Olfaction is one of our 5 main qualitative sensory abilities. In this review, we have examined the physiology of olfaction from the olfactory receptor to the brain. Through analyzing the physiology of olfaction, we ha...Olfaction is one of our 5 main qualitative sensory abilities. In this review, we have examined the physiology of olfaction from the olfactory receptor to the brain. Through analyzing the physiology of olfaction, we have found that the biochemistry of olfactory nerve stimulation is unique from that of other similar pathways. Upon receiving large amounts of input from the olfactory nerve, the olfactory bulb, followed by several layers of centrifugal and centripetal processing in the brain, has to sort the information from the input as well as integrate it with other inputs from the brain to develop a coherent understanding of the input. We then examined the implications of olfaction in the military, the practical applications of electronic noses and problems associated with injury to olfaction that could affect compensation and combat worthiness of a soldier following injury. In the military, olfaction can allow the army to perform at its best through 4 main methods, namely ensuring olfaction is consistent with other dimensions of perception(ensuring optimal olfaction ability in all soldiers in combat), understanding the impact of different common combat environments on the sense of smell, utilizing odor as a defense mechanism and using olfactory aids when necessary. Electronic noses are olfactory aids that have a large potential in the military ranging from saving lives through the detection of explosives to potential methods for improving combustion efficiency. There are several problems associated with injury to olfaction that should be considered when deciding on compensation and combat worthiness of the soldier following an injury.展开更多
Objective:To probe into the therapeutic efect of perfume stimulating olfaction with volatile oil of Acorus Gramineus on the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) rat. Methods: Totally 50 adult SD rats, male,weighing 300±10 g...Objective:To probe into the therapeutic efect of perfume stimulating olfaction with volatile oil of Acorus Gramineus on the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) rat. Methods: Totally 50 adult SD rats, male,weighing 300±10 g, were randomly divided into 5 groups, normal group (group A), olfactory nerve severing model group (group B), AD model group (group C), AD model plus perfume stimulation group (group D), AD model olfactory nerve severing plus perfume stimulation group (group E), 10 rats in each group. After perfume stimulation, Morris maze test was conducted for valuating the learning and memory ability; Malondaldehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the brain, and the brain weight were detected. Results: Compared with the AD model group,the average escape latency and swimming distance in 6 days were significantly shorter than those in the group A, B, D (P<0.01), with no significant differences between the group C and the group E (P>0.05); Compared with the group A, B and D, MDA content in the group C significantly increased (P<0.01), and SOD and GSH-Px activities significantly decreased (P<0.01), and brain weight/body weight decreased significantly in the group C (P<0.01), with no significant differences between the group C and the group E (P>0.05). Conclusion: Perfume stimultating olfaction with volatile oil of Acorus Gramineus can significantly increase the learning-memory ability, decrease MDA content and increase SOD and GSH-Px activities and weight of brain in AD rats.展开更多
Considering the effect of distributary of the interior meatus and middle meatus on olfaction, an unsteady two-dimensional model of olfaction has been developed with describing the mean cross-sectional velocity of odor...Considering the effect of distributary of the interior meatus and middle meatus on olfaction, an unsteady two-dimensional model of olfaction has been developed with describing the mean cross-sectional velocity of odorant flow in the common meatus as a function of axis coordinate. The analytical solution is obtained, and it reveals the relation among the physiological parameters of the model. The obtained results are in agreement with those of experiments. This investigation is valuable for a research for the mechanism of olfaction.展开更多
Dear Editor,Exaptation is defined as characters evolved for other usages(or for no function at all)and later“coopted”for their current role(Gould and Vrba,1982).Exaptation has occurred in many organisms,sometimes as...Dear Editor,Exaptation is defined as characters evolved for other usages(or for no function at all)and later“coopted”for their current role(Gould and Vrba,1982).Exaptation has occurred in many organisms,sometimes as an outcome of organ specialization for adaptation.This process is exemplified in the family Triglidae,commonly known as gurnards or sea robins.展开更多
Olfaction plays an essential role in insect behavior such as host location,foraging,mating,and oviposition.The odorant receptor co-receptor(Orco)is an obligatory odorant receptor and indispensable in odor perception.H...Olfaction plays an essential role in insect behavior such as host location,foraging,mating,and oviposition.The odorant receptor co-receptor(Orco)is an obligatory odorant receptor and indispensable in odor perception.Here,we characterized the Orco gene from the oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel),a notorious agriculture pest.The olfactory deficiency mutants were generated by editing the BdorOrco gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system.Electroantennograms(EAG)and olfactory preference assays confirmed that BdorOrco^(−/−)mutant flies had reduced perception of methyl eugenol,β-caryophyllene,and ethyl acetate.Oviposition bioassays showed that the eggs laid by BdorOrco^(−/−)females mediated by benzothiazole and 1-octen-3-ol were significantly decreased.In addition,BdorOrco^(−/−)mutant flies took a significantly longer time to locate the food source compared with wild type(WT)flies.Altogether,our data indicated that Orco is essential for multiple physiological processes in B.dorsalis,and it expands our understanding of the function of insect Orco.展开更多
