The sensible and latent heat fluxes over the ocean area near China were calculated and analyzed by usingthe Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) - four-dimensional Data Assimilation System (DAS). The calculated resul...The sensible and latent heat fluxes over the ocean area near China were calculated and analyzed by usingthe Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) - four-dimensional Data Assimilation System (DAS). The calculated results showed that the sensible heat flux had its large value in winter and autumn , small value in spring and summer overthe ocean area near China. In winter, the sensible heat flux increased distinctly with latitude, and its isolines were verycrowded. Over the ocean area east of Taiwan Province and south of Japan, the direction of isoline was from southwestto northeast. In the South China Sea the sensible heat flux was lower than that of surrounding ocean areas,and its isoline was distributed into a type of an inverted trough. In autumn and winter, the maximum center of latent heat flux appeared over the ocean area northeast of Taiwan Province and south and southeast of Japan, meanwhile, the isoline wasin the direction of southwest to northeast. In spring and summer, the latent heat flux had minimum value in the Huanghai Sea. At the same time, the maximum value center of latent heat flux appeared over the ocean area south of Japan inspring.展开更多
This paper describes results of the fluxes of momentum , sensible heat and latent heat for the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area ( 127 ° E - 150 ° E , 5 ° N -3 ° S ). The data were collected by the ...This paper describes results of the fluxes of momentum , sensible heat and latent heat for the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area ( 127 ° E - 150 ° E , 5 ° N -3 ° S ). The data were collected by the small tethered balloon sounding system over this ocean area including 6 continuous stations (140 ° E. 0 ° ; 145 ° E, 0 ° ; 150 ° E, 0 ° ; 140° E, 5 ° N; 145 ° E, 5° N and 150 ° E, 5 ° N) from 11 October to 15 December, 1986 . These fluxes were calculated by the semiempirical flux-profile relationships of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory using these observed data. The results show that for this tropical ocean area the drag coefficient CD is equal to (1.53 ± 0.25) × 10 3 and the daily mean latent flux Hl is greater than its daily mean sensible flux HV by a factor of about 9.展开更多
In November 1992 to February 1993 (IOP TOGA -COARE), many aerosol samples, rainwater samples and dry depesition samples were collected on the vessel Xiangyanghong No. 5 in the ocean area of IOP (2°S, 155°E)....In November 1992 to February 1993 (IOP TOGA -COARE), many aerosol samples, rainwater samples and dry depesition samples were collected on the vessel Xiangyanghong No. 5 in the ocean area of IOP (2°S, 155°E). The time variations of concentration of crustal elements, sea salt elements are not very large. The dry deposition fluxes of crustal elements are related to the sources of air flows. According to the aerosol samples collected in the western Pacific Oceanduring eight cruises under the China-U. S. joint TOGA project from December 1985 to July 1990 and the aerosol data collected in the Kuroshio ocean area from 1987 to 1991 (China-Japan Kuroshio joint-investigation), seasonal average dry deposition fluxes of crustal elements, pollutant elements and sea-salt elements are calculated. It is found that the dry deposition fluxes of elements Fe, Co, Zn and Sb have their highest values in spring in the Kuroshio ocean area because of the influencing of Asian dust-storm. But in the western Pacific ocean they reach the highest values in autumn. In the展开更多
The regional ocean circulation in the coastal areas of China (including a part of the western PacificOcean, the South China Sea and the Bay of Bengal et al.) is simulated by using the improved Princeton University oce...The regional ocean circulation in the coastal areas of China (including a part of the western PacificOcean, the South China Sea and the Bay of Bengal et al.) is simulated by using the improved Princeton University ocean circulation model (POM). Compared with the modeling results obtained by the large-scaleocean general circulation model (OGCM), the basic ocean circulation features simulated by the regionalocean circulation model al-e in good agreement with that simulated by OGCM and some detailed characteristics such as the regional ocean circulation, sea temperature, salinity and flee sea surface height have alsobeen obtained which are in good accord with the observations. These results indicate that the regional oceancirculation model has good capability to produce the legional ocean circulation characteristics and it can beused to develop coupled legional ocean-atmospheric model systems.展开更多
