Based on the concept of“Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”,Chinese government is relying on the ecological and environmental characteristics of cities,in combination with modern ecological,econom...Based on the concept of“Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”,Chinese government is relying on the ecological and environmental characteristics of cities,in combination with modern ecological,economic,and sociological theories,to achieve sustainable urban development.However,the value realization of ecological products(EP)faces challenges in four major aspects:quantification,trading,transformation,and sustainability.At this stage,seeking breakthroughs to form a stable development path for the realization of the value of EPs is crucial.This paper examines the Guilin Sustainable Development Innovation Demonstration Zone and conducts a case study on oil tea,a characteristic EP.Based on the value realization of EPs,this paper analyzes the oil tea industry in terms of three functions:ecological protection,regional economic development,and traditional cultural support.Drawing on the theory of the gross ecosystem product,this paper examines the role of the value realization of oil tea in improving the quality of the urban living environment and ecosystem functions in Guilin.The results can help promote research on the shaping effects of endemic EPs on sustainable development with respect to the urban economy.Taking a human-centered perspective,the principles of landsenses ecology and traditional ecological knowledge can help analyze the social,historical,and cultural value of oil tea.Combined with on-site research data,a relationship map centered on oil tea culture is created to explore the importance of developing traditional cultural attributes of local EPs in promoting cultural customs,protecting the cultural diversity of ethnic minorities,and driving the development of the cultural tourism industry.By constructing a sustainable urban development model centered on developing local characteristic EPs with the core elements of ecology-economy-traditional culture,this paper aims to strengthen the ecological protection function of cities,promote high-quality economic development,and enhance the soft power of traditional culture.It provides scientific support for the sustainable development planning in Guilin.展开更多
The aim of this study is to optimize the formula of oil soup, which was one of traditional food of Guangxi province, south China. Tea leaves, bone soup, beans and other minor ingredients in the formula of oil tea soup...The aim of this study is to optimize the formula of oil soup, which was one of traditional food of Guangxi province, south China. Tea leaves, bone soup, beans and other minor ingredients in the formula of oil tea soup are selected as the research objects. The sensory evaluation factors such as flavor, taste, color, aroma were selected to optimize the formula of oil tea soup based on orthogonal test and fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation. The results showed the most important factor that affected the quality of the oil tea soup was tea leaves content, followed by the proportion of bone soup, minor ingredient and beans content. The study indicated that the optimal recipe ofoil tea soup was as follow： 0.6% tea, 0.4% beans, and 0.5% other ingredients. The ratio of material to solution of bone soup was 1：5.展开更多
Vitamin C,a potent antioxidant with broad therapeutic applications,is limited by rapid degradation under environmental stressors,which compromises its stability and bioactivity.This study addresses these limitations b...Vitamin C,a potent antioxidant with broad therapeutic applications,is limited by rapid degradation under environmental stressors,which compromises its stability and bioactivity.This study addresses these limitations by formulating a double nano-emulsion(W/O/W)system incorporating macadamia oil and tea tree oil,using homogenization and phase inversion temperature(PIT)techniques.Comprehensive physicochemical charac-terization,including droplet size,polydispersity index(PDI),zeta potential,turbidity,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and SEM,was conducted alongside stability assessments under varying pH,temperature,and storage conditions.The optimized nano-emulsions exhibited nanoscale droplet sizes(10-40 nm),low PDI values(indicating high uniformity),and robust stability.Interestingly,the formulation with 2%W/O loading,with a particle size of 11.57 nm and a PDI of 0.04,demonstrated an antioxidant capacity of 4622.62μg ascorbic acid equivalents(AA)/g,which was significantly higher(p<0.05)compared to both natural oils(macadamia oil:20.91μg AA/g,tea tree oil:16.86μg AA/g)and a 10%Vitamin C aqueous solution(592.94μg AA/g).FTIR analysis confirmed the molecular integrity of Vitamin C and its successful encapsulation with macadamia and tea tree oils,while SEM images revealed uniformly spherical and well-dispersed droplets.Moreover,the formulation retained its structural integrity and antioxidant functionality under diverse pH and thermal conditions.These findings underscore the potential of double nano-emulsion systems to overcome the stability challenges of Vitamin C,offering a promising approach to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic performance in phar-maceutical and cosmetic applications.