Although it has been suggested that olfaction is closely interconnected with hippocampal systems,whether olfaction regulates spatial memory strategy remains never known.Furthermore,no study has examined how olfaction ...Although it has been suggested that olfaction is closely interconnected with hippocampal systems,whether olfaction regulates spatial memory strategy remains never known.Furthermore,no study has examined how olfaction mediates spatial memory established on the external objects,for example,caches made by scatter-hoarding animals.Here,we experimentally induced nondestructive and reversible olfaction loss of a scatter-hoarding animal Leopoldamys edwardsi,to test whether and how olfaction regulates spatial memory to mediate cache recovery and pilferage.Our results showed that the normal L.edwardsi preferred to pilfer caches of others rather than to recover their own using accurate spatial memory(35.7%vs.18.6%).Anosmic L.edwardsi preferred to recover the caches they made prior to olfaction loss rather than to pilfer from others relied on spatial memory(54.2%vs.36.0%).However,L.edwardsi with anosmia showed no preference either to the caches they established after olfaction loss or caches made by others(25.8%vs.29.1%).These collectively indicate that olfaction loss has a potential to affect new memory formation but not previously established spatial memory on caches.Our study first showed that olfaction modified spatial memory strategy in cache recovery and pilferage behaviors of scatter-hoarding animals.We suggest that future studies pay more attention to the evolution of olfaction and its relationship with spatial memory strategy.展开更多
Olfactory receptors(ORs),the largest vertebrate multigene family,exhibit wide copy number variation among taxa,ranging from~100 to 4000.The ecological importance of smell has been suggested to positively correlate wit...Olfactory receptors(ORs),the largest vertebrate multigene family,exhibit wide copy number variation among taxa,ranging from~100 to 4000.The ecological importance of smell has been suggested to positively correlate with OR gene number,though debate exists on whether the number of total ORs,functional ORs,or the percentage of pseudogenes matters most.While olfaction has been poorly studied in most birds,Turkey Vultures(Cathartes aura)demonstrate keen olfactory ability,capable of foraging using smell alone.In contrast,Black Vultures(Coragyps atratus)have been thought to primarily use vision to locate food.Comparison of the OR genes in these two New World vultures presents an opportunity to examine the dynamics of OR evolution in related avian species that may differ in olfactory abilities.Using a PCR and cloning approach with degenerate primers,we sampled the OR subgenome in Turkey and Black Vultures,as well as Red-tailed Hawks(Buteo jamaicensis)and the distantly related Chicken(Gallus gallus),neither of which are thought to use olfaction extensively.Our results indicate that Turkey Vultures have many more OR genes than Red-tailed Hawks or chickens.Surprisingly,Black Vultures had an intermediate number of OR genes.The number of OR genes we estimated in the Turkey Vulture was much greater than previously reported in studies that used short-read sequencing.Additionally,we found that OR genes from New World vultures and Red-tailed Hawks form clades that were distinct from the clade that included most chicken OR genes,indicating that chickens share few OR orthologs with New World vultures or hawks.As previously observed in other animal groups,pseudogenes appeared throughout all clades and their percentage varied among taxa.These findings suggest the OR gene family is highly dynamic,changing rapidly over evolutionary time,and that taxa may have distinct suites of ORs in their genomes.展开更多
Hyposmia, identified as reduced sensitivity to odor, is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson＇s disease （PD） that antedates the typical motor symptoms by several years. It occurs in -90% of early-stage cases of P...Hyposmia, identified as reduced sensitivity to odor, is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson＇s disease （PD） that antedates the typical motor symptoms by several years. It occurs in -90% of early-stage cases of PD. In addition to the high prevalence, the occurrence of hyposmia may also predict a higher risk of PD. Investigations into hyposmia and its relationship with PD may help elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review provides an update of olfactory dysfunction in PD and its potential as a biomarker for this devastating disease.展开更多
Olfactory dysfunction is common in Parkinson＇s disease （PD） and often predates the diagnosis by years, reflecting early deposition of Lewy pathology, the histo- logic hallmark of PD, in the olfactory bulb. Clinical...Olfactory dysfunction is common in Parkinson＇s disease （PD） and often predates the diagnosis by years, reflecting early deposition of Lewy pathology, the histo- logic hallmark of PD, in the olfactory bulb. Clinical tests are available that allow for the rapid characterization of olfactory dysfunction, including tests of odor identification, discrimination, detection, and recognition thresholds, memory, and tests assessing the build-up of odor intensity across increasing suprathreshold stimulus concentrations. The high prevalence of olfactory impairment, along with the ease and low cost of assessment, has fostered great interest in olfaction as a potential biomarker for PD. Hyposmia may help differentiate PD from other causes of parkinsonism, and may also aid in the identification of ＂pre-motor＂ PD due to the early pathologic involvement of olfactory pathways. Olfactory function is also correlated with other non-motor features of PD and may serve as a predictor of cognitive decline. In this article, we summarize the existing literature on olfaction in PD, focusing on the potential for olfaction as a biomarker for early or differential diagnosis and prognosis.展开更多
