In this study,we investigated how tree species affect N mineralization in connection to some soil properties and seconder metabolite levels of litter,in the soil of the old-est native forest communities.In the oldest ...In this study,we investigated how tree species affect N mineralization in connection to some soil properties and seconder metabolite levels of litter,in the soil of the old-est native forest communities.In the oldest pure communi-ties of Pinus nigra(PN),Fagus orientalis(FO),and Abies bornmuelleriana(AB)in the mountain range of Mount Uludağ,Bursa,Turkey,annual net yield and N mineraliza-tion in the 0-5-and 5-20-cm soil layers were determined in a field incubation study over 1 year.Sampling locations were chosen from 1300 to 1600 m a.s.l.,and moisture content(%),pH,water-holding capacity(%),organic C,total N,and C/N ratio,and annual net mineral N yield of the soil and hydro-lyzed tannic acid and total phenolic compounds in litter were compared for these forest communities.F.orientalis had the highest annual net Nmin yield(43.9±4.8 kg ha^(-1) a^(-1)),P.nigra the lowest(30.5±4.2 kg ha^(-1) a^(-1)).Our findings show that in the oldest forest ecosystems,the seasonal soil moisture content and tree species play an essential role in N cycling and that hydrolyzed tannic acids and total phenolic compounds effectively control N turnover.Tannic acid and total phenolics in the litter were found to inhibit nitrification,but total phenolics were found to stimulate ammonification.展开更多
An Early Paleozoic ophiolitic mélange has recently been documented in the W.Gangma Co area,north-central Tibetan Plateau.It is composed of serpentinite,isotropic and cumulate gabbros,basalt and plagiogranite.Whole-
1.Objective Large-scale commercial production of shale gas started in Fuling,Changning and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin (Zou et al.,2016)since 2010.The most notable shale gas success is the Longmaxi organic rich...1.Objective Large-scale commercial production of shale gas started in Fuling,Changning and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin (Zou et al.,2016)since 2010.The most notable shale gas success is the Longmaxi organic rich Shale in Jiaoshiba field, Sichuan Basin.The Yichang slope is located in the north of middle Yangtze region.This eastward dipping slope is a new prospective area for shale gas exploration in recent 5 years.展开更多
The Dabie orogen, Eastern Qinling orogen and Eastern Kunlun orogen are the major components of the Central Mountain Ranges of China and each has distinctively metamorphic processes in their oldest rock units. The Dab...The Dabie orogen, Eastern Qinling orogen and Eastern Kunlun orogen are the major components of the Central Mountain Ranges of China and each has distinctively metamorphic processes in their oldest rock units. The Dabie orogen oldest rock units had experienced an intermediate-higher pressure, upper amphibolite to lower granulite facies metamorphism in the Indosinian intracontinental subduction collision event. The clockwise pt path, synchronous attainment of t max and p max and a segment of high slope retrograde path suggest a tectono driven rapid exhumation of the oldest rock units to upper middle crustal level following the end of the subduction collision process. The oldest rock units, also called Qinling Group, of Eastern Qinling Mountains suffered intensively collisional metamorphism at an immature plate tectonic framework during Jinningian movement about 1 000 Ma ago. The clockwise pt path with reach of t max following several hundreds of MPa decreasing from p max suggests that the denudation of the deeply burial rock units was due essentially to isostatic relaxation. During the Caledonian stage, the highly metamorphosed oldest rock units suffered from a high t thermal event in arc environment and superimposed by contact metamorphism. After thermal peaks, the rock units were exhumed in a short distance and cooled down isobarically. No regional metamorphism higher than upper greenschist facies condition since 300 Ma has been traced within exposed rocks in the eastern portion of Northern Qinling orogen. The oldest rock units in the Eastern Kunlun orogen were metamorphosed to upper amphibolite facies to lower granulite facies rocks early or during the Luliang movement (some 1 800 Ma ago). The high grade metamorphic rock units had a long resident time at the deep crustal level, and were exhumed to middle upper crustal level during the Caledonian to Hercynian tectonometamorphic events. Shallow erosion of the orogenic belt led to good preservation of the low pressure metamorphic belt.展开更多