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to develop an"oil-tea"instant tea with traditional"oil-tea"flavor,easy preservation and transportation and good taste.[Methods]With green tea,ginger and peanuts...[Objectives]This study was conducted to develop an"oil-tea"instant tea with traditional"oil-tea"flavor,easy preservation and transportation and good taste.[Methods]With green tea,ginger and peanuts as experimental materials,a compound extract was obtained by boiling,and the"oil-tea"instant tea was prepared by spray drying.The tea polyphenol content and soluble solid content of the extract(oil tea soup),the yield of finished solid product and sensory quality were comprehensively evaluated.[Results]The optimum instant tea technical parameters were determined as follows:the ratio of material to liquid 1∶15,the extraction time of boiling 60 min,the inlet air temperature of spray drying 180℃,the feeding speed 850 ml/h,the soluble solid content of the extract 13%,and the amount of maltodextrin added 12 mg/g.Under these conditions,the yield of the instant tea was high,and the instant tea had better sensory quality and good solubility.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for the commercial development of"oil tea".展开更多
Background: Tea tree oil(TTO) plays an important role in antibacterial activity and alleviating the inflammatory responses. Bovine mammary epithelium and polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNL) can actively respond to bovi...Background: Tea tree oil(TTO) plays an important role in antibacterial activity and alleviating the inflammatory responses. Bovine mammary epithelium and polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNL) can actively respond to bovine mastitis infection. However, regulatory effects of TTO extracts on the innate immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs) and PMNL remain not reported. Therefore, aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of TTO extracts on the m RNA levels of the genes involved in the innate immune response of BMECs and PMNL.Results: Our results demonstrated that addition of 0.025% and 0.05% TTO increased the proliferation of BMECs, and significantly enhanced(P < 0.05) the viability of BMECs exposed to Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus). An inhibitory effect was observed against the growth of S. aureus by TTO incubation. The 0.05% TTO reduced S. aureus biofilm formation, association and invasion of S. aureus to BMECs, and changed the morphological and structural features of S. aureus. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were decreased(P < 0.001) by the incubation of TTO. Interestingly, the expression of IL-8 known for PMNL chemotactic function was elevated(P < 0.05) by 0.05%TTO treatment. Consistently, 0.05% TTO increased the migration of PMNL in S. aureus-exposed BMECs when compared with S. aureus treatment alone(P < 0.05). In addition, PMNL incubated with 0.05% TTO decreased the levels of NFKB inhibitor alpha(NFKBIA) and TNF-α.Conclusions: Our results indicate that use of TTO can relieve the BMECs pro-inflammatory response caused by S.aureus and promote the migration of PMNL to mount the innate immune responses, and it may be novel strategy for the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus.展开更多
A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was stat...A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..展开更多
Over the past few decades,complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide.The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vi...Over the past few decades,complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide.The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vitro and in vivo as part of efforts to legitimize their usage.One such product is tea tree oil(TTO),a volatile essential oil primarily obtained from the native Australian plant,Melaleuca alternifolia,which has diverse traditional and industrial applications such as topical preparations for the treatment of skin infections.Its anti-inflammatory-linked immunomodulatory actions have also been reported.This systematic review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of TTO and its main components that have shown strong immunomodulatory potential.An extensive literature search was performed electronically for data curation on worldwide accepted scientific databases,such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,ScienceDirect,Scopus,and esteemed publishers such as Elsevier,Springer,Frontiers,and Taylor&Francis.Considering that the majority of pharmacological studies were conducted on crude oils only,the extracted data were critically analyzed to gain further insight into the prospects of TTO being used as a neuroprotective agent by drug formulation or dietary supplement.In addition,the active constituents contributing to the activity of TTO have not been well justified,and the core mechanisms need to be unveiled especially for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects leading to neuroprotection.Therefore,this review attempts to correlate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of TTO with its neuroprotective mechanisms.展开更多
