In China's power grid, some large-scale power supply equipment are oil-immersed transformers. According to relevant regulations, when the oil content of a single power equipment of the transformer is more than 100...In China's power grid, some large-scale power supply equipment are oil-immersed transformers. According to relevant regulations, when the oil content of a single power equipment of the transformer is more than 1000kg, it is necessary to set up an accident oil pool. This paper describes the design and safety of the accident oil pool of the oil-immersed transformer, hoping to provide readers with reference and reduce the harm caused by the transformer's fire.展开更多
Subtle traps or oil pools have become an important exploration play in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, east China. Despite recent successes in exploration, the formation mechanisms of subtle traps are still ...Subtle traps or oil pools have become an important exploration play in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, east China. Despite recent successes in exploration, the formation mechanisms of subtle traps are still not well understood. The majority of subtle oil pools in the Dongying Depression are developed in the middle interval of the Es3 Member of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation with the subtle traps being primarily of lenticular basin-floor turbidite sands encompassed in mudstones. Oil in the subtle traps was previously thought to have migrated directly from the surrounding source rocks of the same formation （Es3）. Detailed geochemical investigation of 41 oils and 41 rock samples from the depression now indicates that the oils from the subtle traps cannot be correlated well with the surrounding Es3 source rocks, which are characterized by high Pr/ Ph （〉1）, low Gammacerane/C30hopane, representing a freshwater lacustrine setting. In contrast the oils features low Pr/Ph （〈1） and relatively high Gammacerane content, showing a genetic affinity with the underlying Es4 source rocks, which also have the same qualities, indicating a brackish lacustrine setting. Oils in the Es3 subtle traps are probably derived from mixed sources with the contribution from the upper Es4 source rocks predominating. Therefore unconventional oil migration and accumulation mechanisms need to be invoked to explain the pooling of oils from the ES4 source rocks, which probably came through a thick low interval of the Es3 source rocks with no apparent structural or stratigraphic pathways. We suggest that the subtle oil migration pathway probably plays an important role here. This finding may have significant implications for future exploration and the remaining resource evaluation in the Dongying Depression.展开更多
Conventional geochemical approaches were utilized in the quantitative prediction of the proportions of mixed-source crude oils derived from the Es3 and ES4 members of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. The mixed-source...Conventional geochemical approaches were utilized in the quantitative prediction of the proportions of mixed-source crude oils derived from the Es3 and ES4 members of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. The mixed-source oils are accumulated in the middle interval of the Es3 member （Es3 M） in the Niuzhuang Sag, which is one of the sags where subtle traps are primarily of lenticular basin-floor turbidite sands within mudstones mostly developed in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. The result showed that about 18-92% of the mixed-source oils were derived from the Es4 source rocks with an average of 55-60%）. Reservoirs associated with deep faults appear to have much more Es4 genetic affinity oils. A high proportion of the Es4-derived oils discovered in the Es3 M subtle lithological traps in the Niuzhuang Sag have long migration distances. This suggests that surrounding source rocks might not necessarily control the hydrocarbon supply for subtle traps. Subtle migration pathway may play an important role in the vertical oil migration. The traditional concept of hydrocarbons accumulation in these tenticular turbidite sandstone traps within a short migration distance from the surrounding source rocks is not supported by this study. The present result is also consistent with our previous findings that immature oils in the Bamianhe Oilfield in the south slope of the Niuzhuang Sag were actually mixed-source oils mostly sourced from the Es4 in the depocenter of the Niuzhuang Sag, and the petroleum potential of the ES4 member in the Dongying Depression should therefore be re-evaluated.展开更多
The lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation hydrocarbon source rocks at the Dingshan- Lintanchang structure in the southeast Sichuan Basin were of medium-good quality with two excellent hydrocarbon-generating centers devel...The lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation hydrocarbon source rocks at the Dingshan- Lintanchang structure in the southeast Sichuan Basin were of medium-good quality with two excellent hydrocarbon-generating centers developed in the periphery areas, with a possibility of forming a medium to large-sized oil-gas field. Good reservoir rocks were the upper Sinian （Dengying Formation） dolomites. The mudstone in the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation with a good sealing capacity was the cap rock. The widely occurring bitumen in the Dengying Formation indicates that a paleo oil pool was once formed in the study area. The first stage of paleo oil pool formation was maturation of the lower Cambrian source rocks during the late Ordovician. Hydrocarbon generation from the lower Cambrian source rocks stopped due to the Devonian-Carboniferous uplifting. The lower Cambrian source rocks then restarted generation of large quantities of hydrocarbons after deposition of the middle Permian sediments. This was the second stage of the paleo oil pool formation. The oil in the paleo oil pool began to crack during the late Triassic and a paleo gas pool was formed. This paleo gas pool was destroyed during the Yanshan-Himalayan folding, uplifting and denudation. Bitumen can be widely seen in the Dengying Formation in wells and outcrops in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas. This provides strong evidence that the Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas was once an ultra-large structural-lithologic oil-gas field, which was damaged during the Yanshan-Himalayan period.展开更多
Because of the difference ofoil and gas accumulation condition between the hanging wall and the footwall of a fault, there is a peculiar accumulation mechanism that oil and gas mainly exists in the hanging wall of the...Because of the difference ofoil and gas accumulation condition between the hanging wall and the footwall of a fault, there is a peculiar accumulation mechanism that oil and gas mainly exists in the hanging wall of the basement fault, but in the footwall of the shallow detachment fault in the Nanbaxian pool. The oil and gas of the Nanbaxian pool came from the mature Jurassic hydrocarbon source rock of the Yibei depression located at the south of the Nanbaxian pool. Firstly, the oil and gas accumulated in the traps of the hanging wall of the basement fault by way of the unconformity and the basement faults, and turned into some primary deep pools; and then, the shallow detachment fault that formed in the later tectonic movement broke into the deep primary pools, which caused the oil and gas migration upwards along the basement faults and the shallow detachment faults and the evolvement into some secondary oil and gas pools later. The history of the Nanbaxian oil and gas accumulation can be summarized successively as the syndepositional upheaval controlled by faults; single hydrocarbon source rock; unconformities and faults as migration channels; buoyancy, overpressure and tectonic stress as dynamic forces; multistage migration and accumulation of oil and gas; and finally an overlapped double-floor pattern of oil and gas accumulation. The most important explorative targets in the north of the Qaidam Basin are traps connected with the primary pools in the footwall by shallow detachment faults.展开更多
Large-scale oil exploration has been done and large quantities of oil-gas fields have been found in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea for more than 20 years. The tectonic oil-gas pools are the main type....Large-scale oil exploration has been done and large quantities of oil-gas fields have been found in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea for more than 20 years. The tectonic oil-gas pools are the main type. With the exploration to be deepened, looking for atectonic oil-gas pools is listed in China's exploration strategy. There are advantages for the forming of atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea. Because the level of water has been frequently changing within all historical periods, lithozones are changed alternately in both vertical and lateral directions and formed lithologic deposition especially at low water level stages, such as the low-lying fans of basin-floor fans and slope fans. Due to frequent tectonic movement within all historical periods, many