Objective Priapulid belong to scalidophoran and is located in the Cycloneuralia branch of the Ecdysozoa. It has survived for more than 50 million years, is a real ＂living fossil＂. Priapulid was extremely prosperous...Objective Priapulid belong to scalidophoran and is located in the Cycloneuralia branch of the Ecdysozoa. It has survived for more than 50 million years, is a real ＂living fossil＂. Priapulid was extremely prosperous in the Cambrian period. It is a small phylum in the modern ocean; only 18 current types have been described, In the Cambrian life, priapulid is one of the most important living organisms in the sea of Cambrian. The abundance of priapulid is generally much higher than that of other animals, or only after the arthropod, and its differentiation is only after the arthropod and the porous sponge. The priapulid of the Early Cambrian in Chengjiang fossil Lagerstatte has 16 basic groups of seven genera.展开更多
The di-zhen (DZ) is an ancient type of acupuncture needle with a history dating back to more than 2000 years. Unlike modern acupuncture needles, the DZ is not inserted subcutaneously and is considered to be safe for c...The di-zhen (DZ) is an ancient type of acupuncture needle with a history dating back to more than 2000 years. Unlike modern acupuncture needles, the DZ is not inserted subcutaneously and is considered to be safe for common use, even at the bedside of terminally ill patients. In this case study, DZ application was selected and applied 14 times on a 92-year-old patient who had suffered severe oliguria along with administration of diuretics. Urine volume increased 12 out of 14 times following DZ treatment;however, the other two times it was ineffective. To investigate the reason and the differences in effective/ineffective DZ application, two internal conditions (effective vs ineffective) were compared by analyzing daily nursing reports (vital signs such as blood pressure, urine volume and body temperature) and weekly clinical data (including renal, liver and immune function, urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT, AST, the ratio and number of leukocytes, erythrocytes). DZ application increased urine volume via a transient modification of the autonomic nervous system when internal homeostasis was maintained. Aging populations, who often have several diseases and medications, are rapidly increasing in developed countries. Therefore, the study and application of DZ may contribute to a reduction in medical costs, which have been rapidly and heavily expanding recently.展开更多
Based on the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey conducted in 2002, this paper uses hierarchical linear model (HLM) to make an approach to the possible determinants of activities of daily living (ADL) of Chi...Based on the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey conducted in 2002, this paper uses hierarchical linear model (HLM) to make an approach to the possible determinants of activities of daily living (ADL) of Chinese oldest old (aged 80 and above) by combining both individual and provincial level factors. The descriptive analysis shows that there is a great differ- ential in ADL by province among Chinese oldest old. The findings turn out that there does exist a significant differential in ADL between oldest old and young old, and that there is also a great differential in ADL by province among Chinese oldest old. The HLM demonstrates that comorbidity, age, cognitive impairment, visual impairment, and emotion could be the most important indi- vidual factors while natural environment, medical facilities, type of staple food and poverty rate in urban areas are the most sig- nificantly regional determinants of ADL of oldest old. The find- ings imply that future actions should not only be taken at individ- ual level, but also at regional level in order to achieve the goal of a healthy aging society in China.展开更多