Compared to North American shale composition (NASC), REE contents of sediments from the CC area in the Pacific Ocean are obviously high except that cerium has equal content to that of NASC. Three-valence rare earth el...Compared to North American shale composition (NASC), REE contents of sediments from the CC area in the Pacific Ocean are obviously high except that cerium has equal content to that of NASC. Three-valence rare earth elements were completely enriched in phosphate-phase and cerium in iron-phase. Rare earth elements in the sediments were originally derived from seawater. During lithi- genic and minerogenic processes of metalliferous nodules, three-valence rare earth elements in sediments mobilized and incorporated into sediments as authigenous biogenic-apatite, while cerium had change from Ce3+ to Ce4+ and directly precipitated from seawater and entered metalliferous nodules and caused Ce anomalies in REE pattern in sediments.展开更多
The climatological characteristics of the moisture budget over the joining area of Asia and the IndianPacific Ocean （AIPO） and its adjacent regions as well as their anomalies have been estimated in this study. The m...The climatological characteristics of the moisture budget over the joining area of Asia and the IndianPacific Ocean （AIPO） and its adjacent regions as well as their anomalies have been estimated in this study. The main results are as follows. In the winter, the northeasterly moisture transport covers the extensive areas at the lower latitudes of the AIPO. The westerly and northerly moisture transport is the major source and the South Indian Ocean （SIO） is the moisture sink. In the summer, influenced by the southwesterly monsoonal wind, the crossequatorial southwesterly moisture transport across Somali originating from the SIO is transported through the Arabian Sea （AS）, the Bay of Bengal （BOB）, and the South China Sea （SCS） to eastern China. The AIPO is controlled by the southwesterly moisture transport. The net moisture influx over the AIPO has obvious interannual and interdecadal variations. From the mid- or late 1970s, the influxes over the SIO, the AS, the northern part of the western North Pacific （NWNP）, and North China （NC） as well as South China （SC） begin to decrease abruptly, while those over Northeast China （NEC） and the Yangtze River-Huaihe River basins （YHRB） have increased remarkably. As a whole, the net moisture influxes over the BOB and the southern part of the western North Pacific （SWNP） in the recent 50 years take on a linear increasing trend. However, the transition timing for these two regions is different with the former being at the mid- or late 1980s and the latter occurring earlier, approximately at the early stage of the 1970s. The anomalous moisture source associated with the precipitation anomalies is different from the normal conditions of the summer precipitation. For the drought or flood years or the years of E1 Nifio and its following years, the anomalous moisture transport originating from the western North Pacific （WNP） is the vital source of the anomalous precipitation over eastern China, which is greatly related with the variation of the subtropical Pacific high.展开更多
Mid-Holocene ocean feedback on global monsoon area, global monsoon precipitation(GMP), and GMP intensity(GMPI) was investigated by a set of numerical experiments performed with the Community Climate System Model versi...Mid-Holocene ocean feedback on global monsoon area, global monsoon precipitation(GMP), and GMP intensity(GMPI) was investigated by a set of numerical experiments performed with the Community Climate System Model version 4. Results showed that ocean feedback induced an increase in land monsoon area for northern Africa but a decrease for Asia and North and South America, and led to an increase in ocean monsoon area for the western Indian Ocean and southeastern Pacific but a decrease for the eastern Indian Ocean, tropical western Pacific, and tropical West Atlantic between the mid-Holocene and pre-industrial period. Dynamic oceaninduced changes in GMP and GMPI were 10.9×109 m3 d-1and-0.11 mm d-1 between the two periods, respectively.Ocean feedback induced consistent change between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere land or ocean but opposite change between land and ocean in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere monsoon areas for monsoon precipitation. The mid-Holocene summer changes in meridional temperature gradient and land-sea thermal contrast were the underlying mechanisms.展开更多