To determine the age of oil-tea camellia trees, regression equations including Logistic, Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Korf, and Richards were used to calculate accumulative growth rate using basal trunk disc and investigat...To determine the age of oil-tea camellia trees, regression equations including Logistic, Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Korf, and Richards were used to calculate accumulative growth rate using basal trunk disc and investigate the relations between the age of oil-tea camellia trees and their growth rate of secondary trunk. The Gompertz equation Y=71.296 1exp （-3.874 4exp （-0.006 4t）） was the most optimal equation to simulate the accumulative growth rate of basal trunk disc. This equation could be used to estimate the age of oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. The Korf equation Y=576.900 1exp （-4.153 0x -0.314 2 ） was the best equation to describe the relation between the age and growth rate of different secondary trunks. With the adjustment coefficient and average growth of different secondary trunk discs, it is possible to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. In addition, taking three or more discs from the same diameter group and calculating their average growth rate could lead to more accurate results. For trees that grow in different areas, environmental conditions should be carefully considered when using the above two equations to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees.展开更多
Nowadays, people are busier and busier for working and living, and suffer a lot of pressure on their body or mind. Therefore, people are prone to have fatigue activity and decrease their working efficiency and happine...Nowadays, people are busier and busier for working and living, and suffer a lot of pressure on their body or mind. Therefore, people are prone to have fatigue activity and decrease their working efficiency and happiness. It was reported that fatigue is a common symptom in the community, with up to half of the general population complaining of fatigue. More and more researchers devoted themselves to studying natural active ingredients in organism as the anti-fatigue drugs to release fatigue symptom. However, these natural ingredients were difficult to obtain from plants, animals and microorganisms by separating and purifying. In addition, some active substances have many side effects. In our study, we employed tea seed oil as main ingredients blended with bis-(carboxyethylgermanium) sesquioxide (Ge-132) to investigate the effects of anti-fatigue on mice by administrating mice with low dose, intermediate dose and high dose of tea seed oil complex for 0, 2 or 4 weeks. The specific tests of studying effects of anti-fatigue were body weight, weight-loaded force swimming, blood urea nitrogen, blood lactic acid and hepaticglycogen. And the results showed that appropriate level of tea seed oil complex could decrease the body weight and prolong the weight-loaded swimming time, and had an active effect on the bloodurea nitrogen, hepatic glycogen and blood lactic acid level mice, which significantly embodied the anti-fatigue activity of tea seed oil complex.展开更多
A simple procedure is described for the HPLC and UV determination of tea saponin in tea seed oil. Determinate was accomplished with UV wavelength detection 550 nm for saponification sample, and HPLC was done under con...A simple procedure is described for the HPLC and UV determination of tea saponin in tea seed oil. Determinate was accomplished with UV wavelength detection 550 nm for saponification sample, and HPLC was done under conditions: C18 analytical column of TC-C18, 4. 6 × 250 mm, column temperature at room temperature, injected sample volume was 10 μL, mobile phase’s methanol, flow-rate 0.8 ml/min and detection wavelength 280 nm.展开更多
Physicochemical properties of green tea seed oil including cold test,color,flash point,gravity,refraction index,moisture content,acid value,iodine value,unsaponifiable matter and saponification value were investigated...Physicochemical properties of green tea seed oil including cold test,color,flash point,gravity,refraction index,moisture content,acid value,iodine value,unsaponifiable matter and saponification value were investigated.Fatty acid composition and catechin content of the oil was determined by GC and HPLC analysis.The oil is stable at low temperature.High flash point(267.8 ± 5.1℃) showed the high thermal stability of green tea seed oil as well,which support for suitability to use as cooking oil.Specific gravity and refraction index of green tea seed oil was found as 0.913 and 1.4679,respectively.Color of the oil was measured as 99.7 ± 0.2 for lightness,1.9 ± 0.1 for greenness and 6.6 ± 0.1 for yellowness.Acid value(KOH mg/ml),iodine value,unsaponifiable matter(%) and saponification value of green tea seed oil were 0.21,104.1,0.11 and 215,respectively.Fatty acids compositions of green tea seed oil was found to be dominated by oleic acid(81.3%) and presence of minor amount of linoleic acid(4.8%),palmitic acid(4.6%),palmitoleic acid(3.3%),linolenic acid(3.2%) and stearic acid(1.0%).The presence of antioxidative compounds such as(-)-epicatechingallate(207.2 ± 0.2 g /g) and(-)-epigallocatechin gallate(99.5 ± 0.6 g/g) in the oil could enhance its shelf life during storage.展开更多