A femur fragment with an Early Lutetian (early Middle Eocene) age is the world’s oldest fossil record from a seal, and, is described as Praephoca bendullensis nov. gen. nov. spec. This find pushes back the earliest e...A femur fragment with an Early Lutetian (early Middle Eocene) age is the world’s oldest fossil record from a seal, and, is described as Praephoca bendullensis nov. gen. nov. spec. This find pushes back the earliest evolution of seals into the Paleocene epoch. The femur has plesiomorphic terrestrial mammal characteristics but has a morphology that is already closer to that of Miocene and present day seals. The Eocene seal femur was found at Fürstenau-Dalum in north-west Germany, in a conglomerate rich in shark teeth that was deposited in a coastal delta environment to the north-west of the central European Rhenish Massif mainland, in the southern pre-North Sea Basin. This discovery has led to a revision of the theory that phocids originated along the coastline of the North American continent. Instead they can now be interpreted to have originated in the tropical Eocene climate of central Europe. Although the fossil records of pinnipeds in Europe during the Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene are extremely sparse, they appear to have inhabited the pre- North Sea basin, within the influence of temperate and arctic upwellings. The distribution of abundant teeth from white and megatooth sharks of two different lineages appears to correlate with that of the seals, which the sharks most probably hunted;providing supporting evidence that the phocids were already adapted as shallow marine coastal inhabitants by this time.展开更多
Renal physiology in the healthy oldest old has the fol-lowing characteristics, in comparison with the renal physiology in the young： a reduced creatinine clear-ance, tubular pattern of creatinine back-fltration, pre-...Renal physiology in the healthy oldest old has the fol-lowing characteristics, in comparison with the renal physiology in the young： a reduced creatinine clear-ance, tubular pattern of creatinine back-fltration, pre-served proximal tubule sodium reabsorption and uric acid secretion, reduced sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending loop of Henle, reduced free water clear-ance, increased urea excretion, presence of medulla hypotonicity, reduced urinary dilution and concentra-tion capabilities, and fnally a reduced collecting tubules response to furosemide which expresses a reduced potassium excretion in this segment due to a sort of aldosterone resistance. All physiological changes of the aged kidney are the same in both genders.展开更多
Nephroprevention strategies are crucial for handling chronic kidney disease(CKD) complications, and slowing its progression. However, these preventative measures should be guided by major geriatrics principles in orde...Nephroprevention strategies are crucial for handling chronic kidney disease(CKD) complications, and slowing its progression. However, these preventative measures should be guided by major geriatrics principles in order to help nephrologists to adequately handle the oldest old with CKD. These geriatric concepts consist of taking into account the relevance of choosing an individualized therapy, handling clinical frailty, and keeping a geriatric perspective which means that a good quality of life is sometimes a more important therapeutic objective inoctogenarians than merely prolonging life. Even though nephroprevention strategies for treating the oldest old with CKD are basically similar to those applied to younger patients such as low sodium and protein diet, optimized hemoglobin levels, blood pressure and metabolic control, the treating physician or care provider must at all times be ready to make fundamental adjustments and tweak patient care paradigms and objectives if and when the initial therapeutic options applied have caused unintended clinical consequences and complications. Additionally, the sarcopenia status should also be evaluated and treated in very old CKD patients.展开更多
In a small, deep alley right outside Hepingmen (the Peace Gate), no more than one mile south of the Tian’anmen Square, there stands a Peking opera theatre of great antiquity named Zhengyi Temple Theatre. Built over 3...In a small, deep alley right outside Hepingmen (the Peace Gate), no more than one mile south of the Tian’anmen Square, there stands a Peking opera theatre of great antiquity named Zhengyi Temple Theatre. Built over 300 years ago, it is the sole ancient wooden theatre architecture in the world. There are also six other extant theatres with a similar scale, but Zhenyi Temple Theatre is the oldest. It is generally recognized as a living fossil and milestone in the history of Chinese theatres and often cited as an important展开更多
