data-driven methods,which requires prior expert knowledge and a large number of labeled data.To overcome these limitations,a novel prediction method for the combustion operation condition based on flame imaging and a hybrid deep neural network is proposed.The proposed hybrid model is a combination of convolutional sparse autoencoder(CSAE)and least support vector machine(LSSVM),i.e.,CSAE-LSSVM,where the convolutional sparse autoencoder with deep architectures is utilized to extract the essential features of flame image,and then essential features are input into the least support vector machine for operation condition prediction.A comprehensive investigation of optimal hyper-parameter and dropout technique is carried out to improve the performance of the CSAE-LSSVM.The effectiveness of the proposed model is evaluated by 300 MW tangential coal-fired boiler flame images.The prediction accuracy of the proposed hybrid model reaches 98.06%,and its prediction time is 3.06 ms/image.It is observed that the proposed model could present a superior performance in comparison to other existing neural network models.
文摘Taking precipitation process during May 17-18,2009 as an example,this paper analyzed and summarized the operational conditions of artificial precipitation enhancement in Liaoning Province.Operational conditions can be divided into two categories,namely,macro-weather and cloud micro-physical operational conditions,this paper described their respective indexes and criterions as well as their effect and application in formulation and command of artificial precipitation enhancement plan real-timely.
文摘Mining machineries are generally exposed to intensive vibrations in harsh mining environment. If vibrations are beyond the tolerable limit, the machine and its operator health will be under the risk. In this work, the vibration of a mining truck at different operational conditions are simulated and discussed. To achieve this aim, three haul roads with low, medium and poor qualities are considered based on the ISO standard. Accordingly, the vibration of a mining truck in different speeds, payload and distribution qualities of materials in the dump body are evaluated in each haul road quality using Trucksim software. The simulation results with statistical discussions indicate that the truck speed and the materials distribution quality have significant effects on the root mean square(RMS) of vertical vibrations. However, the effect of the payload is not considerable on the RMS. Moreover, the accumulation of materials on the rear side of the truck dump body is efficient on the vibrational health risk.
文摘Membrane fouling remains the primary economic barrier to the widespread implementation of membrane bioreactors (MBRs), despite the fact that they lead to the production of high-quality effluent. Operational conditions are critical factors influencing membrane fouling. This study aimed to investigate the simultaneous impacts of temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) variations on membrane fouling. Experiments were conducted at three different temperatures (18°C, 25°C, and 32°C) and HRTs (6 h, 9 h, and 15 h). The results demonstrated that increases in both temperature and HRT contributed to a reduction in membrane fouling. Additionally, a positive interaction between temperature and HRT was observed in the linear slope variation of membrane permeation, with temperature variations exerting a greater influence on membrane fouling than HRT variations. Fouling factor analysis revealed that increases in temperature and HRT led to decreased concentrations of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), particularly carbohydrates, in the activated sludge. Analyses of the cake layer of the membrane indicated that increasing temperature and HRT reduced EPS levels, particularly polysaccharides and proteins;altered primary protein structure;and increased the mean particle size distribution. Ultimately, these changes led to reductions in both reversible and irreversible hydraulic resistances. This study highlights the importance of optimizing operational parameters such as temperature and HRT to enhance membrane performance and treatment efficiency in MBR systems while mitigating fouling.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.501XTCX2023146001).
文摘Thermoacoustic instabilities,frequent in a wide range of combustors,arise from the intricate coupling between the flame's unsteady heat release and the combustor acoustic.The application of plasma,characterized by its substantial local energy addition and radical generation,has demonstrated potential in disrupting this coupling and thereby mitigating thermoacoustic oscillations.Notably,open-loop control using discharge plasma has been successfully implemented to suppress self-excited oscillations in a Rijke tube setup.Considering the broader context of a complex system that integrates both thermoacoustic systems and discharge plasma,experiments were done to see its performance in stability under different arrangement and discharge repetition rates of discharge plasma.These experimental investigations identified critical operating conditions essential for complete suppression:(A)the optimal location of discharge actuations,and(B)the minimum energy required for complete suppression.Moreover,the impact of discharge plasma,particularly when tuned to the eigenfrequencies of oscillations within the thermoacoustic system.was thoroughly examined.The insights gained from these successful suppression trials are instrumental in guiding the strategic design of both physical arrangement and electrical configurations for the control of combustion instabilities via discharge plasma.Furthermore,through the photographing of the swinging arcs and their thermal disturbances by high-speed camera and highspeed schlieren,the characteristics of arcs'thermal disturbances and the reasons affecting its suppression effectiveness were determined.