structural surfaces and structural unconformities were formed. At the same time, they also formed many kinds of structural unconformity oil-gas pools. According to our exploration and research, the promising areas of atectonic reservoirs within marine basins include: (1) the basin-floor fan of the deep water district, such as the central depression of the Southeast Qiong basin and Baiyun sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (2) the frontal area of the large ancient delta, such as the Lingao structural belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Huizhou sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (3) the unconformity pinchout belt or denudation belt in the slope area and the uplift area, for instance, the Yingdong slope belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Yacheng 13-1 structural belt in the southeast Qiong basin. All this proves that the prospects for atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea are very broad.展开更多
This article reports the main formation models and distribution of the oil and gas pools in Tarim basin, China, including （1） occurrence of the found oil and gas pools, （2） main formation models of oil and gas poo...This article reports the main formation models and distribution of the oil and gas pools in Tarim basin, China, including （1） occurrence of the found oil and gas pools, （2） main formation models of oil and gas pools, and （3） distribution law of oil/gas pools. Petroleum is distributed widely in the strata of Tarim basin from the Sinian at the bottom to the Neogene at the top. However, the found oil and gas fields are mainly distributed in Shaya （沙雅） uplift, Tazhong （塔中） uplift, and Kuche （库车） depression. This article presents 4 main formation models, namely, early formation and long-term preservation, early formation and late reformation, middle-late multiphase-multisource formation, late single-stage formation. Tarim basin is very rich in petroleum resources. Long-term inherited intrabasinal paleohighs and slope zones are the most favorable areas for accumulation of hydrocarbons, but the types of oil and gas pools are different from area to area. The control of unconformities and faults on hydrocarbon accumulating is prominent in Tarim basin. Preservation conditions are of utmost importance. Formation of some oil and gas pools is the result of reforming and re-accumulating of early accumulated hydrocarbons.展开更多
The geothermal history of North China can be divided into at least four stages, i. c. Archaean (much hisher geothermal) stage, Paleoprotcrozoic (hish geothermal)stage, which resulted in four geotectonic stages (pregeo...The geothermal history of North China can be divided into at least four stages, i. c. Archaean (much hisher geothermal) stage, Paleoprotcrozoic (hish geothermal)stage, which resulted in four geotectonic stages (pregeosynehoe, geosyncline, platform and diwa stage) in the region. The geothermal field consists of three subgeothermal fields, theupper subgeothermal field with its depth of less than 2000 m, the middle subgeothermal field ranging from 2000 m to 5000 m in depth and the lower subgeothcrmal field locating at more than 5000 m in depth in North China. Sis thermostructural layers are recognised in North China, i. e. the mantle, the lower erust with its heat generation ratc of 0. 6 HGU. Oeothermal field is Corresponding to tectonosedimentary divisions in North China, controlling the tectonosedimentation, the evolution of souree rocks and the formation oF the oil/gas pools.展开更多
Conditions for the Formation of oil and gas pools in Tertiary volcanics in the western part of the Huimin sag, Shandong and then (?)stribution have been studied based on the geological, seismic and well-logging inform...Conditions for the Formation of oil and gas pools in Tertiary volcanics in the western part of the Huimin sag, Shandong and then (?)stribution have been studied based on the geological, seismic and well-logging information. In this paper, the types and lithofacies of the volcanic rocks in the western part of the Huimin sag are described; the relationship between rocks and electrical properties, the seismic reflection structures, the development and distribution of the volcanic rocks are expounded; and the fourfold role of the volcanic activities in the formation of the oil and gas pools is also dealt with. It is considered by the authors that the volcanic activities were not destructive to the formation of oil and gas pools but a factor favourable to the accumulation of organic matters and their conversion to hydrocarbon. The volcanic rocks might have served as reservoir rocks and cap rocks, or as a synsedimentary anticline. The prerequisites and important factors for the formation of oil and gas pools and their distribution are pointed out in the paper.展开更多