Background: Despite worsening health the chronically ill oldest older persons have expressed feelings of inner strength, which can be understood as resilience. The objective was to describe and compare the characteris...Background: Despite worsening health the chronically ill oldest older persons have expressed feelings of inner strength, which can be understood as resilience. The objective was to describe and compare the characteristics of resilience in two different age groups of chronically ill oldest older persons living at home and who needed help from home nursing care. Design: Cross-sectional design was used to describe and compare the resilience qualities between the two age groups. Methods: The inclusion criteria were 80 years or older, living at home with chronic disease, receiving help from home nursing care, and with the capacity to be interviewed. A sample of 120 oldest older women (n = 79) and men (n = 41) separated in two age groups, aged 80- 89 and 90+ years, participated in the study. Resilience characteristics were measured by Resilience Scale. Results: The whole group of oldest older people was vulnerable in relation to the characteristics of perseverance, self-reliance, and existential aloneness. Despite reduced physical health they reported a meaningful life, and equanimity. Even if there were no significant differences between the age groups among the oldest older persons in the characteristics of Resilience Scale (RS), in the characteristic of meaning there was a tendency of interaction between age and how much help from home nursing care the participants received. Conclusions: It is important to focus on the individual aging and the risk of developing illness and disabilities rather than focusing on chronologic age. Possessing meaning in life and equanimity may be strengths to meet challenges through illness and growing older.展开更多
Body mass index(BMI)is widely recognized as a reasonably good measure of general adiposity and an important predictor of mortality risk[1].Meta-analyses of cohort studies[2]have demonstrated a“U”or“J”-shaped corre...Body mass index(BMI)is widely recognized as a reasonably good measure of general adiposity and an important predictor of mortality risk[1].Meta-analyses of cohort studies[2]have demonstrated a“U”or“J”-shaped correlation,wherein both low and high BMI values are associated with an increased risk of mortality.The association between BMI and mortality may vary depending on age.Among young and middle-aged adults,obesity is associated with higher mortality risk[3];but for older adults aged over65 years,“obesity paradox”is more likely to be observed[4].One recent study observed that compared with normal weight in the oldest old(aged≥80 years),overweight and obese were associated with significantly descend risk of non-cardiovascular disease(nonCVD)and all-cause mortality,but not cardiovascular disease(CVD)mortality[5].展开更多
智慧养老通过智慧技术赋能传统养老服务模式,对其进行改造和升级,究其根本在于满足老年人多元化、差异化的具体需求。现有的智慧养老平台在提供服务时一般未进行人群细分,学术界对不同年龄段老年人需求差异性的研究也尚显匮乏,这导致智...智慧养老通过智慧技术赋能传统养老服务模式,对其进行改造和升级,究其根本在于满足老年人多元化、差异化的具体需求。现有的智慧养老平台在提供服务时一般未进行人群细分,学术界对不同年龄段老年人需求差异性的研究也尚显匮乏,这导致智慧养老服务的效果普遍不佳。通过将老年人分为低龄(60-69岁)、中龄(70-79岁)和高龄(80岁及以上)三个不同的年龄段,同时采用中国老年社会追踪调查(China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey,CLASS)的最新(2020年)数据,并从经典的马斯洛需求层次理论出发可构建不同年龄段老年群体的动态需求模型。研究发现,不同年龄段的老年人既存在共性需求又存在差异化需求。共性需求会因年龄而存在需求强度差异,差异化需求则体现不同年龄段老年群体的特定需求。在此基础上,安德森模型和Logistic回归分析探讨了倾向性因素(性别、婚姻状态等)、使能性因素(养老金水平、上网情况)以及需求性因素(慢性病情况、自评健康状况等)对老年群体关键养老服务需求的影响,并构建了不同类型需求的各年龄段老年人的特征画像。为此,智慧养老服务平台应针对不同年龄段的老年群体提供差异化服务内容,并根据老年人的个性化画像进行精准推荐;针对老年个体来说,平台也应具备动态调整能力,以满足老年人在不同年龄段的养老服务需求。展开更多
Here we report an integrated study of zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope composition for a gneiss sample from the Kongling terrain in the Yangtze Craton. CL imaging reveals that most zircons are magmatic, and a few of the...Here we report an integrated study of zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope composition for a gneiss sample from the Kongling terrain in the Yangtze Craton. CL imaging reveals that most zircons are magmatic, and a few of them have thin metamorphic rims. The magmatic zircons gave a weighted mean U-Pb age of 3218±13 Ma, indicating the gneiss is the oldest basement rock in the Yangtze Craton found to date. They have εHf(t) value of -2.33±0.51,and two-stage Hf model age of 3679±49 Ma,indicating that the gneiss was derived from partial melting of >3.6 Ga crustal rock. The metamorphic rims yielded an age of 2732±16 Ma, implying that the metamorphic event occurred in the Neoarchean era, which may be also a major tectono-thermal event in the Yangtze Craton.展开更多