All behaviors of an organism are rooted in sensory processing of signals from its environment, and nat ural selection shapes sensory adaptations to ensure successful detection of cues that maximize fitness. Sensory dr...All behaviors of an organism are rooted in sensory processing of signals from its environment, and nat ural selection shapes sensory adaptations to ensure successful detection of cues that maximize fitness. Sensory drive, or divergent selection for efficient signal transmission among heterogeneous environ ments, has been a useful hypothesis for describing sensory adaptations, but its current scope has pri marily focused on visual and acoustic sensory modalities. Chemosensation, the most widespread sensory modality in animals that includes the senses of smell and taste, is characterized by rapid evolu tion and has been linked to sensory adaptations to new environments in numerous lineages. Yet, olfac tion and gustation have been largely underappreciated in light of the sensory drive hypothesis. Here, we examine why chemosensory systems have been overlooked and discuss the potential of chemo sensation to shed new insight on the sensory drive hypothesis and vice versa. We provide suggestions for developing a framework to better incorporate studies of chemosensory adaptation that have the po tential to shape a more complete, coherent, and holistic interpretation of the sensory drive.展开更多
The natural aging process brings about some inevitable consequences, such as olfactory dysfunction, which is also frequently linked to numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Many age-related dementia, such as Alzheimer...The natural aging process brings about some inevitable consequences, such as olfactory dysfunction, which is also frequently linked to numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Many age-related dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, Vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease, and Frontotemporal Dementia often display olfactory dysfunction. Despite the overwhelming evidence of above mentioned facts, the symptomatic relevance and potential clinical and pre-clinical value of olfactory dysfunction remains overlooked by many clinicians and public alike. Olfactory dysfunction has strong practical implications on daily activities and, although not as prominent as in other mammals, olfaction is still an evolutionarily relevant sense involved in human survival(e.g., smelling gas; bad food). In this work, we provide a brief review of current research related to the olfactory dysfunction profiles in different types of dementia. Additionally, we present a compilation of accessible, easy to use olfaction assessment tools; and highlight future directions in terms of improving clinical diagnosis in patient care and research.展开更多
In the last decades, higher attention has been paid to olfactory perception in birds. As a consequence, a handful of avian species have been discovered to use olfaction in different contexts. Nevertheless, we still ha...In the last decades, higher attention has been paid to olfactory perception in birds. As a consequence, a handful of avian species have been discovered to use olfaction in different contexts. Nevertheless, we still have a very limited knowledge about the use of odor cues in avian social life, particularly, in the case of songbirds. Here, we investigate if female house sparrows Passer domesticus show any preference for the odor of kin and nonkin conspecifics and we also test a possible role of familiarity based on male see nt in female choice. We performed the experiment with captive birds twice, duri ng the non breeding and breedi ng seas ons. Our results show that female house sparrows strongly avoided the odor of unrelated familiar (UF) males, both in the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Our results suggest recognition for olfactory stimuli related to familiarity and kin ship. We suggest that avoidance for UF males is associated with previous experie nee in this species. Also, we provided further evidenee to the use of olfaction in passerine species by using a new experimental setup.展开更多
Many prey species detect chemical cues from predators and modify their behaviours in ways that reduce their risk ofpredation. Theory predicts that prey should modify their anti-predator responses according to the degr...Many prey species detect chemical cues from predators and modify their behaviours in ways that reduce their risk ofpredation. Theory predicts that prey should modify their anti-predator responses according to the degree of threat posed by thepredator. That is, prey should show the strongest responses to chemicals of highly dangerous prey, but should ignore or respondweakly to chemicals from non-dangerous predators. However, if anti-predator behaviours are not costly, and predators are rarelyencountered, prey may exhibit generalised antipredator behaviours to dangerous and non-dangerous predators. In Australia, mostelapid snakes eat lizards, and are therefore potentially dangerous to lizard prey. Recently, we found that the nocturnal velvetgecko Oedura lesueurii responds to chemicals from dangerous and non-dangerous elapid snakes, suggesting that it displays generalisedanti-predator behaviours to chemicals from elapid snakes. To explore the generality of this result, we videotaped the behaviourof velvet geckos in the presence of chemical cues from two small elapid snakes that rarely consume geckos: the nocturnalgolden-crowned snake Cacophis squamulosus and the diurnal marsh snake Hemiaspis signata. We also videotaped geckos in trialsinvolving unscented cards (controls) and cologne-scented cards (pungency controls). In trials involving Cacophis and Hemiaspischemicals, 50% and 63% of geckos spent long time periods (> 3 min) freezing whilst pressed flat against the substrate, respectively.Over half the geckos tested exhibited anti-predator behaviours (tail waving, tail vibration, running) in response to Cacophis(67%) or Hemiaspis (63%) chemicals. These behaviours were not observed in control or pungency control trials. Our resultssupport the idea that the velvet gecko displays generalised anti-predator responses to chemical cues from elapid snakes.Generalised responses to predator chemicals may be common in prey species that co-occur with multiple, ecologically similar,dangerous predators [Current Zoology 56 (3): 337-342, 2010].展开更多