Marine protected areas(MPAs) in the Southern Ocean are receiving more and more global attention. The Southern Ocean is one of the world’s last regions not yet seriously impacted by human activities, signifying its ec...Marine protected areas(MPAs) in the Southern Ocean are receiving more and more global attention. The Southern Ocean is one of the world’s last regions not yet seriously impacted by human activities, signifying its ecological importance and unique value for scientific research. In response to climate change and growing commercial fishing interests in the Southern Ocean and their impacts on the marine ecosystem, the Commission on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources(CCAMLR) is reacting to growing international pressure to establish a system of MPAs in the Southern Ocean to manage fisheries and conserve vital species—such as the keystone resource Antarctic krill and the dominant fish predator Antarctic toothfish—as well as to protect whole ecosystems. This review summarizes progress in the establishment of MPAs in the Southern Ocean by focusing on several major topics:(1) the current status of MPAs in the Southern Ocean;(2) the purpose and objective of MPAs in the Southern Ocean;(3) a short description of the largest high-sea MPA(the Ross Sea MPA);(4) ecological observation and monitoring for the planned MPAs in the Southern Ocean; and(5) the importance of international cooperation in the design, establishment and future management of MPAs in the Southern Ocean.展开更多
In this paper, by using ocean surface temperature data(COADS), the study is made of the characteristics of the monthly and annual changes of the SST in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans, which have impo...In this paper, by using ocean surface temperature data(COADS), the study is made of the characteristics of the monthly and annual changes of the SST in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans, which have important influences on the climate change of the whole globe and the relation between ENSO(El Nio Southern Oscillation) and the Antarctic ice area is also discussed. The result indicates that in the tropical western Pacific and the Indian Oceans the change of Sea Surface Temperture(SST) is conspicuous both monthly and annaully, and shows different change tendency between them. This result may be due to different relation in the vibration period of SST between the two Oceans. The better corresponding relationship is obvious in the annual change of SST in the tropical Indian Ocean with the occurrence El Nio and La Nia. The change of the SST in the tropical western Pacific and the tropical Indian Oceans has a close relation to the Antarctic ice area, especially to the ice areas in the eastern south Pole and Ross Sea, and its notable correlative relationship appears in 16 months when the SST of the tropical western Pacific and the Indian Oceans lag back the Antarctic ice area.展开更多
The study presents the results of U-Pb dating of zircons and whole-rock geochemical analyses of syenogranite in Angeer Yinwula area, China, with the aim of determining its formation time, petrogenesis and regional set...The study presents the results of U-Pb dating of zircons and whole-rock geochemical analyses of syenogranite in Angeer Yinwula area, China, with the aim of determining its formation time, petrogenesis and regional setting. Zircon U-Pb data obtained by LA-ICP-MS indicate that the syenogranite formed in the Early Cretaceous(136.1±0.9 Ma). Geochemically, the rock is characterized by high SiO_2(76.63%--77.58%) and Na_2O+K_2O(8.00%--8.32%), low MgO(0.02%--0.04%) and TFe_2O_3(0.51%--0.84%), and is enriched in LREEs and LILEs, depleted in HREEs and HFSEs. It belongs to high-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous-weakly peraluminous, exhibiting an affinity to I-type granite. All these characteristics implied that the syenogranite in this region derived from crust-mantle mixed source. Overall, the regional geology, geochronology and geochemical features suggest that the formation of the syenogranite was related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean.展开更多