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN DEEPDYNAMIC PROCESS AND THEFORMATION OF OIL-GAS POOLS INTHE SONGLIAO BASIN, CHINALi Zhi’an(Changsha Institute of Geotectonics, Academia Sinica, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China)Songliao basin, cru...THE RELATIONS BETWEEN DEEPDYNAMIC PROCESS AND THEFORMATION OF OIL-GAS POOLS INTHE SONGLIAO BASIN, CHINALi Zhi’an(Changsha Institute of Geotectonics, Academia Sinica, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China)Songliao basin, crust structure, deep dynamics, the formation of oil-gas poolsThis essay deals in detail with the inhomogeneity of the crust structure and the variation of the Moho, the process of deep dynamics and also relations of deep dynamic process to the formation of oil-gas pools in Songliao Basin.展开更多
There are three formation stages of Silurian hydrocarbon pools in the Tarim Basin. The widely distributed asphaltic sandstones in the Tazhong （central Tarim） and Tabei （northern Tarim） areas are the results of des...There are three formation stages of Silurian hydrocarbon pools in the Tarim Basin. The widely distributed asphaltic sandstones in the Tazhong （central Tarim） and Tabei （northern Tarim） areas are the results of destruction of hydrocarbon pools formed in the first-stage, and the asphaltic sandstones around the Awati Sag were formed in the second-stage. The hydrocarbon migration characteristics reflected by the residual dry asphalts could represent the migration characteristics of hydrocarbons in the Silurian paleo-pools, while the present movable oil in the Silurian reservoirs is related to the iater-stage （the third-stage） hydrocarbon accumulation.展开更多
文摘In China's power grid, some large-scale power supply equipment are oil-immersed transformers. According to relevant regulations, when the oil content of a single power equipment of the transformer is more than 1000kg, it is necessary to set up an accident oil pool. This paper describes the design and safety of the accident oil pool of the oil-immersed transformer, hoping to provide readers with reference and reduce the harm caused by the transformer's fire.
基金provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.#40772077/D0206)an opening project of the Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation,Ministry of Education(China University of Petroleum)(2001-2).
文摘Subtle traps or oil pools have become an important exploration play in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, east China. Despite recent successes in exploration, the formation mechanisms of subtle traps are still not well understood. The majority of subtle oil pools in the Dongying Depression are developed in the middle interval of the Es3 Member of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation with the subtle traps being primarily of lenticular basin-floor turbidite sands encompassed in mudstones. Oil in the subtle traps was previously thought to have migrated directly from the surrounding source rocks of the same formation （Es3）. Detailed geochemical investigation of 41 oils and 41 rock samples from the depression now indicates that the oils from the subtle traps cannot be correlated well with the surrounding Es3 source rocks, which are characterized by high Pr/ Ph （〉1）, low Gammacerane/C30hopane, representing a freshwater lacustrine setting. In contrast the oils features low Pr/Ph （〈1） and relatively high Gammacerane content, showing a genetic affinity with the underlying Es4 source rocks, which also have the same qualities, indicating a brackish lacustrine setting. Oils in the Es3 subtle traps are probably derived from mixed sources with the contribution from the upper Es4 source rocks predominating. Therefore unconventional oil migration and accumulation mechanisms need to be invoked to explain the pooling of oils from the ES4 source rocks, which probably came through a thick low interval of the Es3 source rocks with no apparent structural or stratigraphic pathways. We suggest that the subtle oil migration pathway probably plays an important role here. This finding may have significant implications for future exploration and the remaining resource evaluation in the Dongying Depression.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.#40772077/D0206)a complimentary research project from the Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism of the Ministry of Education (China University of Petroleum) (2001-2).
