Based on an analysis of the existing models of CO 2 corrosion in literatures and the autoclave simulative experiments, a predictive model of corrosion rate (r corr) in CO 2/H 2S corrosion for oil tubes has been ...Based on an analysis of the existing models of CO 2 corrosion in literatures and the autoclave simulative experiments, a predictive model of corrosion rate (r corr) in CO 2/H 2S corrosion for oil tubes has been established, in which r corr is expressed as a function of pH, temperature (T), pressure of CO 2 (P CO 2) and pressure of H 2S (P H 2S). The model has been verified by experimental data obtained on N80 steel. The improved features of the predictive model include the following aspects: (1) The influence of temperature on the protectiveness of corrosion film is taken into consideration for establishment of predictive model of the r corr in CO 2/H 2S corrosion. The Equations of scale temperature and scale factor are put forward, and they fit the experimental result very well. (2) The linear relationship still exists between ln r corr and ln P CO 2 in CO 2/H 2S corrosion (as same as that in CO 2 corrosion). Therefore, a correction factor as a function of P H 2S has been introduced into the predictive model in CO 2/H 2S corrosion. (3) The model is compatible with the main existing models.展开更多
Most oil and gas wells worldwide are completed with low alloy carbon steel due to cost-effectiveness, despite its high susceptibility to corrosion. Corrosion in alloy steels occurs through galvanic or electrolytic rea...Most oil and gas wells worldwide are completed with low alloy carbon steel due to cost-effectiveness, despite its high susceptibility to corrosion. Corrosion in alloy steels occurs through galvanic or electrolytic reactions, resulting in the release of metallic ions. This release adversely affects the strength and integrity of production tubing. The current study focused on quantifying the amount of alloying constituents present in the produced waters of oil and gas wells using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to calculate the corrosion rate on the production tubing. Two types of alloy steel tubing, API 5CT T-95 and API 5CT J55, were selected. The wells were chosen based on sweet and sour production. The levels of ions present in the produced water—Nickel, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, and Iron—were measured. Ion dissolution was converted to corrosion rate using the exposed area of the tubing and the water flow rate. The study concluded that a very high corrosion rate occurs in sweet wells completed with T-95 metallurgy, whereas the corrosion rate in sour gas producers is significantly less compared to sweet producers. For the oil wells, although they are sour producers, a very low corrosion rate was observed with API 5CT J55 metallurgy. Furthermore, the study revealed that quantifying the alloying constituents in produced water is key to developing suitable corrosion projection approaches, predicting the service life of production tubing in gas and oil wells and metallic structures, and guiding production engineers to make informed decisions and timely responses to corrosion threats before failure.展开更多
On the basis of site investigation and sample collection of petroleum contaminants in the soil-water-crop system in the Shenyang-Fushun sewage irrigation area, the physical-chemical-biological compositions of the unsa...On the basis of site investigation and sample collection of petroleum contaminants in the soil-water-crop system in the Shenyang-Fushun sewage irrigation area, the physical-chemical-biological compositions of the unsaturated zone is analyzed systematically in this paper. At the same time, the degradation kinetics of residual and aqueous oils is determined through biodegradation tests. The studies show that dominant microorganisms have been formed in the soils after long-term sewage irrigation. The microorganisms mainly include bacteria, and a few of fungus and actinomycetes. After a 110-days' biodegradation test, the degradation rate of residual oil is 9.74%-10.63%, while the degradation rate of aqueous oil reaches 62.43%. This indicates that the degradation rate of low-carbon aqueous oil is higher than that of high-carbon residual oil. In addition, although microbial degradation of petroleum contaminants in soils is suitable to the first-order kinetics equation, the half-lives of aqueous oil, No. 20 heavy diesel and residual oil in the surface soils (L2-1, S1-1 and X1-1) are 1732 h, 3465 h and 17325 h, respectively.展开更多
Based on oil development costs, the application research in the technical and economic limits calculation of oil development and the production optimal allocation to all the oilfields, was finished. At the same time, ...Based on oil development costs, the application research in the technical and economic limits calculation of oil development and the production optimal allocation to all the oilfields, was finished. At the same time, according to the regression of real development costs, a new method for oil well economic water cut and oil well economic rate are set up, the production optimal allocation is developed with satisfactory results.展开更多