Chemosensory proteins(CSPs)are important molecular components of the insect olfactory system,which are involved in capturing,binding,and transporting hydrophobic odour molecules across the sensillum in sensillar lymph...Chemosensory proteins(CSPs)are important molecular components of the insect olfactory system,which are involved in capturing,binding,and transporting hydrophobic odour molecules across the sensillum in sensillar lymph in regulating insect behavior.This protein family(CSPs)is also involved in many other systems that are not linked to olfactory receptors in olfactory sensilla.The brown planthopper(BPH)is a monophagous pest of rice that causes damage by sucking phloem sap and transmitting a number of diseases caused by viruses.In this study,fluorescence competitive binding assay and fluorescence quenching assay at acidic p H were performed as well as homology modelling to describe the binding affinity of Nlug CSP10.Fluorescence competitive binding assay(FCBA)demonstrated that Nlug CSP10 bound strongly to nonadecane,farnesene,and 2-tridecanone at acidic p H.The results of FCBA indicated that Nlug CSP10 bound different ligands at the physiological p H(5.0)of the bulk sensillum lymph.Fluorescence quenching assay demonstrated that Nlug CSP10 generated a stable complex with 2-tridecanone,while two ligands nonadecane and farnesene collided due to molecular collisions.The interaction of selected ligands with the modelled structure of Nlug CSP10 was also analyzed,which found the key amino acids(Gln23,Gln24,Gln25,Asn27,Met33,Ser34,Ile35,Tyr36,Asn42,Met43,Val45,Asn46,Asn93,Arg96,Ala97,Lys99,and Ala100)in Nlug CSP10 that were involved in binding of volatile compounds.The present study contributes to the binding profile of Nlug CSP10 that promotes the development of behaviorally active ligands based on BPH olfactory system.展开更多
The structure of the primary olfactory brain center was studied in male and female adult Ambrostoma quadriimpressum by means of a series of histological sections labeled using the reduced-silver-stain technique.The an...The structure of the primary olfactory brain center was studied in male and female adult Ambrostoma quadriimpressum by means of a series of histological sections labeled using the reduced-silver-stain technique.The antennal lobe was elliptical,and the total number of glomeruli was approximately 50 in the antennal lobe in both sexes.There was no sexual dimorphism with respect to the size of the antennal lobe or the number and shape of glomeruli.展开更多
Olfactory deficits on measures of identification, familiarity,and memory are consistently noted in patients with psychotic disorders relative to age-matched controls. Olfactory intensity ratings, however, appear to re...Olfactory deficits on measures of identification, familiarity,and memory are consistently noted in patients with psychotic disorders relative to age-matched controls. Olfactory intensity ratings, however, appear to remain intact while the data on hedonics and detection threshold are inconsistent. Despite the behavioral abnormalities noted, no specific regional brain hypoactivity has been identified in psychosis patients, for any of the olfactory domains. However, an intriguing finding emerged from this review in that the amygdala and pirifom cortices were not noted to be abnormal in hedonic processing(nor was the amygdala identified abnormal in any study) in psychotic disorders. This finding is in contrast to the literature in healthy individuals, in that this brain region is strongly implicated in olfactory processing(particularly for unpleasant odorants). Secondary olfactory cortex(orbitofrontal cortices, thalamus, and insula) was abnormally activated in the studies examined, particularly for hedonic processing. Further research, using consistent methodology, is required for better understanding the neurobiology of olfactory deficits. The authors suggest taking age and sex differences into consideration and further contrasting olfactory subgroups(impaired vs intact) to better our understanding of the heterogeneity of psychotic disorders.展开更多
The Japanese grenadier anchovy (Coilia nasus) undergoes upstream migration to spawning annually but can also be observed in freshwater resident populations. It has been hypothesized that anadromous adult C. nasus may ...The Japanese grenadier anchovy (Coilia nasus) undergoes upstream migration to spawning annually but can also be observed in freshwater resident populations. It has been hypothesized that anadromous adult C. nasus may utilize olfactory cues to locate spawning grounds. We firstly performed a comparative proteome analysis about olfactory rosettes in two populations to hunt for the proteomic changes. Among 5 408 identified proteins, 1 515 proteins (629 up-regulated and 886 down-regulated) were differentially expressed. Especially, several proteins and pathways associated with olfactory signaling were found to be significantly differential. Compared with resident C. nasus, the expressions of Golf protein and the sodium/calcium exchanger were significantly up-regulated in anadromous C. nasus. The expression of adenylate cyclase and regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) were decreased. Our findings suggest a decrease in the expression of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) in anadromous C. nasus compared to resident C. nasus. The expression of Calmodulin (CaM) was increased and CaM-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ) was decreased. In addition, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of up-regulated proteins indicated statistically significant difference not only in olfactory transduction but also in the cGMP-PKG signal pathway. Furtherly, we sought out some proteins expressed in the same trend occurring in DEGs (differentially expressed genes) and DEPs (differentially expressed proteins) by doing the integrative analysis of proteome and transcriptome in olfactory rosettes of C. nasus.展开更多