文摘Conventional geochemical approaches were utilized in the quantitative prediction of the proportions of mixed-source crude oils derived from the Es3 and ES4 members of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. The mixed-source oils are accumulated in the middle interval of the Es3 member （Es3 M） in the Niuzhuang Sag, which is one of the sags where subtle traps are primarily of lenticular basin-floor turbidite sands within mudstones mostly developed in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. The result showed that about 18-92% of the mixed-source oils were derived from the Es4 source rocks with an average of 55-60%）. Reservoirs associated with deep faults appear to have much more Es4 genetic affinity oils. A high proportion of the Es4-derived oils discovered in the Es3 M subtle lithological traps in the Niuzhuang Sag have long migration distances. This suggests that surrounding source rocks might not necessarily control the hydrocarbon supply for subtle traps. Subtle migration pathway may play an important role in the vertical oil migration. The traditional concept of hydrocarbons accumulation in these tenticular turbidite sandstone traps within a short migration distance from the surrounding source rocks is not supported by this study. The present result is also consistent with our previous findings that immature oils in the Bamianhe Oilfield in the south slope of the Niuzhuang Sag were actually mixed-source oils mostly sourced from the Es4 in the depocenter of the Niuzhuang Sag, and the petroleum potential of the ES4 member in the Dongying Depression should therefore be re-evaluated.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2005CB422106)
文摘The lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation hydrocarbon source rocks at the Dingshan- Lintanchang structure in the southeast Sichuan Basin were of medium-good quality with two excellent hydrocarbon-generating centers developed in the periphery areas, with a possibility of forming a medium to large-sized oil-gas field. Good reservoir rocks were the upper Sinian （Dengying Formation） dolomites. The mudstone in the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation with a good sealing capacity was the cap rock. The widely occurring bitumen in the Dengying Formation indicates that a paleo oil pool was once formed in the study area. The first stage of paleo oil pool formation was maturation of the lower Cambrian source rocks during the late Ordovician. Hydrocarbon generation from the lower Cambrian source rocks stopped due to the Devonian-Carboniferous uplifting. The lower Cambrian source rocks then restarted generation of large quantities of hydrocarbons after deposition of the middle Permian sediments. This was the second stage of the paleo oil pool formation. The oil in the paleo oil pool began to crack during the late Triassic and a paleo gas pool was formed. This paleo gas pool was destroyed during the Yanshan-Himalayan folding, uplifting and denudation. Bitumen can be widely seen in the Dengying Formation in wells and outcrops in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas. This provides strong evidence that the Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas was once an ultra-large structural-lithologic oil-gas field, which was damaged during the Yanshan-Himalayan period.
文摘Because of the difference ofoil and gas accumulation condition between the hanging wall and the footwall of a fault, there is a peculiar accumulation mechanism that oil and gas mainly exists in the hanging wall of the basement fault, but in the footwall of the shallow detachment fault in the Nanbaxian pool. The oil and gas of the Nanbaxian pool came from the mature Jurassic hydrocarbon source rock of the Yibei depression located at the south of the Nanbaxian pool. Firstly, the oil and gas accumulated in the traps of the hanging wall of the basement fault by way of the unconformity and the basement faults, and turned into some primary deep pools; and then, the shallow detachment fault that formed in the later tectonic movement broke into the deep primary pools, which caused the oil and gas migration upwards along the basement faults and the shallow detachment faults and the evolvement into some secondary oil and gas pools later. The history of the Nanbaxian oil and gas accumulation can be summarized successively as the syndepositional upheaval controlled by faults; single hydrocarbon source rock; unconformities and faults as migration channels; buoyancy, overpressure and tectonic stress as dynamic forces; multistage migration and accumulation of oil and gas; and finally an overlapped double-floor pattern of oil and gas accumulation. The most important explorative targets in the north of the Qaidam Basin are traps connected with the primary pools in the footwall by shallow detachment faults.