基金supported financially by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(No.2018YFE0124700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22272136,22102135,22202041,22172129,52072134,U1910209,51876181 and 51972128)+2 种基金Science and Technology Projects of Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province(IKKEM)(No.HRTP-[2022]-23)and Hubei Province(Nos.2021CBA149 and 2021CFA072)the financial support from Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2022A1515010069 and 2020A1515110904)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2021J01212759)。
文摘Considering the earth powered by intermittent renewable energy in the coming future,solid oxide electrolysis cell(SOEC)will play an indispensable role in efficient energy conversion and storage on demand.The thermolytic and kinetic merits grant SOEC a bright potential to be directly integrated with electrical grid and downstream chemical synthesis process.Meanwhile,the scientific community are still endeavoring to pursue the SOEC assembled with better materials and operated at a more energy-efficient way.In this review article,at cell level,we focus on the recent development of electrolyte,cathode,anode and buffer layer materials for both steam and CO_(2)electrolysis.On the other hand,we also discuss the next generation SOEC operated with the assistant of other fuels to further reduce the energy consumption and enhance the productivity of the electrolyzer.And stack level,the sealant,interconnect and stack operation strategies are collectively covered.Finally,the challenges and future research direction in SOECs are included.
文摘Small modular reactor(SMR)belongs to the research forefront of nuclear reactor technology.Nowadays,advancement of intelligent control technologies paves a new way to the design and build of unmanned SMR.The autonomous control process of SMR can be divided into three stages,say,state diagnosis,autonomous decision-making and coordinated control.In this paper,the autonomous state recognition and task planning of unmanned SMR are investigated.An operating condition recognition method based on the knowledge base of SMR operation is proposed by using the artificial neural network(ANN)technology,which constructs a basis for the state judgment of intelligent reactor control path planning.An improved reinforcement learning path planning algorithm is utilized to implement the path transfer decision-makingThis algorithm performs condition transitions with minimal cost under specified modes.In summary,the full range control path intelligent decision-planning technology of SMR is realized,thus provides some theoretical basis for the design and build of unmanned SMR in the future.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52271309Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China under Grant No.YQ2022E104.
文摘Blades are important parts of rotating machinery such as marine gas turbines and wind turbines,which are exposed to harsh environments during mechanical operations,including centrifugal loads,aerodynamic forces,or high temperatures.These demanding working conditions considerably influence the dynamic performance of blades.Therefore,because of the challenges posed by blades in complex working environments,in-depth research and optimization are necessary to ensure that blades can operate safely and efficiently,thus guaranteeing the reliability and performance of mechanical systems.Focusing on the vibration analysis of blades in rotating machinery,this paper conducts a comprehensive literature review on the research advancements in vibration modeling and structural optimization of blades under complex operational conditions.First,the paper outlines the development of several modeling theories for rotating blades,including one-dimensional beam theory,two-dimensional plate-shell theory,and three-dimensional solid theory.Second,the research progress in the vibrational analysis of blades under aerodynamic loads,thermal environments,and crack factors is separately discussed.Finally,the developments in rotating blade structural optimization are presented from material optimization and shape optimization perspectives.The methodology and theory of analyzing and optimizing blade vibration characteristics under multifactorial operating conditions are comprehensively outlined,aiming to assist future researchers in proposing more effective and practical approaches for the vibration analysis and optimization of blades.
文摘Purpose–The paper aims to clarify the operation rationality of high speed trains(HSTs)under tunnel condition with the speed of 400 km/h through representative aerodynamic factors including running drag,eardrum comfort,carriages noise,aerodynamic loads on tunnel ancillary facilities and HST,micro-pressure waves,and then put forward engineering suggestions for higher speed tunnel operation based on the analysis.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the field measurement data of CR400AF-C and CR400BF-J tunnel operation,correlations between each aerodynamic indicators with HST speed were established.By analyzing the safety reserve of aerodynamic indicators at 350 km/h and the sensitivity of each indicator to HST speed increasing and the indicators’formation mechanism,the coupling relationship between various indicators was obtained.Findings–The sensitivity of different aerodynamic indicators to speed variation differed.The aerodynamic indicators representing flow field around HST showed a linear relationship with HST speed including noise,eardrum comfort,aerodynamic load on HST body.The positive aerodynamic load on tunnel auxiliary facilities and the micro-pressure wave at the entrance of the tunnel have the same sensitivity to the 3th-power relation of HST speed.The over-limit proportion of micro-pressure wave was the highest among the indicators,and aerodynamic buffering measures were recommended for optimization.The open tunnel pressure relief structure is recommended,while allowing trains to pass through the tunnel at an unconditional speed of 380 km/h.Originality/value–Comprehensive evaluation of multiple aerodynamic indicators for HST tunnel operation with higher speeds was realized.The main engineering requirements to release aerodynamic effect were identified and the optimization scheme is proposed.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50875016, 51075023)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No. JD0903, JD0904)