Preference for uninfected mates is presumed beneficial as it minimizes one＇s risk of contracting an infection and infecting one＇s offspring. In avian systems, visual ornaments are often used to indi- cate parasite b...Preference for uninfected mates is presumed beneficial as it minimizes one＇s risk of contracting an infection and infecting one＇s offspring. In avian systems, visual ornaments are often used to indi- cate parasite burdens and facilitate mate choice. However, in mammals, olfactory cues have been proposed to act as a mechanism allowing potential mates to be discriminated by infection status. The effect of infection upon mammalian mate choice is mainly studied in captive rodents where ex- perimental trials support preference for the odors of uninfected mates and some data suggest scent marking is reduced in individuals with high infection burdens. Nevertheless, whether such effects occur in nonmodel and wild systems remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the interplay between parasite load （estimated using fecal egg counts） and scent marking behavior in a wild population of banded mongooses Mungos mungo. Focusing on a costly protozoan parasite of the genus Isospora and the nematode worm Toxocara, we first show that banded mongooses that engage in frequent, intensive scent marking have lower Isospora loads, suggesting marking behavior may be an indicator trait regarding infection status. We then use odor presentations to demonstrate that banded mongooses mark less in response to odors of opposite sexed individuals with high Isospora and Toxocara loads. As both of these parasites are known to have detrimental effects upon the health of preweaned young in other species, they would appear key targets to avoid during mate choice. Results provide support for scent as an important ornament and mechanism for advertising parasitic infection within wild mammals.展开更多
文摘Olfaction is one of our 5 main qualitative sensory abilities. In this review, we have examined the physiology of olfaction from the olfactory receptor to the brain. Through analyzing the physiology of olfaction, we have found that the biochemistry of olfactory nerve stimulation is unique from that of other similar pathways. Upon receiving large amounts of input from the olfactory nerve, the olfactory bulb, followed by several layers of centrifugal and centripetal processing in the brain, has to sort the information from the input as well as integrate it with other inputs from the brain to develop a coherent understanding of the input. We then examined the implications of olfaction in the military, the practical applications of electronic noses and problems associated with injury to olfaction that could affect compensation and combat worthiness of a soldier following injury. In the military, olfaction can allow the army to perform at its best through 4 main methods, namely ensuring olfaction is consistent with other dimensions of perception(ensuring optimal olfaction ability in all soldiers in combat), understanding the impact of different common combat environments on the sense of smell, utilizing odor as a defense mechanism and using olfactory aids when necessary. Electronic noses are olfactory aids that have a large potential in the military ranging from saving lives through the detection of explosives to potential methods for improving combustion efficiency. There are several problems associated with injury to olfaction that should be considered when deciding on compensation and combat worthiness of the soldier following an injury.
基金supported by a grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30973792)
文摘Objective:To probe into the therapeutic efect of perfume stimulating olfaction with volatile oil of Acorus Gramineus on the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) rat. Methods: Totally 50 adult SD rats, male,weighing 300±10 g, were randomly divided into 5 groups, normal group (group A), olfactory nerve severing model group (group B), AD model group (group C), AD model plus perfume stimulation group (group D), AD model olfactory nerve severing plus perfume stimulation group (group E), 10 rats in each group. After perfume stimulation, Morris maze test was conducted for valuating the learning and memory ability; Malondaldehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the brain, and the brain weight were detected. Results: Compared with the AD model group,the average escape latency and swimming distance in 6 days were significantly shorter than those in the group A, B, D (P<0.01), with no significant differences between the group C and the group E (P>0.05); Compared with the group A, B and D, MDA content in the group C significantly increased (P<0.01), and SOD and GSH-Px activities significantly decreased (P<0.01), and brain weight/body weight decreased significantly in the group C (P<0.01), with no significant differences between the group C and the group E (P>0.05). Conclusion: Perfume stimultating olfaction with volatile oil of Acorus Gramineus can significantly increase the learning-memory ability, decrease MDA content and increase SOD and GSH-Px activities and weight of brain in AD rats.
文摘Considering the effect of distributary of the interior meatus and middle meatus on olfaction, an unsteady two-dimensional model of olfaction has been developed with describing the mean cross-sectional velocity of odorant flow in the common meatus as a function of axis coordinate. The analytical solution is obtained, and it reveals the relation among the physiological parameters of the model. The obtained results are in agreement with those of experiments. This investigation is valuable for a research for the mechanism of olfaction.
基金supported by the National Key Research and development Program of China(2022YFC3400300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32122021,32370452,32100367)+3 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20233518)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(G2022KY05107)NWPU Scientific Research Initiation Grant(23GH02027)the Financial Fund of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China(125C0505)。
文摘Dear Editor,Exaptation is defined as characters evolved for other usages(or for no function at all)and later“coopted”for their current role(Gould and Vrba,1982).Exaptation has occurred in many organisms,sometimes as an outcome of organ specialization for adaptation.This process is exemplified in the family Triglidae,commonly known as gurnards or sea robins.
基金supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772233,32072491)Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation(161029)+1 种基金Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(cstc2019jcyj-zdxmX0034)Chongqing Young Talents Support Program and the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA.