There has been a century-long debate in evolutionary developmental biology about whether the ancestral metazoan was a larva or an adult. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed: the ‘‘terminal addition''...There has been a century-long debate in evolutionary developmental biology about whether the ancestral metazoan was a larva or an adult. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed: the ‘‘terminal addition''theory, which assumes the primitiveness of larvae, and the‘‘intercalation'' theory, which assumes the primitiveness of adults. A consensus has not yet been reached, but the‘‘terminal addition'' theory appears to be more widely accepted. However, in contrast to the majority of larvae among living metazoans, all currently known fossil invertebrate embryos such as Markuelia and Olivooides are direct developers. Here, we describe Eolarva kuanchuanpuensis gen. et sp. nov., the oldest known larva, from the early Cambrian(*535 Ma) of South China. Eolarva kuanchuanpuensis lacks a mouth or any other type of feeding apparatus, which is non-feeding or lecithotrophic.It possesses a distinct body plan and might represent a cnidarian-grade animal. This is the first fossil evidence indicating that indirect development is the plesiomorphy of metazoan development.展开更多
The formation, composition and evolution of the oldest continental crust is the logical starting point for discussing the differentiation and development of the crust-mantle system and the tectonic evolution of the Ea...The formation, composition and evolution of the oldest continental crust is the logical starting point for discussing the differentiation and development of the crust-mantle system and the tectonic evolution of the Earth. Searching for and identifying the oldest continental crust and investigating the processes and periodicity of crust formation and its subsequent development into cratons is a primary scientific topic of worldwide research [1]. The other important issues related to early Precambrian evolution include identifying tectonic divisions and determining the onset of plate tectonics. However, the rarity of preserved ancient continental crust due to its long-term reworking makes this research extremely challenging. Thus, finding and identifying the oldest rocks and zircons is the beginning of very exciting and important research. The occurrence of >3.8 Ga rocks in northern and eastern Canada, West Greenland and eastern Antarctica are difficult to access and so it is important to identify other occurrences of such rocks.展开更多
文摘In this study,we investigated how tree species affect N mineralization in connection to some soil properties and seconder metabolite levels of litter,in the soil of the old-est native forest communities.In the oldest pure communi-ties of Pinus nigra(PN),Fagus orientalis(FO),and Abies bornmuelleriana(AB)in the mountain range of Mount Uludağ,Bursa,Turkey,annual net yield and N mineraliza-tion in the 0-5-and 5-20-cm soil layers were determined in a field incubation study over 1 year.Sampling locations were chosen from 1300 to 1600 m a.s.l.,and moisture content(%),pH,water-holding capacity(%),organic C,total N,and C/N ratio,and annual net mineral N yield of the soil and hydro-lyzed tannic acid and total phenolic compounds in litter were compared for these forest communities.F.orientalis had the highest annual net Nmin yield(43.9±4.8 kg ha^(-1) a^(-1)),P.nigra the lowest(30.5±4.2 kg ha^(-1) a^(-1)).Our findings show that in the oldest forest ecosystems,the seasonal soil moisture content and tree species play an essential role in N cycling and that hydrolyzed tannic acids and total phenolic compounds effectively control N turnover.Tannic acid and total phenolics in the litter were found to inhibit nitrification,but total phenolics were found to stimulate ammonification.
文摘An Early Paleozoic ophiolitic mélange has recently been documented in the W.Gangma Co area,north-central Tibetan Plateau.It is composed of serpentinite,isotropic and cumulate gabbros,basalt and plagiogranite.Whole-
文摘1.Objective Large-scale commercial production of shale gas started in Fuling,Changning and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin (Zou et al.,2016)since 2010.The most notable shale gas success is the Longmaxi organic rich Shale in Jiaoshiba field, Sichuan Basin.The Yichang slope is located in the north of middle Yangtze region.This eastward dipping slope is a new prospective area for shale gas exploration in recent 5 years.