文摘Large-scale oil exploration has been done and large quantities of oil-gas fields have been found in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea for more than 20 years. The tectonic oil-gas pools are the main type. With the exploration to be deepened, looking for atectonic oil-gas pools is listed in China's exploration strategy. There are advantages for the forming of atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea. Because the level of water has been frequently changing within all historical periods, lithozones are changed alternately in both vertical and lateral directions and formed lithologic deposition especially at low water level stages, such as the low-lying fans of basin-floor fans and slope fans. Due to frequent tectonic movement within all historical periods, many structural surfaces and structural unconformities were formed. At the same time, they also formed many kinds of structural unconformity oil-gas pools. According to our exploration and research, the promising areas of atectonic reservoirs within marine basins include: (1) the basin-floor fan of the deep water district, such as the central depression of the Southeast Qiong basin and Baiyun sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (2) the frontal area of the large ancient delta, such as the Lingao structural belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Huizhou sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (3) the unconformity pinchout belt or denudation belt in the slope area and the uplift area, for instance, the Yingdong slope belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Yacheng 13-1 structural belt in the southeast Qiong basin. All this proves that the prospects for atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea are very broad.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2005CB422100)
文摘This article reports the main formation models and distribution of the oil and gas pools in Tarim basin, China, including （1） occurrence of the found oil and gas pools, （2） main formation models of oil and gas pools, and （3） distribution law of oil/gas pools. Petroleum is distributed widely in the strata of Tarim basin from the Sinian at the bottom to the Neogene at the top. However, the found oil and gas fields are mainly distributed in Shaya （沙雅） uplift, Tazhong （塔中） uplift, and Kuche （库车） depression. This article presents 4 main formation models, namely, early formation and long-term preservation, early formation and late reformation, middle-late multiphase-multisource formation, late single-stage formation. Tarim basin is very rich in petroleum resources. Long-term inherited intrabasinal paleohighs and slope zones are the most favorable areas for accumulation of hydrocarbons, but the types of oil and gas pools are different from area to area. The control of unconformities and faults on hydrocarbon accumulating is prominent in Tarim basin. Preservation conditions are of utmost importance. Formation of some oil and gas pools is the result of reforming and re-accumulating of early accumulated hydrocarbons.
文摘The geothermal history of North China can be divided into at least four stages, i. c. Archaean (much hisher geothermal) stage, Paleoprotcrozoic (hish geothermal)stage, which resulted in four geotectonic stages (pregeosynehoe, geosyncline, platform and diwa stage) in the region. The geothermal field consists of three subgeothermal fields, theupper subgeothermal field with its depth of less than 2000 m, the middle subgeothermal field ranging from 2000 m to 5000 m in depth and the lower subgeothcrmal field locating at more than 5000 m in depth in North China. Sis thermostructural layers are recognised in North China, i. e. the mantle, the lower erust with its heat generation ratc of 0. 6 HGU. Oeothermal field is Corresponding to tectonosedimentary divisions in North China, controlling the tectonosedimentation, the evolution of souree rocks and the formation oF the oil/gas pools.
文摘Conditions for the Formation of oil and gas pools in Tertiary volcanics in the western part of the Huimin sag, Shandong and then (?)stribution have been studied based on the geological, seismic and well-logging information. In this paper, the types and lithofacies of the volcanic rocks in the western part of the Huimin sag are described; the relationship between rocks and electrical properties, the seismic reflection structures, the development and distribution of the volcanic rocks are expounded; and the fourfold role of the volcanic activities in the formation of the oil and gas pools is also dealt with. It is considered by the authors that the volcanic activities were not destructive to the formation of oil and gas pools but a factor favourable to the accumulation of organic matters and their conversion to hydrocarbon. The volcanic rocks might have served as reservoir rocks and cap rocks, or as a synsedimentary anticline. The prerequisites and important factors for the formation of oil and gas pools and their distribution are pointed out in the paper.
文摘THE RELATIONS BETWEEN DEEPDYNAMIC PROCESS AND THEFORMATION OF OIL-GAS POOLS INTHE SONGLIAO BASIN, CHINALi Zhi’an(Changsha Institute of Geotectonics, Academia Sinica, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China)Songliao basin, crust structure, deep dynamics, the formation of oil-gas poolsThis essay deals in detail with the inhomogeneity of the crust structure and the variation of the Moho, the process of deep dynamics and also relations of deep dynamic process to the formation of oil-gas pools in Songliao Basin.
文摘There are three formation stages of Silurian hydrocarbon pools in the Tarim Basin. The widely distributed asphaltic sandstones in the Tazhong （central Tarim） and Tabei （northern Tarim） areas are the results of destruction of hydrocarbon pools formed in the first-stage, and the asphaltic sandstones around the Awati Sag were formed in the second-stage. The hydrocarbon migration characteristics reflected by the residual dry asphalts could represent the migration characteristics of hydrocarbons in the Silurian paleo-pools, while the present movable oil in the Silurian reservoirs is related to the iater-stage （the third-stage） hydrocarbon accumulation.