The influence of Cr on the initial corrosion behavior of low-alloy steels exposed to a CO2–O2–H2S–SO2 wet–dry corrosion environment was investigated using weight-loss measurements, scanning electron microscopy, N2...The influence of Cr on the initial corrosion behavior of low-alloy steels exposed to a CO2–O2–H2S–SO2 wet–dry corrosion environment was investigated using weight-loss measurements, scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption tests, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the corrosion rate increases with increasing Cr content in samples subjected to corrosion for 21 d. However, the rust grain size decreases, its specific surface area increases, and it becomes more compact and denser with increasing Cr content, which indicates the enhanced protectivity of the rust. The results of charge transfer resistance(Rct) calculations indicate that higher Cr contents can accelerate the corrosion during the first 7 d and promote the formation of the enhanced protective inner rust after 14 d; the formed protective inner rust is responsible for the greater corrosion resistance during long-term exposure.展开更多
Although petroleum is an important source of energy and an economic driver of growth,it is also a major soil pollutant that has destroyed large swathes of vegetation and forest cover.Therefore,it is vital to develop a...Although petroleum is an important source of energy and an economic driver of growth,it is also a major soil pollutant that has destroyed large swathes of vegetation and forest cover.Therefore,it is vital to develop affordable and efficient methods for the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated forest soils to restore vegetation and improve tree survival rates.In this study,bioremediation experiments were performed in an electrically heated thermostatic reactor to test the effects of organic matter additives,surfactants,and oxygen providers of nine hydrocarbon-degrading fungal strains on crude oil removal rates.In the three soil temperatures tested(20℃,25℃,and 30℃),the highest average crude oil removal rate was at 25℃(74.8%)and the lowest at 30℃(49.4%).At each temperature,variations in the addition of organic matter and oxygen providers had significant effects on crude oil removal rate.Variations in surfactant addition was significant at 20℃ and 25℃ but insignificant at 30℃.Given the same surfactant treatment,variations in temperature,organic additives,and oxygen providers was significant for crude oil removal rate.Treatments without surfactants and treatments with Tween80 exhibited their highest crude oil removal rates at 25℃.However,treatments that included the SDS surfactant exhibited their highest crude oil removal rates at 30℃.Amongst the treatments without surfactants,treatments with corn cob addition had the highest crude oil removal rates,and with surfactants,treatments that included the organic fertilizer exhibited the highest crude oil removal rates.Given the same organic fertilizer treatment,the highest crude oil removal rate was at 25℃.At each level of oxygen availability,the maximum crude oil removal rate always occurred at 25℃,and the treatments that included organic fertilizer exhibited the highest crude oil removal rates.Amongst the treatments without oxygen providers,treatments without surfactants had the highest crude oil removal rates,and with an oxygen provider,treatments with SDS addition exhibited the highest crude oil removal rates.Based on the crude oil removal rates of the treatments,we determined that S_(1)W_(1)O_(1)(addition of Tween80,organic fertilizers,and H_(2)O_(2))was optimum for remediating petroleum-contaminated forest soils in cold,high-altitude regions.This study is helpful to vegetation restoration and reforestation on petroleum contaminated forestlands.展开更多
This study aims to formulate a steady-state mathematical model for a three-dimensional permeable enclosure(cavity)to determine the oil extraction rate using three distinct nanoparticles,SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O...This study aims to formulate a steady-state mathematical model for a three-dimensional permeable enclosure(cavity)to determine the oil extraction rate using three distinct nanoparticles,SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3),in unconventional oil reservoirs.The simulation is conducted for different parameters of volume fractions,porosities,and mass flow rates to determine the optimal oil recovery.The impact of nanoparticles on relative permeability(kr)and water is also investigated.The simulation process utilizes the finite volume ANSYS Fluent.The study results showed that when the mass flow rate at the inlet is low,oil recovery goes up.In addition,they indicated that silicon nanoparticles are better at getting oil out of the ground(i.e.,oil reservoir)than Al_(2)O_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3).Most oil can be extracted from SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3)at a rate of 97.8%,96.5%,and 88%,respectively.展开更多