文摘The Dabie orogen, Eastern Qinling orogen and Eastern Kunlun orogen are the major components of the Central Mountain Ranges of China and each has distinctively metamorphic processes in their oldest rock units. The Dabie orogen oldest rock units had experienced an intermediate-higher pressure, upper amphibolite to lower granulite facies metamorphism in the Indosinian intracontinental subduction collision event. The clockwise pt path, synchronous attainment of t max and p max and a segment of high slope retrograde path suggest a tectono driven rapid exhumation of the oldest rock units to upper middle crustal level following the end of the subduction collision process. The oldest rock units, also called Qinling Group, of Eastern Qinling Mountains suffered intensively collisional metamorphism at an immature plate tectonic framework during Jinningian movement about 1 000 Ma ago. The clockwise pt path with reach of t max following several hundreds of MPa decreasing from p max suggests that the denudation of the deeply burial rock units was due essentially to isostatic relaxation. During the Caledonian stage, the highly metamorphosed oldest rock units suffered from a high t thermal event in arc environment and superimposed by contact metamorphism. After thermal peaks, the rock units were exhumed in a short distance and cooled down isobarically. No regional metamorphism higher than upper greenschist facies condition since 300 Ma has been traced within exposed rocks in the eastern portion of Northern Qinling orogen. The oldest rock units in the Eastern Kunlun orogen were metamorphosed to upper amphibolite facies to lower granulite facies rocks early or during the Luliang movement (some 1 800 Ma ago). The high grade metamorphic rock units had a long resident time at the deep crustal level, and were exhumed to middle upper crustal level during the Caledonian to Hercynian tectonometamorphic events. Shallow erosion of the orogenic belt led to good preservation of the low pressure metamorphic belt.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.41572009)2016 College Students' innovative training program of Chang'an University(grants No.201610710043,201610710044,201610710047 and 201610710045)
文摘Objective Priapulid belong to scalidophoran and is located in the Cycloneuralia branch of the Ecdysozoa. It has survived for more than 50 million years, is a real ＂living fossil＂. Priapulid was extremely prosperous in the Cambrian period. It is a small phylum in the modern ocean; only 18 current types have been described, In the Cambrian life, priapulid is one of the most important living organisms in the sea of Cambrian. The abundance of priapulid is generally much higher than that of other animals, or only after the arthropod, and its differentiation is only after the arthropod and the porous sponge. The priapulid of the Early Cambrian in Chengjiang fossil Lagerstatte has 16 basic groups of seven genera.
文摘The di-zhen (DZ) is an ancient type of acupuncture needle with a history dating back to more than 2000 years. Unlike modern acupuncture needles, the DZ is not inserted subcutaneously and is considered to be safe for common use, even at the bedside of terminally ill patients. In this case study, DZ application was selected and applied 14 times on a 92-year-old patient who had suffered severe oliguria along with administration of diuretics. Urine volume increased 12 out of 14 times following DZ treatment;however, the other two times it was ineffective. To investigate the reason and the differences in effective/ineffective DZ application, two internal conditions (effective vs ineffective) were compared by analyzing daily nursing reports (vital signs such as blood pressure, urine volume and body temperature) and weekly clinical data (including renal, liver and immune function, urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT, AST, the ratio and number of leukocytes, erythrocytes). DZ application increased urine volume via a transient modification of the autonomic nervous system when internal homeostasis was maintained. Aging populations, who often have several diseases and medications, are rapidly increasing in developed countries. Therefore, the study and application of DZ may contribute to a reduction in medical costs, which have been rapidly and heavily expanding recently.
文摘Based on the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey conducted in 2002, this paper uses hierarchical linear model (HLM) to make an approach to the possible determinants of activities of daily living (ADL) of Chinese oldest old (aged 80 and above) by combining both individual and provincial level factors. The descriptive analysis shows that there is a great differ- ential in ADL by province among Chinese oldest old. The findings turn out that there does exist a significant differential in ADL between oldest old and young old, and that there is also a great differential in ADL by province among Chinese oldest old. The HLM demonstrates that comorbidity, age, cognitive impairment, visual impairment, and emotion could be the most important indi- vidual factors while natural environment, medical facilities, type of staple food and poverty rate in urban areas are the most sig- nificantly regional determinants of ADL of oldest old. The find- ings imply that future actions should not only be taken at individ- ual level, but also at regional level in order to achieve the goal of a healthy aging society in China.
文摘A femur fragment with an Early Lutetian (early Middle Eocene) age is the world’s oldest fossil record from a seal, and, is described as Praephoca bendullensis nov. gen. nov. spec. This find pushes back the earliest evolution of seals into the Paleocene epoch. The femur has plesiomorphic terrestrial mammal characteristics but has a morphology that is already closer to that of Miocene and present day seals. The Eocene seal femur was found at Fürstenau-Dalum in north-west Germany, in a conglomerate rich in shark teeth that was deposited in a coastal delta environment to the north-west of the central European Rhenish Massif mainland, in the southern pre-North Sea Basin. This discovery has led to a revision of the theory that phocids originated along the coastline of the North American continent. Instead they can now be interpreted to have originated in the tropical Eocene climate of central Europe. Although the fossil records of pinnipeds in Europe during the Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene are extremely sparse, they appear to have inhabited the pre- North Sea basin, within the influence of temperate and arctic upwellings. The distribution of abundant teeth from white and megatooth sharks of two different lineages appears to correlate with that of the seals, which the sharks most probably hunted;providing supporting evidence that the phocids were already adapted as shallow marine coastal inhabitants by this time.