文摘Olfaction plays an essential role in insect behavior such as host location,foraging,mating,and oviposition.The odorant receptor co-receptor(Orco)is an obligatory odorant receptor and indispensable in odor perception.Here,we characterized the Orco gene from the oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel),a notorious agriculture pest.The olfactory deficiency mutants were generated by editing the BdorOrco gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system.Electroantennograms(EAG)and olfactory preference assays confirmed that BdorOrco^(−/−)mutant flies had reduced perception of methyl eugenol,β-caryophyllene,and ethyl acetate.Oviposition bioassays showed that the eggs laid by BdorOrco^(−/−)females mediated by benzothiazole and 1-octen-3-ol were significantly decreased.In addition,BdorOrco^(−/−)mutant flies took a significantly longer time to locate the food source compared with wild type(WT)flies.Altogether,our data indicated that Orco is essential for multiple physiological processes in B.dorsalis,and it expands our understanding of the function of insect Orco.
基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070447,31760156)the Young Talents Invitation Program of Shandong Provincial Colleges and Universities(20190601)。
文摘Although it has been suggested that olfaction is closely interconnected with hippocampal systems,whether olfaction regulates spatial memory strategy remains never known.Furthermore,no study has examined how olfaction mediates spatial memory established on the external objects,for example,caches made by scatter-hoarding animals.Here,we experimentally induced nondestructive and reversible olfaction loss of a scatter-hoarding animal Leopoldamys edwardsi,to test whether and how olfaction regulates spatial memory to mediate cache recovery and pilferage.Our results showed that the normal L.edwardsi preferred to pilfer caches of others rather than to recover their own using accurate spatial memory(35.7%vs.18.6%).Anosmic L.edwardsi preferred to recover the caches they made prior to olfaction loss rather than to pilfer from others relied on spatial memory(54.2%vs.36.0%).However,L.edwardsi with anosmia showed no preference either to the caches they established after olfaction loss or caches made by others(25.8%vs.29.1%).These collectively indicate that olfaction loss has a potential to affect new memory formation but not previously established spatial memory on caches.Our study first showed that olfaction modified spatial memory strategy in cache recovery and pilferage behaviors of scatter-hoarding animals.We suggest that future studies pay more attention to the evolution of olfaction and its relationship with spatial memory strategy.
基金supported by a grant from the Singer Biology Fund at the University of Florida。
文摘Olfactory receptors(ORs),the largest vertebrate multigene family,exhibit wide copy number variation among taxa,ranging from~100 to 4000.The ecological importance of smell has been suggested to positively correlate with OR gene number,though debate exists on whether the number of total ORs,functional ORs,or the percentage of pseudogenes matters most.While olfaction has been poorly studied in most birds,Turkey Vultures(Cathartes aura)demonstrate keen olfactory ability,capable of foraging using smell alone.In contrast,Black Vultures(Coragyps atratus)have been thought to primarily use vision to locate food.Comparison of the OR genes in these two New World vultures presents an opportunity to examine the dynamics of OR evolution in related avian species that may differ in olfactory abilities.Using a PCR and cloning approach with degenerate primers,we sampled the OR subgenome in Turkey and Black Vultures,as well as Red-tailed Hawks(Buteo jamaicensis)and the distantly related Chicken(Gallus gallus),neither of which are thought to use olfaction extensively.Our results indicate that Turkey Vultures have many more OR genes than Red-tailed Hawks or chickens.Surprisingly,Black Vultures had an intermediate number of OR genes.The number of OR genes we estimated in the Turkey Vulture was much greater than previously reported in studies that used short-read sequencing.Additionally,we found that OR genes from New World vultures and Red-tailed Hawks form clades that were distinct from the clade that included most chicken OR genes,indicating that chickens share few OR orthologs with New World vultures or hawks.As previously observed in other animal groups,pseudogenes appeared throughout all clades and their percentage varied among taxa.These findings suggest the OR gene family is highly dynamic,changing rapidly over evolutionary time,and that taxa may have distinct suites of ORs in their genomes.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81370470 and 81171201)National Basic Research Development Program of China 2011CB510003)
文摘Hyposmia, identified as reduced sensitivity to odor, is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson＇s disease （PD） that antedates the typical motor symptoms by several years. It occurs in -90% of early-stage cases of PD. In addition to the high prevalence, the occurrence of hyposmia may also predict a higher risk of PD. Investigations into hyposmia and its relationship with PD may help elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review provides an update of olfactory dysfunction in PD and its potential as a biomarker for this devastating disease.
文摘Olfactory dysfunction is common in Parkinson＇s disease （PD） and often predates the diagnosis by years, reflecting early deposition of Lewy pathology, the histo- logic hallmark of PD, in the olfactory bulb. Clinical tests are available that allow for the rapid characterization of olfactory dysfunction, including tests of odor identification, discrimination, detection, and recognition thresholds, memory, and tests assessing the build-up of odor intensity across increasing suprathreshold stimulus concentrations. The high prevalence of olfactory impairment, along with the ease and low cost of assessment, has fostered great interest in olfaction as a potential biomarker for PD. Hyposmia may help differentiate PD from other causes of parkinsonism, and may also aid in the identification of ＂pre-motor＂ PD due to the early pathologic involvement of olfactory pathways. Olfactory function is also correlated with other non-motor features of PD and may serve as a predictor of cognitive decline. In this article, we summarize the existing literature on olfaction in PD, focusing on the potential for olfaction as a biomarker for early or differential diagnosis and prognosis.