A set of techniques for well treatment aimed to enhance oil recovery are considered in the present study.These are based on the application of elastic waves of various types(dilation-wave,vibro-wave,or other acoustica...A set of techniques for well treatment aimed to enhance oil recovery are considered in the present study.These are based on the application of elastic waves of various types(dilation-wave,vibro-wave,or other acoustically induced effects).In such a context,a new technique is proposed to predict the effectiveness of the elastic-wave well treatment using the rank distribution according to Zipf’s law.It is revealed that,when the results of elastic wave well treatments are analyzed,groups of wells exploiting various geological deposits can differ in terms of their slope coefficients and free members.As the slope coefficient increases,the average increase in the well oil production rate(after the well treatment)becomes larger.An equation is obtained accordingly for estimating the slope coefficient in the Zipf’s equation from the frequency of the elastic wave.The obtained results demonstrate the applicability of the Zipf’s law in the analysis of the technological efficiency of elastic-wave well treatment methods.展开更多
Due to its extensive use in shale gas exploration and development,oil-based drilling fluids generate large amounts of oil-bearing drill cuttings during the drilling process.The large amount of oil-bearing drill cuttin...Due to its extensive use in shale gas exploration and development,oil-based drilling fluids generate large amounts of oil-bearing drill cuttings during the drilling process.The large amount of oil-bearing drill cuttings generated during the drilling process can lead to serious secondary contamination.In this study,a wetting agent FSC-6 with good hydrophobic and oleophobic properties was synthesized to construct an efficient oil removal system.For the first time,the mechanism of this system was analyzed by using the theory of adhesion function,interfacial tension and wettability.At the same time,a combined acoustic-chemical treatment process was applied to the wastewater and slag generated after the cleaning of the oil-bearing drill cuttings.The experimental results show that the application of this pollution-free technology can effectively solve the environmental pollution and resource recovery problems of oil-bearing drill cuttings.It meets the standard of drilling chips with oil content less than 2%in SY/T7422-2018“Oil-based drilling fluid drilling chips treatment system for oil and gas drilling equipment”.展开更多
The rapeseed oil extracted from the mature seeds was purified by refining processing,and the rheological characteristic analysis of the viscosity and dynamic shear rate at gradient temperatures was made.The result sho...The rapeseed oil extracted from the mature seeds was purified by refining processing,and the rheological characteristic analysis of the viscosity and dynamic shear rate at gradient temperatures was made.The result shows that at 20,40,60 and 80 ℃ respectively,when the shear rate gradually rises,the torque increases accordingly but its viscosity does not vary distinctly.The result suggests that when rapeseed oil is used as the raw of edible oils and industries,the working procedures at high temperature will not influence its rheological characteristic distinctly.展开更多
Water cut is a key evaluation parameter for reservoir development evaluation. Relative permeability curve reflects reservoir characteristics and fluid characteristics. It is important to figure out the influence law o...Water cut is a key evaluation parameter for reservoir development evaluation. Relative permeability curve reflects reservoir characteristics and fluid characteristics. It is important to figure out the influence law of oil relative permeability on water cut. Based on the 269 relative permeability curves of Bohai oilfields, the distribution of oil index of Bohai oilfields were studied. On the basis, combined with Corey expression of relative permeability and fractional flow equation, the theoretical relationship between oil index and water cut increasing rate was established. Three end points of water cut increasing rate curve were proposed and the influence law between three end points and oil index was studied. The results show that the oil index has a linear relationship with three end points. When the value of water oil mobile ratio is large than 1, with the increase of oil index, maximum value of water cut increasing rate gradually increase. When the value of water oil mobile ratio is less than 10, oil index has great effect on recovery percent when water cut increasing rate reaches to the maximum value as well as water cut when water cut increasing rate reaches to the maximum value. The application of SS field shows that the theoretical value is consistent with the field data.展开更多
Crude palm Oil (CPO) processing is very popular in African Countries. In Cameroon, various actors are involved ranging from agro-industrial complexes to traditional processing by smallholders who use very inefficient ...Crude palm Oil (CPO) processing is very popular in African Countries. In Cameroon, various actors are involved ranging from agro-industrial complexes to traditional processing by smallholders who use very inefficient equipment and thus have low oil extraction rates. Small-scale processing by smallholders dates back to the early 1980s and has witnessed a lot of changes as a result of new actors in the sector, changing technologies and to an extent, government policies. This paper attempts a review of the origins and evolution of small-scale palm oil processing using intermediate technology, highlighting its importance to both the farmer and the national economy. An attempt is made to look into the future of this activity, with proposals for its consolidation.展开更多
Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation ...Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.展开更多
The rheological analysis on dynamic shear rate-viscosity relationship of tea-oil extracted from tea-oil tree seeds by supercritical extraction method was carried out at gradient temperatures and constant shear rate,re...The rheological analysis on dynamic shear rate-viscosity relationship of tea-oil extracted from tea-oil tree seeds by supercritical extraction method was carried out at gradient temperatures and constant shear rate,respectively.The results show that at 20,40,60 and 80 ℃,once the shear rate increases gradually,the torque enlarges correspondingly,while the viscosity shows little difference.However,at the constant shear rate,the rising temperature results in a steady downtrend on tea-oil viscosity.This results reveal that tea-oil viscosity is not closely correlated with shear rate at constant temperature,yet negatively correlated with temperature at constant shear rate.展开更多
基金TheResearchProjectofTubularGoodsRe searchCenterofChinaNationalPetroleumCorporation (No .2 3 5 2 4)andtheResearchProjectofHenanUniversityofScienceandTechnology (No .2 0 0 10 1)
文摘Based on an analysis of the existing models of CO 2 corrosion in literatures and the autoclave simulative experiments, a predictive model of corrosion rate (r corr) in CO 2/H 2S corrosion for oil tubes has been established, in which r corr is expressed as a function of pH, temperature (T), pressure of CO 2 (P CO 2) and pressure of H 2S (P H 2S). The model has been verified by experimental data obtained on N80 steel. The improved features of the predictive model include the following aspects: (1) The influence of temperature on the protectiveness of corrosion film is taken into consideration for establishment of predictive model of the r corr in CO 2/H 2S corrosion. The Equations of scale temperature and scale factor are put forward, and they fit the experimental result very well. (2) The linear relationship still exists between ln r corr and ln P CO 2 in CO 2/H 2S corrosion (as same as that in CO 2 corrosion). Therefore, a correction factor as a function of P H 2S has been introduced into the predictive model in CO 2/H 2S corrosion. (3) The model is compatible with the main existing models.
文摘Most oil and gas wells worldwide are completed with low alloy carbon steel due to cost-effectiveness, despite its high susceptibility to corrosion. Corrosion in alloy steels occurs through galvanic or electrolytic reactions, resulting in the release of metallic ions. This release adversely affects the strength and integrity of production tubing. The current study focused on quantifying the amount of alloying constituents present in the produced waters of oil and gas wells using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to calculate the corrosion rate on the production tubing. Two types of alloy steel tubing, API 5CT T-95 and API 5CT J55, were selected. The wells were chosen based on sweet and sour production. The levels of ions present in the produced water—Nickel, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, and Iron—were measured. Ion dissolution was converted to corrosion rate using the exposed area of the tubing and the water flow rate. The study concluded that a very high corrosion rate occurs in sweet wells completed with T-95 metallurgy, whereas the corrosion rate in sour gas producers is significantly less compared to sweet producers. For the oil wells, although they are sour producers, a very low corrosion rate was observed with API 5CT J55 metallurgy. Furthermore, the study revealed that quantifying the alloying constituents in produced water is key to developing suitable corrosion projection approaches, predicting the service life of production tubing in gas and oil wells and metallic structures, and guiding production engineers to make informed decisions and timely responses to corrosion threats before failure.
文摘On the basis of site investigation and sample collection of petroleum contaminants in the soil-water-crop system in the Shenyang-Fushun sewage irrigation area, the physical-chemical-biological compositions of the unsaturated zone is analyzed systematically in this paper. At the same time, the degradation kinetics of residual and aqueous oils is determined through biodegradation tests. The studies show that dominant microorganisms have been formed in the soils after long-term sewage irrigation. The microorganisms mainly include bacteria, and a few of fungus and actinomycetes. After a 110-days' biodegradation test, the degradation rate of residual oil is 9.74%-10.63%, while the degradation rate of aqueous oil reaches 62.43%. This indicates that the degradation rate of low-carbon aqueous oil is higher than that of high-carbon residual oil. In addition, although microbial degradation of petroleum contaminants in soils is suitable to the first-order kinetics equation, the half-lives of aqueous oil, No. 20 heavy diesel and residual oil in the surface soils (L2-1, S1-1 and X1-1) are 1732 h, 3465 h and 17325 h, respectively.