Kaolin was modified using a chemical complex of hydrazine hydrate and oleochemical sodium salts derived from rubber seed oil (SRSO) and tea seed oil (STSO) respectively. Characterization of the pristine kaolin and the...Kaolin was modified using a chemical complex of hydrazine hydrate and oleochemical sodium salts derived from rubber seed oil (SRSO) and tea seed oil (STSO) respectively. Characterization of the pristine kaolin and the modified kaolins were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Simultaneous Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) and UV Spectrophotometry. TG/DTA revealed that the incorporation of the oleochemical salts enhanced thermal decomposition of kaolin into metakaolin. Ultraviolet spectrophotometric studies conducted on the modified kaolin show for the first time that the SRSO-modified kaolin and STSO-modified kaolin have a peak absorbance wavelengths of 312.72 nm and 314.26 nm respectively. This shows that the modified kaolin is a promising candidate for sunscreen applications.展开更多
The rheological analysis on dynamic shear rate-viscosity relationship of tea-oil extracted from tea-oil tree seeds by supercritical extraction method was carried out at gradient temperatures and constant shear rate,re...The rheological analysis on dynamic shear rate-viscosity relationship of tea-oil extracted from tea-oil tree seeds by supercritical extraction method was carried out at gradient temperatures and constant shear rate,respectively.The results show that at 20,40,60 and 80 ℃,once the shear rate increases gradually,the torque enlarges correspondingly,while the viscosity shows little difference.However,at the constant shear rate,the rising temperature results in a steady downtrend on tea-oil viscosity.This results reveal that tea-oil viscosity is not closely correlated with shear rate at constant temperature,yet negatively correlated with temperature at constant shear rate.展开更多
Fast phase-transferring was adopted in ethanol solution at the condition of n (oil-soluble tea pol-yphenol): N (As3﹢) = 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, pH = 4.0, temperature 40°C - 45°C, action period of 15 h to compo...Fast phase-transferring was adopted in ethanol solution at the condition of n (oil-soluble tea pol-yphenol): N (As3﹢) = 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, pH = 4.0, temperature 40°C - 45°C, action period of 15 h to compose the target, of which the productivity was 59%, UV was 267.50, 218.00, 220.50 nm, FTIR was 6291, 34158.6, 2850.2, 1708.2;1457.3;1370.4, 1224.2, 1144.0, 760.5 cm﹣1, fluorescence value λmax = 257, 591.1, 593.7, 590.3, 591.0, 591.5, XRD λ/nm is 3.6974, 4.186, 12.0762, 15.4747, 1H-NMRδ = 0.782, 1.193, 1.483 - 1.586, 1.959 - 2.184, 2.479, 3.116, 3.970 - 3.981, 5.231 - 5.753, 6.537 - 7.300. Finally it was ascertained through XRD as double-coordinated polycrystal compound.展开更多
Adding green tea extract to rice bran oil was expected to improve its oxidative stability,so this study was conducted to investigate oxidative stability of green tea extract-enriched rice bran oil(RBOG) during storage...Adding green tea extract to rice bran oil was expected to improve its oxidative stability,so this study was conducted to investigate oxidative stability of green tea extract-enriched rice bran oil(RBOG) during storage at 60℃ for 15 days compared to rice bran oil(RBO),olive(OL),canola(CN),and grape-seed oil(GS).Acid values did not increase during storage,and the highest value was found for OL.The peroxide values of RBOG,RBO,CN,OL,and GS increased for up to 15 days.The highest average rate constant for the change in peroxide value was found for RBO(0.282).TBARS increased continually during storage of RBOG,RBO,CN,and OL;however,the value increased for up to 9 days and then decreased for GS.The highest average rate constant of change in TBARS was found for CN.Overall,the results suggest that green tea extract improves oxidative stability of rice bran oil.展开更多
Production of cocoa butter replacer (CBR) from tea seed oil through common modification methods of oils (dry fractionation, partial hydrogenation, chemical and enzymatic interesterification) was evaluated. Some physic...Production of cocoa butter replacer (CBR) from tea seed oil through common modification methods of oils (dry fractionation, partial hydrogenation, chemical and enzymatic interesterification) was evaluated. Some physico-chemical properties (iodine, saponification, acid and peroxide values) and fatty acid composition (FAC) of modified samples were analyzed and compared with a reference cocoa butter (CB). Solid and liquid fractions for large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (approx. 80%) and thereby lower iodine values (81 - 85 gI2/100g) than that of CB (37% and 34 gI2/100 g, respectively), are not suitable as CBR. Among all ratios of chemically and enzaymatically interesterified oil blends (20%, 25% and 30% of hydrogenated tea seed oil with 80%, 75% and 70% of tea seed oil/liquid fraction/solid fraction), the samples with ratio of 30:70 from both chemical and enzymatic interesterification had FAC and iodine value closer to that of CB. A comparision between chemically and enzymatically interesterified samples (CISs and EISs, respectively), in terms of solid fat content (SFC) indicated that although the SFC values in EIS were much lower than that of CB, but the thermal behavior of this sample is comprable to CB at 20℃- 30℃ (sharp melting point of CB).展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China“Research on urban sustainable development evaluation data fusion management technology”[Grant No.2022YFC3802903]the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[Grant No.XDA23030403].