文摘All behaviors of an organism are rooted in sensory processing of signals from its environment, and nat ural selection shapes sensory adaptations to ensure successful detection of cues that maximize fitness. Sensory drive, or divergent selection for efficient signal transmission among heterogeneous environ ments, has been a useful hypothesis for describing sensory adaptations, but its current scope has pri marily focused on visual and acoustic sensory modalities. Chemosensation, the most widespread sensory modality in animals that includes the senses of smell and taste, is characterized by rapid evolu tion and has been linked to sensory adaptations to new environments in numerous lineages. Yet, olfac tion and gustation have been largely underappreciated in light of the sensory drive hypothesis. Here, we examine why chemosensory systems have been overlooked and discuss the potential of chemo sensation to shed new insight on the sensory drive hypothesis and vice versa. We provide suggestions for developing a framework to better incorporate studies of chemosensory adaptation that have the po tential to shape a more complete, coherent, and holistic interpretation of the sensory drive.
文摘The natural aging process brings about some inevitable consequences, such as olfactory dysfunction, which is also frequently linked to numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Many age-related dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, Vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease, and Frontotemporal Dementia often display olfactory dysfunction. Despite the overwhelming evidence of above mentioned facts, the symptomatic relevance and potential clinical and pre-clinical value of olfactory dysfunction remains overlooked by many clinicians and public alike. Olfactory dysfunction has strong practical implications on daily activities and, although not as prominent as in other mammals, olfaction is still an evolutionarily relevant sense involved in human survival(e.g., smelling gas; bad food). In this work, we provide a brief review of current research related to the olfactory dysfunction profiles in different types of dementia. Additionally, we present a compilation of accessible, easy to use olfaction assessment tools; and highlight future directions in terms of improving clinical diagnosis in patient care and research.
文摘In the last decades, higher attention has been paid to olfactory perception in birds. As a consequence, a handful of avian species have been discovered to use olfaction in different contexts. Nevertheless, we still have a very limited knowledge about the use of odor cues in avian social life, particularly, in the case of songbirds. Here, we investigate if female house sparrows Passer domesticus show any preference for the odor of kin and nonkin conspecifics and we also test a possible role of familiarity based on male see nt in female choice. We performed the experiment with captive birds twice, duri ng the non breeding and breedi ng seas ons. Our results show that female house sparrows strongly avoided the odor of unrelated familiar (UF) males, both in the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Our results suggest recognition for olfactory stimuli related to familiarity and kin ship. We suggest that avoidance for UF males is associated with previous experie nee in this species. Also, we provided further evidenee to the use of olfaction in passerine species by using a new experimental setup.
基金the bao foundationAustralian Research Council Provided Financial Assistance
文摘Many prey species detect chemical cues from predators and modify their behaviours in ways that reduce their risk ofpredation. Theory predicts that prey should modify their anti-predator responses according to the degree of threat posed by thepredator. That is, prey should show the strongest responses to chemicals of highly dangerous prey, but should ignore or respondweakly to chemicals from non-dangerous predators. However, if anti-predator behaviours are not costly, and predators are rarelyencountered, prey may exhibit generalised antipredator behaviours to dangerous and non-dangerous predators. In Australia, mostelapid snakes eat lizards, and are therefore potentially dangerous to lizard prey. Recently, we found that the nocturnal velvetgecko Oedura lesueurii responds to chemicals from dangerous and non-dangerous elapid snakes, suggesting that it displays generalisedanti-predator behaviours to chemicals from elapid snakes. To explore the generality of this result, we videotaped the behaviourof velvet geckos in the presence of chemical cues from two small elapid snakes that rarely consume geckos: the nocturnalgolden-crowned snake Cacophis squamulosus and the diurnal marsh snake Hemiaspis signata. We also videotaped geckos in trialsinvolving unscented cards (controls) and cologne-scented cards (pungency controls). In trials involving Cacophis and Hemiaspischemicals, 50% and 63% of geckos spent long time periods (> 3 min) freezing whilst pressed flat against the substrate, respectively.Over half the geckos tested exhibited anti-predator behaviours (tail waving, tail vibration, running) in response to Cacophis(67%) or Hemiaspis (63%) chemicals. These behaviours were not observed in control or pungency control trials. Our resultssupport the idea that the velvet gecko displays generalised anti-predator responses to chemical cues from elapid snakes.Generalised responses to predator chemicals may be common in prey species that co-occur with multiple, ecologically similar,dangerous predators [Current Zoology 56 (3): 337-342, 2010].
基金supported and funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFE0113900)the Special Technical Innovation of Hubei Province,China(2017ABA146)。
文摘Chemosensory proteins(CSPs)are important molecular components of the insect olfactory system,which are involved in capturing,binding,and transporting hydrophobic odour molecules across the sensillum in sensillar lymph in regulating insect behavior.This protein family(CSPs)is also involved in many other systems that are not linked to olfactory receptors in olfactory sensilla.The brown planthopper(BPH)is a monophagous pest of rice that causes damage by sucking phloem sap and transmitting a number of diseases caused by viruses.In this study,fluorescence competitive binding assay and fluorescence quenching assay at acidic p H were performed as well as homology modelling to describe the binding affinity of Nlug CSP10.Fluorescence competitive binding assay(FCBA)demonstrated that Nlug CSP10 bound strongly to nonadecane,farnesene,and 2-tridecanone at acidic p H.The results of FCBA indicated that Nlug CSP10 bound different ligands at the physiological p H(5.0)of the bulk sensillum lymph.Fluorescence quenching assay demonstrated that Nlug CSP10 generated a stable complex with 2-tridecanone,while two ligands nonadecane and farnesene collided due to molecular collisions.The interaction of selected ligands with the modelled structure of Nlug CSP10 was also analyzed,which found the key amino acids(Gln23,Gln24,Gln25,Asn27,Met33,Ser34,Ile35,Tyr36,Asn42,Met43,Val45,Asn46,Asn93,Arg96,Ala97,Lys99,and Ala100)in Nlug CSP10 that were involved in binding of volatile compounds.The present study contributes to the binding profile of Nlug CSP10 that promotes the development of behaviorally active ligands based on BPH olfactory system.