文摘Based on oil development costs, the application research in the technical and economic limits calculation of oil development and the production optimal allocation to all the oilfields, was finished. At the same time, according to the regression of real development costs, a new method for oil well economic water cut and oil well economic rate are set up, the production optimal allocation is developed with satisfactory results.
文摘The influence of Cr on the initial corrosion behavior of low-alloy steels exposed to a CO2–O2–H2S–SO2 wet–dry corrosion environment was investigated using weight-loss measurements, scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption tests, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the corrosion rate increases with increasing Cr content in samples subjected to corrosion for 21 d. However, the rust grain size decreases, its specific surface area increases, and it becomes more compact and denser with increasing Cr content, which indicates the enhanced protectivity of the rust. The results of charge transfer resistance(Rct) calculations indicate that higher Cr contents can accelerate the corrosion during the first 7 d and promote the formation of the enhanced protective inner rust after 14 d; the formed protective inner rust is responsible for the greater corrosion resistance during long-term exposure.
基金This study was funded by the“948”project of The State Forestry Administration,“Microbial remediation of oil-polluted soil in Daqing Area”(2008-4-34)Special Fund project of basic Scientifi c Research operating Fee of Central Universities(2572014BA16).
文摘Although petroleum is an important source of energy and an economic driver of growth,it is also a major soil pollutant that has destroyed large swathes of vegetation and forest cover.Therefore,it is vital to develop affordable and efficient methods for the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated forest soils to restore vegetation and improve tree survival rates.In this study,bioremediation experiments were performed in an electrically heated thermostatic reactor to test the effects of organic matter additives,surfactants,and oxygen providers of nine hydrocarbon-degrading fungal strains on crude oil removal rates.In the three soil temperatures tested(20℃,25℃,and 30℃),the highest average crude oil removal rate was at 25℃(74.8%)and the lowest at 30℃(49.4%).At each temperature,variations in the addition of organic matter and oxygen providers had significant effects on crude oil removal rate.Variations in surfactant addition was significant at 20℃ and 25℃ but insignificant at 30℃.Given the same surfactant treatment,variations in temperature,organic additives,and oxygen providers was significant for crude oil removal rate.Treatments without surfactants and treatments with Tween80 exhibited their highest crude oil removal rates at 25℃.However,treatments that included the SDS surfactant exhibited their highest crude oil removal rates at 30℃.Amongst the treatments without surfactants,treatments with corn cob addition had the highest crude oil removal rates,and with surfactants,treatments that included the organic fertilizer exhibited the highest crude oil removal rates.Given the same organic fertilizer treatment,the highest crude oil removal rate was at 25℃.At each level of oxygen availability,the maximum crude oil removal rate always occurred at 25℃,and the treatments that included organic fertilizer exhibited the highest crude oil removal rates.Amongst the treatments without oxygen providers,treatments without surfactants had the highest crude oil removal rates,and with an oxygen provider,treatments with SDS addition exhibited the highest crude oil removal rates.Based on the crude oil removal rates of the treatments,we determined that S_(1)W_(1)O_(1)(addition of Tween80,organic fertilizers,and H_(2)O_(2))was optimum for remediating petroleum-contaminated forest soils in cold,high-altitude regions.This study is helpful to vegetation restoration and reforestation on petroleum contaminated forestlands.
基金The APC of this article is covered by Research Grant YUTP 015LCO-526。
文摘This study aims to formulate a steady-state mathematical model for a three-dimensional permeable enclosure(cavity)to determine the oil extraction rate using three distinct nanoparticles,SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3),in unconventional oil reservoirs.The simulation is conducted for different parameters of volume fractions,porosities,and mass flow rates to determine the optimal oil recovery.The impact of nanoparticles on relative permeability(kr)and water is also investigated.The simulation process utilizes the finite volume ANSYS Fluent.The study results showed that when the mass flow rate at the inlet is low,oil recovery goes up.In addition,they indicated that silicon nanoparticles are better at getting oil out of the ground(i.e.,oil reservoir)than Al_(2)O_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3).Most oil can be extracted from SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3)at a rate of 97.8%,96.5%,and 88%,respectively.
基金supported by the Government of Perm Krai,Research Project No.C-26/628 dated 05/04/2021.