Drilling wells reveal that the organic matter abundance of Miocene marine source rocks in shallow water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is relatively low with poor hydrocarbon generation poten- tial. However, in some d...Drilling wells reveal that the organic matter abundance of Miocene marine source rocks in shallow water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is relatively low with poor hydrocarbon generation poten- tial. However, in some drilling wells of deep water area close to the central depression belt, Miocene marine source rocks with better organic matter abundance and hydrocarbon generation have been found, which have achieved better source rock standard based on the analysis of geochemical charac- teristics. Although there are no exploratory wells in deep water area of the research region, through the comparative analysis of geochemical data of several typical exploratory wells respectively from shallow water area in the basin, central depression belt margin in deep-water area of the basin and Site 1148 of deep sea drilling in the South China Sea Basin, it reveals that the tendency of the quality of source rocks becomes positive gradually from delta to bathyal environment, which then becomes negative as in deep oceanic environment. Owing to the lack of terrestrial organic matter input, the important controlling factors of Miocene marine source rocks in the Qiongdongnan Basin are ocean productivity and preservation conditions of organic matter. The element geochemistry data indicate that the tendency of the paleoproductivity and the preservation conditions of organic matter become positive as water depth increase from shallow area to bathyal area close to central depression belt. So it is speculated that there must exist high quality source rocks in the central depression area where the preservation conditions of organic matter are much better. Besides, in theory, in oxygen-poor zone of oceanic environment at the water depth 400–1 000 m, the preservation conditions of organic matter are well thus forming high-quality marine source rocks. The result- ing speculation, it is reasonable to consider that there are high hydrocarbon generation potential source rocks in bathyal environment of the Qiongdongnan Basin, especially at the water depth 400– 1 000 m.展开更多
The Qinghai—Xizang (Tibet) Plateau was assembled by the successive accretion of continental and arc terranes to Asia during the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and early Tertiary. From north to south, the Plateau was divided in...The Qinghai—Xizang (Tibet) Plateau was assembled by the successive accretion of continental and arc terranes to Asia during the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and early Tertiary. From north to south, the Plateau was divided into four terranes (from north to south): Songpan\|Garze, Qingtang, Lhasa and India terranes. The Qiangtang terrane was divided into two parts by Chabu\|Shuanghu suture: Northern Qiangtang and Southern Qiangtang blocks. It was believed that there is a suture as Palaeotethyan suture between the two blocks from Lungmu lake to Chabu, to Shuanghu, to Langcangjiang, but some geologists opposited this opinion, such as Wang Chengshan et al.(1987) and Deng Wanming et al.(1996). The blueschists that bear the typical glaucophane were found in the Gangmar Area in summer of 1997. The blueschists consist of glaucophane, crossite, phengite, actinolite, epidote, sphene ,rutile, and so on. Blueschists show nappe structures in enclosing rocks, and thrust over Tertiary from north to south.The age of blueschist is 275～285Ma which stand for the metamorphic age of blueschist. The geochemical contents of blueschists are the following: SiO\-2 is 45 37%～53 82%, Na 2O>K 2O, K 2O+Na 2O are 3 72%～7 61%, Na 2O/K 2O is 1 70～19 67, MnO is 0 16%～0 22%, FeO+Fe 2O 3 are 11 12%～14 27%, TiO 2 is 2 34%～4 28%, P 2O 5 is 0 34%～1 03%. From the contents, SiO 2 is inverse relation with K 2O+Na 2O, K 2O and FeO+Fe 2O 3. In the SiO 2\|K 2O+Na 2O diagram, the blueschists fall in the field of Alkali basalt; in the TiO 2\|MnO(10\|P 2O 5×10 triangular diagram, these plot within the Ocean Island Basalts(OIB) field. The whole REE content is (117 03～390 97)×10 -6 , LREE/HREE is 5 05～9 80, the REE diagram shows the feature that LREE is rich and HREE is depleted, this is similar to the OIB. In the spidergram of trace elements show the same characterristics as the OIB. Meanwhile, the trace elements ratios, such as Ba/Nb, La/Nb, Nb/Th, Nb/Y, Zr/Y, Zr/Nb, Hf/Sm, Ta/Hf, Nb/Ta, Nb/U, suggest the tectonic setting is OIB. On the basis of these materials, the blueschists are akin to within\|plate ocean island basalts. This shows that there is a ocean or oceanic basin in the Chabu\|Shuanghu belts and the formation of blueschists is the quicky subduction of the Ocean Island Basalts in Early Permian between the Gondwana and Eurasia continents. It demonstrated, therefore, that the Chabu\|Suanghu suture exists and may extend to the east to Lnagchangjiang, and may extend into Thailand\|Malaysia Peninsula.展开更多