文摘In the case of fault diagnosis for roller bearings, the conventional diagnosis approaches by using the time interval of energy impacts in time-frequency distribution or the pass-frequencies are based on the assumption that machinery operates under a constant rotational speed. However, when the rotational speed varies in the broader range, the pass-frequencies vary with the change of rotational speed and bearing faults cannot be identified by the interval of impacts. Researches related to automatic diagnosis for rotational machinery in variable operating conditions were quite few. A novel automatic feature extraction method is proposed based on a pseudo-Wigner-Ville distribution （PWVD） and an extraction of symptom parameter （SP）. An extraction method for instantaneous feature spectrum is presented using the relative crossing information （RCI） and sequential inference approach, by which the feature spectrum from time-frequency distribution can be automatically, sequentially extracted. The SPs are considered in the frequency domain using the extracted feature spectrum to identify among the conditions of a machine. A method to obtain the synthetic symptom parameter is also proposed by the least squares mapping （LSM） technique for increasing the diagnosis sensitivity of SP. Practical examples of diagnosis for bearings are given in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The verification results show that the features of bearing faults, such as the outer-race, inner-race and roller element defects have been effectively extracted, and the proposed method can be used for condition diagnosis of a machine under the variable rotational speed.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2012CB215000)
文摘Pjridine has been generally synthesized by aldehydes and ammonia in a turbulent fluidized-bed reactor. In this paper, a novel riser reactor was proposed for pyridine synthesis. Experiment result showed that the yield of pyridine and 3-picoline decreased, but the selectivity of pyridine over 3-picoline increased compared to turbulent fluidized-bed reactor. Based on experimental data, a modified kinetic model was used for the determination of optimal operating condition for riser reactor. The optimal operating condition of riser reactor given by this modified model was as follows： The reaction temperature of 755 K, catalyst to feedstock ratio （CTFR） of 87, residence timeof3.8sandinitialacetaldehydesconcentrationof0.0029mol.L-1 （acetaldehydes to formaldehydes ratio by mole （ATFR） of 0.65 and ammonia to aldehydes ratio by mole （ATAR） of 0.9, water contention of 63wt% （formaldehyde solution））.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2187831821808234)+5 种基金the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL201902)“Transformational Technologies for Clean Energy and Demonstration”,Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(XDA21060400)Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology(QIBEBT)and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(DNL)of CAS(QIBEBT ZZBS201803QIBEBT I201907)Director Innovation Fund of Synthetic Biology Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province(sdsynbio-2020-ZH02)Project of CNPC-DICP Joint Research Center。
文摘Slurry reactors are popular in many industrial processes,involved with numerous chemical and biological mixtures,solid particles with different concentrations and properties,and a wide range of operating conditions.These factors can significantly affect the hydrodynamic in the slurry reactors,having remarkable effects on the design,scale-up,and operation of the slurry reactors.This article reviews the influences of fluid physical properties,solid particles,and operating conditions on the hydrodynamics in slurry reactors.Firstly,the influence of fluid properties,including the density and viscosity of the individual liquid and gas phases and the interfacial tension,has been reviewed.Secondly,the solid particle properties(i.e.,concentration,density,size,wettability,and shape)on the hydrodynamics have been discussed in detail,and some vital but often ignored features,especially the influences of particle wettability and shape,as well as the variation of surface tension because of solid concentration alteration,are highlighted in this work.Thirdly,the variations of physical properties of fluids,hydrodynamics,and bubble behavior resulted from the temperature and pressure variations are also summarized,and the indirect influences of pressure on viscosity and surface tension are addressed systematically.Finally,conclusions and perspectives of these notable influences on the design and scale-up of industrial slurry reactors are presented.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51972132.51772116 and 52002141)the Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Team(2016QYTD04).The authors thank the Analytical and Testing Center of HUST for DMA,TGA measurements,etc.
文摘New chemistries are being developed to increase the capacity and power of rechargeable batteries. However, the risk of safety issues increases when high-energy batteries using highly active materials encounter harsh operating conditions. Here we report on the synthesis of a unique ionogel electrolyte for abuse-tolerant lithium batteries. A hierarchically architected silica/polymer scaffold is designed and fabricated through a facile soft chemistry route, which is competent to confine ionic liquids with superior uptake ability (92.4 wt%). The monolithic ionogel exhibits high conductivity and thermal/mechanical stability, featuring high-temperature elastic modulus and dendrite-free lithium cycling. The Li/LiFePO_(4) pouch cells achieve outstanding cyclability at different temperatures up to 150 ℃, and can sustain cutting, crumpling, and even coupled thermal–mechanical abuses. Moreover, the solid-state lithium batteries with LiNi_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O_(2), LiNi_(0.80)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_(2), and Li_(1.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)O_(2) cathodes demonstrate excellent cycle performances at 60 ℃. These results indicate that the resilient and high-conductivity ionogel electrolyte is promising to realize high-performance lithium batteries with high energy density and safety.