文摘Based on the concept of“Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”,Chinese government is relying on the ecological and environmental characteristics of cities,in combination with modern ecological,economic,and sociological theories,to achieve sustainable urban development.However,the value realization of ecological products(EP)faces challenges in four major aspects:quantification,trading,transformation,and sustainability.At this stage,seeking breakthroughs to form a stable development path for the realization of the value of EPs is crucial.This paper examines the Guilin Sustainable Development Innovation Demonstration Zone and conducts a case study on oil tea,a characteristic EP.Based on the value realization of EPs,this paper analyzes the oil tea industry in terms of three functions:ecological protection,regional economic development,and traditional cultural support.Drawing on the theory of the gross ecosystem product,this paper examines the role of the value realization of oil tea in improving the quality of the urban living environment and ecosystem functions in Guilin.The results can help promote research on the shaping effects of endemic EPs on sustainable development with respect to the urban economy.Taking a human-centered perspective,the principles of landsenses ecology and traditional ecological knowledge can help analyze the social,historical,and cultural value of oil tea.Combined with on-site research data,a relationship map centered on oil tea culture is created to explore the importance of developing traditional cultural attributes of local EPs in promoting cultural customs,protecting the cultural diversity of ethnic minorities,and driving the development of the cultural tourism industry.By constructing a sustainable urban development model centered on developing local characteristic EPs with the core elements of ecology-economy-traditional culture,this paper aims to strengthen the ecological protection function of cities,promote high-quality economic development,and enhance the soft power of traditional culture.It provides scientific support for the sustainable development planning in Guilin.
基金This research was supported by Ministry of Agriculture Public Welfare Industry （Agriculture） Research （No. 201203092 ＆ No. 201303077）, Guangxi Natural Science Foundation （Grant No. 2014GXNSFAA118110, 2014GXNSFDA118013）, Foundation of Fundamental Research Project from Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences （Grant No. 2014YQ05）.
文摘The aim of this study is to optimize the formula of oil soup, which was one of traditional food of Guangxi province, south China. Tea leaves, bone soup, beans and other minor ingredients in the formula of oil tea soup are selected as the research objects. The sensory evaluation factors such as flavor, taste, color, aroma were selected to optimize the formula of oil tea soup based on orthogonal test and fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation. The results showed the most important factor that affected the quality of the oil tea soup was tea leaves content, followed by the proportion of bone soup, minor ingredient and beans content. The study indicated that the optimal recipe ofoil tea soup was as follow： 0.6% tea, 0.4% beans, and 0.5% other ingredients. The ratio of material to solution of bone soup was 1：5.
基金Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology(HCMUT),VNU-HCM for supporting this study.