佳木斯地块和松嫩—张广才岭地块是中亚造山带东段的两个相邻微陆块,二者在晚古生代至早中生代的拼合历史与牡丹江洋的形成与演化过程密切相关。黑龙江杂岩被认为保留着牡丹江洋的俯冲增生痕迹,是一套混有解体蛇绿岩残块,并经历了蓝片...佳木斯地块和松嫩—张广才岭地块是中亚造山带东段的两个相邻微陆块,二者在晚古生代至早中生代的拼合历史与牡丹江洋的形成与演化过程密切相关。黑龙江杂岩被认为保留着牡丹江洋的俯冲增生痕迹,是一套混有解体蛇绿岩残块,并经历了蓝片岩相变质作用的构造混杂岩(董申保,1989;Zhao Liangliang et al.,2024)。黑龙江杂岩的形成时代一直存在争议,包括早古生代、晚三叠世—中侏罗世、侏罗纪及早白垩世等不同认识;变质年龄集中于早—中侏罗世,关于杂岩内岩石变形的厘定及构造期次的划分仍缺少系统的研究和总结。展开更多
文摘The sensible and latent heat fluxes over the ocean area near China were calculated and analyzed by usingthe Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) - four-dimensional Data Assimilation System (DAS). The calculated results showed that the sensible heat flux had its large value in winter and autumn , small value in spring and summer overthe ocean area near China. In winter, the sensible heat flux increased distinctly with latitude, and its isolines were verycrowded. Over the ocean area east of Taiwan Province and south of Japan, the direction of isoline was from southwestto northeast. In the South China Sea the sensible heat flux was lower than that of surrounding ocean areas,and its isoline was distributed into a type of an inverted trough. In autumn and winter, the maximum center of latent heat flux appeared over the ocean area northeast of Taiwan Province and south and southeast of Japan, meanwhile, the isoline wasin the direction of southwest to northeast. In spring and summer, the latent heat flux had minimum value in the Huanghai Sea. At the same time, the maximum value center of latent heat flux appeared over the ocean area south of Japan inspring.
文摘This paper describes results of the fluxes of momentum , sensible heat and latent heat for the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area ( 127 ° E - 150 ° E , 5 ° N -3 ° S ). The data were collected by the small tethered balloon sounding system over this ocean area including 6 continuous stations (140 ° E. 0 ° ; 145 ° E, 0 ° ; 150 ° E, 0 ° ; 140° E, 5 ° N; 145 ° E, 5° N and 150 ° E, 5 ° N) from 11 October to 15 December, 1986 . These fluxes were calculated by the semiempirical flux-profile relationships of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory using these observed data. The results show that for this tropical ocean area the drag coefficient CD is equal to (1.53 ± 0.25) × 10 3 and the daily mean latent flux Hl is greater than its daily mean sensible flux HV by a factor of about 9.
文摘In November 1992 to February 1993 (IOP TOGA -COARE), many aerosol samples, rainwater samples and dry depesition samples were collected on the vessel Xiangyanghong No. 5 in the ocean area of IOP (2°S, 155°E). The time variations of concentration of crustal elements, sea salt elements are not very large. The dry deposition fluxes of crustal elements are related to the sources of air flows. According to the aerosol samples collected in the western Pacific Oceanduring eight cruises under the China-U. S. joint TOGA project from December 1985 to July 1990 and the aerosol data collected in the Kuroshio ocean area from 1987 to 1991 (China-Japan Kuroshio joint-investigation), seasonal average dry deposition fluxes of crustal elements, pollutant elements and sea-salt elements are calculated. It is found that the dry deposition fluxes of elements Fe, Co, Zn and Sb have their highest values in spring in the Kuroshio ocean area because of the influencing of Asian dust-storm. But in the western Pacific ocean they reach the highest values in autumn. In the
文摘The regional ocean circulation in the coastal areas of China (including a part of the western PacificOcean, the South China Sea and the Bay of Bengal et al.) is simulated by using the improved Princeton University ocean circulation model (POM). Compared with the modeling results obtained by the large-scaleocean general circulation model (OGCM), the basic ocean circulation features simulated by the regionalocean circulation model al-e in good agreement with that simulated by OGCM and some detailed characteristics such as the regional ocean circulation, sea temperature, salinity and flee sea surface height have alsobeen obtained which are in good accord with the observations. These results indicate that the regional oceancirculation model has good capability to produce the legional ocean circulation characteristics and it can beused to develop coupled legional ocean-atmospheric model systems.