文摘Renal physiology in the healthy oldest old has the fol-lowing characteristics, in comparison with the renal physiology in the young： a reduced creatinine clear-ance, tubular pattern of creatinine back-fltration, pre-served proximal tubule sodium reabsorption and uric acid secretion, reduced sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending loop of Henle, reduced free water clear-ance, increased urea excretion, presence of medulla hypotonicity, reduced urinary dilution and concentra-tion capabilities, and fnally a reduced collecting tubules response to furosemide which expresses a reduced potassium excretion in this segment due to a sort of aldosterone resistance. All physiological changes of the aged kidney are the same in both genders.
文摘Nephroprevention strategies are crucial for handling chronic kidney disease(CKD) complications, and slowing its progression. However, these preventative measures should be guided by major geriatrics principles in order to help nephrologists to adequately handle the oldest old with CKD. These geriatric concepts consist of taking into account the relevance of choosing an individualized therapy, handling clinical frailty, and keeping a geriatric perspective which means that a good quality of life is sometimes a more important therapeutic objective inoctogenarians than merely prolonging life. Even though nephroprevention strategies for treating the oldest old with CKD are basically similar to those applied to younger patients such as low sodium and protein diet, optimized hemoglobin levels, blood pressure and metabolic control, the treating physician or care provider must at all times be ready to make fundamental adjustments and tweak patient care paradigms and objectives if and when the initial therapeutic options applied have caused unintended clinical consequences and complications. Additionally, the sarcopenia status should also be evaluated and treated in very old CKD patients.
文摘In a small, deep alley right outside Hepingmen (the Peace Gate), no more than one mile south of the Tian’anmen Square, there stands a Peking opera theatre of great antiquity named Zhengyi Temple Theatre. Built over 300 years ago, it is the sole ancient wooden theatre architecture in the world. There are also six other extant theatres with a similar scale, but Zhenyi Temple Theatre is the oldest. It is generally recognized as a living fossil and milestone in the history of Chinese theatres and often cited as an important
基金Nord-Trøndelag University College (pro- ject number 24006)
文摘Background: Despite worsening health the chronically ill oldest older persons have expressed feelings of inner strength, which can be understood as resilience. The objective was to describe and compare the characteristics of resilience in two different age groups of chronically ill oldest older persons living at home and who needed help from home nursing care. Design: Cross-sectional design was used to describe and compare the resilience qualities between the two age groups. Methods: The inclusion criteria were 80 years or older, living at home with chronic disease, receiving help from home nursing care, and with the capacity to be interviewed. A sample of 120 oldest older women (n = 79) and men (n = 41) separated in two age groups, aged 80- 89 and 90+ years, participated in the study. Resilience characteristics were measured by Resilience Scale. Results: The whole group of oldest older people was vulnerable in relation to the characteristics of perseverance, self-reliance, and existential aloneness. Despite reduced physical health they reported a meaningful life, and equanimity. Even if there were no significant differences between the age groups among the oldest older persons in the characteristics of Resilience Scale (RS), in the characteristic of meaning there was a tendency of interaction between age and how much help from home nursing care the participants received. Conclusions: It is important to focus on the individual aging and the risk of developing illness and disabilities rather than focusing on chronologic age. Possessing meaning in life and equanimity may be strengths to meet challenges through illness and growing older.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82025030,82222063 and 82388102)China Association for Science and Technology(YESS20200046)National Institute of Environmental Health,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(2021YSRF02)。
文摘Body mass index(BMI)is widely recognized as a reasonably good measure of general adiposity and an important predictor of mortality risk[1].Meta-analyses of cohort studies[2]have demonstrated a“U”or“J”-shaped correlation,wherein both low and high BMI values are associated with an increased risk of mortality.The association between BMI and mortality may vary depending on age.Among young and middle-aged adults,obesity is associated with higher mortality risk[3];but for older adults aged over65 years,“obesity paradox”is more likely to be observed[4].One recent study observed that compared with normal weight in the oldest old(aged≥80 years),overweight and obese were associated with significantly descend risk of non-cardiovascular disease(nonCVD)and all-cause mortality,but not cardiovascular disease(CVD)mortality[5].