文摘Vitamin C,a potent antioxidant with broad therapeutic applications,is limited by rapid degradation under environmental stressors,which compromises its stability and bioactivity.This study addresses these limitations by formulating a double nano-emulsion(W/O/W)system incorporating macadamia oil and tea tree oil,using homogenization and phase inversion temperature(PIT)techniques.Comprehensive physicochemical charac-terization,including droplet size,polydispersity index(PDI),zeta potential,turbidity,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and SEM,was conducted alongside stability assessments under varying pH,temperature,and storage conditions.The optimized nano-emulsions exhibited nanoscale droplet sizes(10-40 nm),low PDI values(indicating high uniformity),and robust stability.Interestingly,the formulation with 2%W/O loading,with a particle size of 11.57 nm and a PDI of 0.04,demonstrated an antioxidant capacity of 4622.62μg ascorbic acid equivalents(AA)/g,which was significantly higher(p<0.05)compared to both natural oils(macadamia oil:20.91μg AA/g,tea tree oil:16.86μg AA/g)and a 10%Vitamin C aqueous solution(592.94μg AA/g).FTIR analysis confirmed the molecular integrity of Vitamin C and its successful encapsulation with macadamia and tea tree oils,while SEM images revealed uniformly spherical and well-dispersed droplets.Moreover,the formulation retained its structural integrity and antioxidant functionality under diverse pH and thermal conditions.These findings underscore the potential of double nano-emulsion systems to overcome the stability challenges of Vitamin C,offering a promising approach to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic performance in phar-maceutical and cosmetic applications.
基金Supported by 2020 Undergraduate Innovation and Enterpreneurship Training Program(Autonomous Region Level)(202011838169)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to develop an"oil-tea"instant tea with traditional"oil-tea"flavor,easy preservation and transportation and good taste.[Methods]With green tea,ginger and peanuts as experimental materials,a compound extract was obtained by boiling,and the"oil-tea"instant tea was prepared by spray drying.The tea polyphenol content and soluble solid content of the extract(oil tea soup),the yield of finished solid product and sensory quality were comprehensively evaluated.[Results]The optimum instant tea technical parameters were determined as follows:the ratio of material to liquid 1∶15,the extraction time of boiling 60 min,the inlet air temperature of spray drying 180℃,the feeding speed 850 ml/h,the soluble solid content of the extract 13%,and the amount of maltodextrin added 12 mg/g.Under these conditions,the yield of the instant tea was high,and the instant tea had better sensory quality and good solubility.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for the commercial development of"oil tea".
基金supported by the Research Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (SBK2019043455)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31972589)+1 种基金China Agriculture Research System (CARS-36)Development Project of China (2017YFD0502104–3)。
文摘Background: Tea tree oil(TTO) plays an important role in antibacterial activity and alleviating the inflammatory responses. Bovine mammary epithelium and polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNL) can actively respond to bovine mastitis infection. However, regulatory effects of TTO extracts on the innate immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs) and PMNL remain not reported. Therefore, aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of TTO extracts on the m RNA levels of the genes involved in the innate immune response of BMECs and PMNL.Results: Our results demonstrated that addition of 0.025% and 0.05% TTO increased the proliferation of BMECs, and significantly enhanced(P < 0.05) the viability of BMECs exposed to Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus). An inhibitory effect was observed against the growth of S. aureus by TTO incubation. The 0.05% TTO reduced S. aureus biofilm formation, association and invasion of S. aureus to BMECs, and changed the morphological and structural features of S. aureus. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were decreased(P < 0.001) by the incubation of TTO. Interestingly, the expression of IL-8 known for PMNL chemotactic function was elevated(P < 0.05) by 0.05%TTO treatment. Consistently, 0.05% TTO increased the migration of PMNL in S. aureus-exposed BMECs when compared with S. aureus treatment alone(P < 0.05). In addition, PMNL incubated with 0.05% TTO decreased the levels of NFKB inhibitor alpha(NFKBIA) and TNF-α.Conclusions: Our results indicate that use of TTO can relieve the BMECs pro-inflammatory response caused by S.aureus and promote the migration of PMNL to mount the innate immune responses, and it may be novel strategy for the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus.
文摘A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..
文摘Over the past few decades,complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide.The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vitro and in vivo as part of efforts to legitimize their usage.One such product is tea tree oil(TTO),a volatile essential oil primarily obtained from the native Australian plant,Melaleuca alternifolia,which has diverse traditional and industrial applications such as topical preparations for the treatment of skin infections.Its anti-inflammatory-linked immunomodulatory actions have also been reported.This systematic review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of TTO and its main components that have shown strong immunomodulatory potential.An extensive literature search was performed electronically for data curation on worldwide accepted scientific databases,such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,ScienceDirect,Scopus,and esteemed publishers such as Elsevier,Springer,Frontiers,and Taylor&Francis.Considering that the majority of pharmacological studies were conducted on crude oils only,the extracted data were critically analyzed to gain further insight into the prospects of TTO being used as a neuroprotective agent by drug formulation or dietary supplement.In addition,the active constituents contributing to the activity of TTO have not been well justified,and the core mechanisms need to be unveiled especially for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects leading to neuroprotection.Therefore,this review attempts to correlate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of TTO with its neuroprotective mechanisms.