基金the R&D Project on the Oceanic Metalliferous Nodue during the "Ninth- Five- YearPlan"(No. DY95 ~ 02 ~ 10).
文摘Compared to North American shale composition (NASC), REE contents of sediments from the CC area in the Pacific Ocean are obviously high except that cerium has equal content to that of NASC. Three-valence rare earth elements were completely enriched in phosphate-phase and cerium in iron-phase. Rare earth elements in the sediments were originally derived from seawater. During lithi- genic and minerogenic processes of metalliferous nodules, three-valence rare earth elements in sediments mobilized and incorporated into sediments as authigenous biogenic-apatite, while cerium had change from Ce3+ to Ce4+ and directly precipitated from seawater and entered metalliferous nodules and caused Ce anomalies in REE pattern in sediments.
基金sponsored by "973" Program No. 2006CB403604National Technol-ogy Support Program (2007BAC03A01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.40531006 and 40576012
文摘The climatological characteristics of the moisture budget over the joining area of Asia and the IndianPacific Ocean （AIPO） and its adjacent regions as well as their anomalies have been estimated in this study. The main results are as follows. In the winter, the northeasterly moisture transport covers the extensive areas at the lower latitudes of the AIPO. The westerly and northerly moisture transport is the major source and the South Indian Ocean （SIO） is the moisture sink. In the summer, influenced by the southwesterly monsoonal wind, the crossequatorial southwesterly moisture transport across Somali originating from the SIO is transported through the Arabian Sea （AS）, the Bay of Bengal （BOB）, and the South China Sea （SCS） to eastern China. The AIPO is controlled by the southwesterly moisture transport. The net moisture influx over the AIPO has obvious interannual and interdecadal variations. From the mid- or late 1970s, the influxes over the SIO, the AS, the northern part of the western North Pacific （NWNP）, and North China （NC） as well as South China （SC） begin to decrease abruptly, while those over Northeast China （NEC） and the Yangtze River-Huaihe River basins （YHRB） have increased remarkably. As a whole, the net moisture influxes over the BOB and the southern part of the western North Pacific （SWNP） in the recent 50 years take on a linear increasing trend. However, the transition timing for these two regions is different with the former being at the mid- or late 1980s and the latter occurring earlier, approximately at the early stage of the 1970s. The anomalous moisture source associated with the precipitation anomalies is different from the normal conditions of the summer precipitation. For the drought or flood years or the years of E1 Nifio and its following years, the anomalous moisture transport originating from the western North Pacific （WNP） is the vital source of the anomalous precipitation over eastern China, which is greatly related with the variation of the subtropical Pacific high.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos. 41222034 and 41175072)
文摘Mid-Holocene ocean feedback on global monsoon area, global monsoon precipitation(GMP), and GMP intensity(GMPI) was investigated by a set of numerical experiments performed with the Community Climate System Model version 4. Results showed that ocean feedback induced an increase in land monsoon area for northern Africa but a decrease for Asia and North and South America, and led to an increase in ocean monsoon area for the western Indian Ocean and southeastern Pacific but a decrease for the eastern Indian Ocean, tropical western Pacific, and tropical West Atlantic between the mid-Holocene and pre-industrial period. Dynamic oceaninduced changes in GMP and GMPI were 10.9×109 m3 d-1and-0.11 mm d-1 between the two periods, respectively.Ocean feedback induced consistent change between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere land or ocean but opposite change between land and ocean in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere monsoon areas for monsoon precipitation. The mid-Holocene summer changes in meridional temperature gradient and land-sea thermal contrast were the underlying mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(Grant no.2018YFC1406801)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant no.41876217)+1 种基金the Chinese Polar Environmental Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programs(Grant no.CHINARE 2017-03)the Aoshan Science and Technology Innovation Plan of China(Grant no.2015ASKJ02-02)