文摘智慧养老通过智慧技术赋能传统养老服务模式,对其进行改造和升级,究其根本在于满足老年人多元化、差异化的具体需求。现有的智慧养老平台在提供服务时一般未进行人群细分,学术界对不同年龄段老年人需求差异性的研究也尚显匮乏,这导致智慧养老服务的效果普遍不佳。通过将老年人分为低龄(60-69岁)、中龄(70-79岁)和高龄(80岁及以上)三个不同的年龄段,同时采用中国老年社会追踪调查(China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey,CLASS)的最新(2020年)数据,并从经典的马斯洛需求层次理论出发可构建不同年龄段老年群体的动态需求模型。研究发现,不同年龄段的老年人既存在共性需求又存在差异化需求。共性需求会因年龄而存在需求强度差异,差异化需求则体现不同年龄段老年群体的特定需求。在此基础上,安德森模型和Logistic回归分析探讨了倾向性因素(性别、婚姻状态等)、使能性因素(养老金水平、上网情况)以及需求性因素(慢性病情况、自评健康状况等)对老年群体关键养老服务需求的影响,并构建了不同类型需求的各年龄段老年人的特征画像。为此,智慧养老服务平台应针对不同年龄段的老年群体提供差异化服务内容,并根据老年人的个性化画像进行精准推荐;针对老年个体来说,平台也应具备动态调整能力,以满足老年人在不同年龄段的养老服务需求。
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40772042, 90714010, 40873043 and 40821061)the Ministry of Education of China (Grant Nos. IRT0441, B07039 and NCET-06-0659)the Opening Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University
文摘Here we report an integrated study of zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope composition for a gneiss sample from the Kongling terrain in the Yangtze Craton. CL imaging reveals that most zircons are magmatic, and a few of them have thin metamorphic rims. The magmatic zircons gave a weighted mean U-Pb age of 3218±13 Ma, indicating the gneiss is the oldest basement rock in the Yangtze Craton found to date. They have εHf(t) value of -2.33±0.51,and two-stage Hf model age of 3679±49 Ma,indicating that the gneiss was derived from partial melting of >3.6 Ga crustal rock. The metamorphic rims yielded an age of 2732±16 Ma, implying that the metamorphic event occurred in the Neoarchean era, which may be also a major tectono-thermal event in the Yangtze Craton.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(4137201541102003+4 种基金J1210006)the State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and PalaeontologyChinese Academy of Sciences(10310220132107)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of High Education(20060001059)
文摘There has been a century-long debate in evolutionary developmental biology about whether the ancestral metazoan was a larva or an adult. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed: the ‘‘terminal addition''theory, which assumes the primitiveness of larvae, and the‘‘intercalation'' theory, which assumes the primitiveness of adults. A consensus has not yet been reached, but the‘‘terminal addition'' theory appears to be more widely accepted. However, in contrast to the majority of larvae among living metazoans, all currently known fossil invertebrate embryos such as Markuelia and Olivooides are direct developers. Here, we describe Eolarva kuanchuanpuensis gen. et sp. nov., the oldest known larva, from the early Cambrian(*535 Ma) of South China. Eolarva kuanchuanpuensis lacks a mouth or any other type of feeding apparatus, which is non-feeding or lecithotrophic.It possesses a distinct body plan and might represent a cnidarian-grade animal. This is the first fossil evidence indicating that indirect development is the plesiomorphy of metazoan development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41472169)the Key Program of the Ministry of Nature and Resources of China(121201102000150012)
文摘The formation, composition and evolution of the oldest continental crust is the logical starting point for discussing the differentiation and development of the crust-mantle system and the tectonic evolution of the Earth. Searching for and identifying the oldest continental crust and investigating the processes and periodicity of crust formation and its subsequent development into cratons is a primary scientific topic of worldwide research [1]. The other important issues related to early Precambrian evolution include identifying tectonic divisions and determining the onset of plate tectonics. However, the rarity of preserved ancient continental crust due to its long-term reworking makes this research extremely challenging. Thus, finding and identifying the oldest rocks and zircons is the beginning of very exciting and important research. The occurrence of >3.8 Ga rocks in northern and eastern Canada, West Greenland and eastern Antarctica are difficult to access and so it is important to identify other occurrences of such rocks.