基金Supported by Hunan Forestry Science and Technology Project(XLK201707)
文摘To determine the age of oil-tea camellia trees, regression equations including Logistic, Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Korf, and Richards were used to calculate accumulative growth rate using basal trunk disc and investigate the relations between the age of oil-tea camellia trees and their growth rate of secondary trunk. The Gompertz equation Y=71.296 1exp （-3.874 4exp （-0.006 4t）） was the most optimal equation to simulate the accumulative growth rate of basal trunk disc. This equation could be used to estimate the age of oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. The Korf equation Y=576.900 1exp （-4.153 0x -0.314 2 ） was the best equation to describe the relation between the age and growth rate of different secondary trunks. With the adjustment coefficient and average growth of different secondary trunk discs, it is possible to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. In addition, taking three or more discs from the same diameter group and calculating their average growth rate could lead to more accurate results. For trees that grow in different areas, environmental conditions should be carefully considered when using the above two equations to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees.
文摘Nowadays, people are busier and busier for working and living, and suffer a lot of pressure on their body or mind. Therefore, people are prone to have fatigue activity and decrease their working efficiency and happiness. It was reported that fatigue is a common symptom in the community, with up to half of the general population complaining of fatigue. More and more researchers devoted themselves to studying natural active ingredients in organism as the anti-fatigue drugs to release fatigue symptom. However, these natural ingredients were difficult to obtain from plants, animals and microorganisms by separating and purifying. In addition, some active substances have many side effects. In our study, we employed tea seed oil as main ingredients blended with bis-(carboxyethylgermanium) sesquioxide (Ge-132) to investigate the effects of anti-fatigue on mice by administrating mice with low dose, intermediate dose and high dose of tea seed oil complex for 0, 2 or 4 weeks. The specific tests of studying effects of anti-fatigue were body weight, weight-loaded force swimming, blood urea nitrogen, blood lactic acid and hepaticglycogen. And the results showed that appropriate level of tea seed oil complex could decrease the body weight and prolong the weight-loaded swimming time, and had an active effect on the bloodurea nitrogen, hepatic glycogen and blood lactic acid level mice, which significantly embodied the anti-fatigue activity of tea seed oil complex.
文摘A simple procedure is described for the HPLC and UV determination of tea saponin in tea seed oil. Determinate was accomplished with UV wavelength detection 550 nm for saponification sample, and HPLC was done under conditions: C18 analytical column of TC-C18, 4. 6 × 250 mm, column temperature at room temperature, injected sample volume was 10 μL, mobile phase’s methanol, flow-rate 0.8 ml/min and detection wavelength 280 nm.
文摘Physicochemical properties of green tea seed oil including cold test,color,flash point,gravity,refraction index,moisture content,acid value,iodine value,unsaponifiable matter and saponification value were investigated.Fatty acid composition and catechin content of the oil was determined by GC and HPLC analysis.The oil is stable at low temperature.High flash point(267.8 ± 5.1℃) showed the high thermal stability of green tea seed oil as well,which support for suitability to use as cooking oil.Specific gravity and refraction index of green tea seed oil was found as 0.913 and 1.4679,respectively.Color of the oil was measured as 99.7 ± 0.2 for lightness,1.9 ± 0.1 for greenness and 6.6 ± 0.1 for yellowness.Acid value(KOH mg/ml),iodine value,unsaponifiable matter(%) and saponification value of green tea seed oil were 0.21,104.1,0.11 and 215,respectively.Fatty acids compositions of green tea seed oil was found to be dominated by oleic acid(81.3%) and presence of minor amount of linoleic acid(4.8%),palmitic acid(4.6%),palmitoleic acid(3.3%),linolenic acid(3.2%) and stearic acid(1.0%).The presence of antioxidative compounds such as(-)-epicatechingallate(207.2 ± 0.2 g /g) and(-)-epigallocatechin gallate(99.5 ± 0.6 g/g) in the oil could enhance its shelf life during storage.