文摘Marine protected areas(MPAs) in the Southern Ocean are receiving more and more global attention. The Southern Ocean is one of the world’s last regions not yet seriously impacted by human activities, signifying its ecological importance and unique value for scientific research. In response to climate change and growing commercial fishing interests in the Southern Ocean and their impacts on the marine ecosystem, the Commission on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources(CCAMLR) is reacting to growing international pressure to establish a system of MPAs in the Southern Ocean to manage fisheries and conserve vital species—such as the keystone resource Antarctic krill and the dominant fish predator Antarctic toothfish—as well as to protect whole ecosystems. This review summarizes progress in the establishment of MPAs in the Southern Ocean by focusing on several major topics:(1) the current status of MPAs in the Southern Ocean;(2) the purpose and objective of MPAs in the Southern Ocean;(3) a short description of the largest high-sea MPA(the Ross Sea MPA);(4) ecological observation and monitoring for the planned MPAs in the Southern Ocean; and(5) the importance of international cooperation in the design, establishment and future management of MPAs in the Southern Ocean.
文摘In this paper, by using ocean surface temperature data(COADS), the study is made of the characteristics of the monthly and annual changes of the SST in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans, which have important influences on the climate change of the whole globe and the relation between ENSO(El Nio Southern Oscillation) and the Antarctic ice area is also discussed. The result indicates that in the tropical western Pacific and the Indian Oceans the change of Sea Surface Temperture(SST) is conspicuous both monthly and annaully, and shows different change tendency between them. This result may be due to different relation in the vibration period of SST between the two Oceans. The better corresponding relationship is obvious in the annual change of SST in the tropical Indian Ocean with the occurrence El Nio and La Nia. The change of the SST in the tropical western Pacific and the tropical Indian Oceans has a close relation to the Antarctic ice area, especially to the ice areas in the eastern south Pole and Ross Sea, and its notable correlative relationship appears in 16 months when the SST of the tropical western Pacific and the Indian Oceans lag back the Antarctic ice area.
基金Supported by Joint Project of Geological Survey of Jilin University and Shandong Gold Group Co.,Ltd(No.MJDK2016005)
文摘The study presents the results of U-Pb dating of zircons and whole-rock geochemical analyses of syenogranite in Angeer Yinwula area, China, with the aim of determining its formation time, petrogenesis and regional setting. Zircon U-Pb data obtained by LA-ICP-MS indicate that the syenogranite formed in the Early Cretaceous(136.1±0.9 Ma). Geochemically, the rock is characterized by high SiO_2(76.63%--77.58%) and Na_2O+K_2O(8.00%--8.32%), low MgO(0.02%--0.04%) and TFe_2O_3(0.51%--0.84%), and is enriched in LREEs and LILEs, depleted in HREEs and HFSEs. It belongs to high-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous-weakly peraluminous, exhibiting an affinity to I-type granite. All these characteristics implied that the syenogranite in this region derived from crust-mantle mixed source. Overall, the regional geology, geochronology and geochemical features suggest that the formation of the syenogranite was related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean.