文摘A set of techniques for well treatment aimed to enhance oil recovery are considered in the present study.These are based on the application of elastic waves of various types(dilation-wave,vibro-wave,or other acoustically induced effects).In such a context,a new technique is proposed to predict the effectiveness of the elastic-wave well treatment using the rank distribution according to Zipf’s law.It is revealed that,when the results of elastic wave well treatments are analyzed,groups of wells exploiting various geological deposits can differ in terms of their slope coefficients and free members.As the slope coefficient increases,the average increase in the well oil production rate(after the well treatment)becomes larger.An equation is obtained accordingly for estimating the slope coefficient in the Zipf’s equation from the frequency of the elastic wave.The obtained results demonstrate the applicability of the Zipf’s law in the analysis of the technological efficiency of elastic-wave well treatment methods.
文摘Due to its extensive use in shale gas exploration and development,oil-based drilling fluids generate large amounts of oil-bearing drill cuttings during the drilling process.The large amount of oil-bearing drill cuttings generated during the drilling process can lead to serious secondary contamination.In this study,a wetting agent FSC-6 with good hydrophobic and oleophobic properties was synthesized to construct an efficient oil removal system.For the first time,the mechanism of this system was analyzed by using the theory of adhesion function,interfacial tension and wettability.At the same time,a combined acoustic-chemical treatment process was applied to the wastewater and slag generated after the cleaning of the oil-bearing drill cuttings.The experimental results show that the application of this pollution-free technology can effectively solve the environmental pollution and resource recovery problems of oil-bearing drill cuttings.It meets the standard of drilling chips with oil content less than 2%in SY/T7422-2018“Oil-based drilling fluid drilling chips treatment system for oil and gas drilling equipment”.
基金Project(2007CB210201) supported by Major State Basic Research Development Program of ChinaProject(07JJ6053) supported by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The rapeseed oil extracted from the mature seeds was purified by refining processing,and the rheological characteristic analysis of the viscosity and dynamic shear rate at gradient temperatures was made.The result shows that at 20,40,60 and 80 ℃ respectively,when the shear rate gradually rises,the torque increases accordingly but its viscosity does not vary distinctly.The result suggests that when rapeseed oil is used as the raw of edible oils and industries,the working procedures at high temperature will not influence its rheological characteristic distinctly.
文摘Water cut is a key evaluation parameter for reservoir development evaluation. Relative permeability curve reflects reservoir characteristics and fluid characteristics. It is important to figure out the influence law of oil relative permeability on water cut. Based on the 269 relative permeability curves of Bohai oilfields, the distribution of oil index of Bohai oilfields were studied. On the basis, combined with Corey expression of relative permeability and fractional flow equation, the theoretical relationship between oil index and water cut increasing rate was established. Three end points of water cut increasing rate curve were proposed and the influence law between three end points and oil index was studied. The results show that the oil index has a linear relationship with three end points. When the value of water oil mobile ratio is large than 1, with the increase of oil index, maximum value of water cut increasing rate gradually increase. When the value of water oil mobile ratio is less than 10, oil index has great effect on recovery percent when water cut increasing rate reaches to the maximum value as well as water cut when water cut increasing rate reaches to the maximum value. The application of SS field shows that the theoretical value is consistent with the field data.
文摘Crude palm Oil (CPO) processing is very popular in African Countries. In Cameroon, various actors are involved ranging from agro-industrial complexes to traditional processing by smallholders who use very inefficient equipment and thus have low oil extraction rates. Small-scale processing by smallholders dates back to the early 1980s and has witnessed a lot of changes as a result of new actors in the sector, changing technologies and to an extent, government policies. This paper attempts a review of the origins and evolution of small-scale palm oil processing using intermediate technology, highlighting its importance to both the farmer and the national economy. An attempt is made to look into the future of this activity, with proposals for its consolidation.
文摘Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.
基金Projects(2007CB210201) supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China
文摘The rheological analysis on dynamic shear rate-viscosity relationship of tea-oil extracted from tea-oil tree seeds by supercritical extraction method was carried out at gradient temperatures and constant shear rate,respectively.The results show that at 20,40,60 and 80 ℃,once the shear rate increases gradually,the torque enlarges correspondingly,while the viscosity shows little difference.However,at the constant shear rate,the rising temperature results in a steady downtrend on tea-oil viscosity.This results reveal that tea-oil viscosity is not closely correlated with shear rate at constant temperature,yet negatively correlated with temperature at constant shear rate.