基金This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China Heilongjiang(C2017059).
文摘The structure of the primary olfactory brain center was studied in male and female adult Ambrostoma quadriimpressum by means of a series of histological sections labeled using the reduced-silver-stain technique.The antennal lobe was elliptical,and the total number of glomeruli was approximately 50 in the antennal lobe in both sexes.There was no sexual dimorphism with respect to the size of the antennal lobe or the number and shape of glomeruli.
基金Supported by In part the Department of Psychiatry Dalhousie UniversityThe Faculty of Medicine at Dalhousie University+1 种基金The Nova Scotia Health Research Fundthe Canadian Institutes of Health Research
文摘Olfactory deficits on measures of identification, familiarity,and memory are consistently noted in patients with psychotic disorders relative to age-matched controls. Olfactory intensity ratings, however, appear to remain intact while the data on hedonics and detection threshold are inconsistent. Despite the behavioral abnormalities noted, no specific regional brain hypoactivity has been identified in psychosis patients, for any of the olfactory domains. However, an intriguing finding emerged from this review in that the amygdala and pirifom cortices were not noted to be abnormal in hedonic processing(nor was the amygdala identified abnormal in any study) in psychotic disorders. This finding is in contrast to the literature in healthy individuals, in that this brain region is strongly implicated in olfactory processing(particularly for unpleasant odorants). Secondary olfactory cortex(orbitofrontal cortices, thalamus, and insula) was abnormally activated in the studies examined, particularly for hedonic processing. Further research, using consistent methodology, is required for better understanding the neurobiology of olfactory deficits. The authors suggest taking age and sex differences into consideration and further contrasting olfactory subgroups(impaired vs intact) to better our understanding of the heterogeneity of psychotic disorders.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0900800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31472280,31172407)
文摘The Japanese grenadier anchovy (Coilia nasus) undergoes upstream migration to spawning annually but can also be observed in freshwater resident populations. It has been hypothesized that anadromous adult C. nasus may utilize olfactory cues to locate spawning grounds. We firstly performed a comparative proteome analysis about olfactory rosettes in two populations to hunt for the proteomic changes. Among 5 408 identified proteins, 1 515 proteins (629 up-regulated and 886 down-regulated) were differentially expressed. Especially, several proteins and pathways associated with olfactory signaling were found to be significantly differential. Compared with resident C. nasus, the expressions of Golf protein and the sodium/calcium exchanger were significantly up-regulated in anadromous C. nasus. The expression of adenylate cyclase and regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) were decreased. Our findings suggest a decrease in the expression of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) in anadromous C. nasus compared to resident C. nasus. The expression of Calmodulin (CaM) was increased and CaM-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ) was decreased. In addition, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of up-regulated proteins indicated statistically significant difference not only in olfactory transduction but also in the cGMP-PKG signal pathway. Furtherly, we sought out some proteins expressed in the same trend occurring in DEGs (differentially expressed genes) and DEPs (differentially expressed proteins) by doing the integrative analysis of proteome and transcriptome in olfactory rosettes of C. nasus.
文摘Preference for uninfected mates is presumed beneficial as it minimizes one＇s risk of contracting an infection and infecting one＇s offspring. In avian systems, visual ornaments are often used to indi- cate parasite burdens and facilitate mate choice. However, in mammals, olfactory cues have been proposed to act as a mechanism allowing potential mates to be discriminated by infection status. The effect of infection upon mammalian mate choice is mainly studied in captive rodents where ex- perimental trials support preference for the odors of uninfected mates and some data suggest scent marking is reduced in individuals with high infection burdens. Nevertheless, whether such effects occur in nonmodel and wild systems remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the interplay between parasite load （estimated using fecal egg counts） and scent marking behavior in a wild population of banded mongooses Mungos mungo. Focusing on a costly protozoan parasite of the genus Isospora and the nematode worm Toxocara, we first show that banded mongooses that engage in frequent, intensive scent marking have lower Isospora loads, suggesting marking behavior may be an indicator trait regarding infection status. We then use odor presentations to demonstrate that banded mongooses mark less in response to odors of opposite sexed individuals with high Isospora and Toxocara loads. As both of these parasites are known to have detrimental effects upon the health of preweaned young in other species, they would appear key targets to avoid during mate choice. Results provide support for scent as an important ornament and mechanism for advertising parasitic infection within wild mammals.