文摘Kaolin was modified using a chemical complex of hydrazine hydrate and oleochemical sodium salts derived from rubber seed oil (SRSO) and tea seed oil (STSO) respectively. Characterization of the pristine kaolin and the modified kaolins were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Simultaneous Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) and UV Spectrophotometry. TG/DTA revealed that the incorporation of the oleochemical salts enhanced thermal decomposition of kaolin into metakaolin. Ultraviolet spectrophotometric studies conducted on the modified kaolin show for the first time that the SRSO-modified kaolin and STSO-modified kaolin have a peak absorbance wavelengths of 312.72 nm and 314.26 nm respectively. This shows that the modified kaolin is a promising candidate for sunscreen applications.
基金Projects(2007CB210201) supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China
文摘The rheological analysis on dynamic shear rate-viscosity relationship of tea-oil extracted from tea-oil tree seeds by supercritical extraction method was carried out at gradient temperatures and constant shear rate,respectively.The results show that at 20,40,60 and 80 ℃,once the shear rate increases gradually,the torque enlarges correspondingly,while the viscosity shows little difference.However,at the constant shear rate,the rising temperature results in a steady downtrend on tea-oil viscosity.This results reveal that tea-oil viscosity is not closely correlated with shear rate at constant temperature,yet negatively correlated with temperature at constant shear rate.
文摘Fast phase-transferring was adopted in ethanol solution at the condition of n (oil-soluble tea pol-yphenol): N (As3﹢) = 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, pH = 4.0, temperature 40°C - 45°C, action period of 15 h to compose the target, of which the productivity was 59%, UV was 267.50, 218.00, 220.50 nm, FTIR was 6291, 34158.6, 2850.2, 1708.2;1457.3;1370.4, 1224.2, 1144.0, 760.5 cm﹣1, fluorescence value λmax = 257, 591.1, 593.7, 590.3, 591.0, 591.5, XRD λ/nm is 3.6974, 4.186, 12.0762, 15.4747, 1H-NMRδ = 0.782, 1.193, 1.483 - 1.586, 1.959 - 2.184, 2.479, 3.116, 3.970 - 3.981, 5.231 - 5.753, 6.537 - 7.300. Finally it was ascertained through XRD as double-coordinated polycrystal compound.
文摘Adding green tea extract to rice bran oil was expected to improve its oxidative stability,so this study was conducted to investigate oxidative stability of green tea extract-enriched rice bran oil(RBOG) during storage at 60℃ for 15 days compared to rice bran oil(RBO),olive(OL),canola(CN),and grape-seed oil(GS).Acid values did not increase during storage,and the highest value was found for OL.The peroxide values of RBOG,RBO,CN,OL,and GS increased for up to 15 days.The highest average rate constant for the change in peroxide value was found for RBO(0.282).TBARS increased continually during storage of RBOG,RBO,CN,and OL;however,the value increased for up to 9 days and then decreased for GS.The highest average rate constant of change in TBARS was found for CN.Overall,the results suggest that green tea extract improves oxidative stability of rice bran oil.
文摘Production of cocoa butter replacer (CBR) from tea seed oil through common modification methods of oils (dry fractionation, partial hydrogenation, chemical and enzymatic interesterification) was evaluated. Some physico-chemical properties (iodine, saponification, acid and peroxide values) and fatty acid composition (FAC) of modified samples were analyzed and compared with a reference cocoa butter (CB). Solid and liquid fractions for large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (approx. 80%) and thereby lower iodine values (81 - 85 gI2/100g) than that of CB (37% and 34 gI2/100 g, respectively), are not suitable as CBR. Among all ratios of chemically and enzaymatically interesterified oil blends (20%, 25% and 30% of hydrogenated tea seed oil with 80%, 75% and 70% of tea seed oil/liquid fraction/solid fraction), the samples with ratio of 30:70 from both chemical and enzymatic interesterification had FAC and iodine value closer to that of CB. A comparision between chemically and enzymatically interesterified samples (CISs and EISs, respectively), in terms of solid fat content (SFC) indicated that although the SFC values in EIS were much lower than that of CB, but the thermal behavior of this sample is comprable to CB at 20℃- 30℃ (sharp melting point of CB).