基金The Major State Basic Research Development Program (973 Program) under contract No. 2009CB219402
文摘Drilling wells reveal that the organic matter abundance of Miocene marine source rocks in shallow water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is relatively low with poor hydrocarbon generation poten- tial. However, in some drilling wells of deep water area close to the central depression belt, Miocene marine source rocks with better organic matter abundance and hydrocarbon generation have been found, which have achieved better source rock standard based on the analysis of geochemical charac- teristics. Although there are no exploratory wells in deep water area of the research region, through the comparative analysis of geochemical data of several typical exploratory wells respectively from shallow water area in the basin, central depression belt margin in deep-water area of the basin and Site 1148 of deep sea drilling in the South China Sea Basin, it reveals that the tendency of the quality of source rocks becomes positive gradually from delta to bathyal environment, which then becomes negative as in deep oceanic environment. Owing to the lack of terrestrial organic matter input, the important controlling factors of Miocene marine source rocks in the Qiongdongnan Basin are ocean productivity and preservation conditions of organic matter. The element geochemistry data indicate that the tendency of the paleoproductivity and the preservation conditions of organic matter become positive as water depth increase from shallow area to bathyal area close to central depression belt. So it is speculated that there must exist high quality source rocks in the central depression area where the preservation conditions of organic matter are much better. Besides, in theory, in oxygen-poor zone of oceanic environment at the water depth 400–1 000 m, the preservation conditions of organic matter are well thus forming high-quality marine source rocks. The result- ing speculation, it is reasonable to consider that there are high hydrocarbon generation potential source rocks in bathyal environment of the Qiongdongnan Basin, especially at the water depth 400– 1 000 m.
文摘The Qinghai—Xizang (Tibet) Plateau was assembled by the successive accretion of continental and arc terranes to Asia during the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and early Tertiary. From north to south, the Plateau was divided into four terranes (from north to south): Songpan\|Garze, Qingtang, Lhasa and India terranes. The Qiangtang terrane was divided into two parts by Chabu\|Shuanghu suture: Northern Qiangtang and Southern Qiangtang blocks. It was believed that there is a suture as Palaeotethyan suture between the two blocks from Lungmu lake to Chabu, to Shuanghu, to Langcangjiang, but some geologists opposited this opinion, such as Wang Chengshan et al.(1987) and Deng Wanming et al.(1996). The blueschists that bear the typical glaucophane were found in the Gangmar Area in summer of 1997. The blueschists consist of glaucophane, crossite, phengite, actinolite, epidote, sphene ,rutile, and so on. Blueschists show nappe structures in enclosing rocks, and thrust over Tertiary from north to south.The age of blueschist is 275～285Ma which stand for the metamorphic age of blueschist. The geochemical contents of blueschists are the following: SiO\-2 is 45 37%～53 82%, Na 2O>K 2O, K 2O+Na 2O are 3 72%～7 61%, Na 2O/K 2O is 1 70～19 67, MnO is 0 16%～0 22%, FeO+Fe 2O 3 are 11 12%～14 27%, TiO 2 is 2 34%～4 28%, P 2O 5 is 0 34%～1 03%. From the contents, SiO 2 is inverse relation with K 2O+Na 2O, K 2O and FeO+Fe 2O 3. In the SiO 2\|K 2O+Na 2O diagram, the blueschists fall in the field of Alkali basalt; in the TiO 2\|MnO(10\|P 2O 5×10 triangular diagram, these plot within the Ocean Island Basalts(OIB) field. The whole REE content is (117 03～390 97)×10 -6 , LREE/HREE is 5 05～9 80, the REE diagram shows the feature that LREE is rich and HREE is depleted, this is similar to the OIB. In the spidergram of trace elements show the same characterristics as the OIB. Meanwhile, the trace elements ratios, such as Ba/Nb, La/Nb, Nb/Th, Nb/Y, Zr/Y, Zr/Nb, Hf/Sm, Ta/Hf, Nb/Ta, Nb/U, suggest the tectonic setting is OIB. On the basis of these materials, the blueschists are akin to within\|plate ocean island basalts. This shows that there is a ocean or oceanic basin in the Chabu\|Shuanghu belts and the formation of blueschists is the quicky subduction of the Ocean Island Basalts in Early Permian between the Gondwana and Eurasia continents. It demonstrated, therefore, that the Chabu\|Suanghu suture exists and may extend to the east to Lnagchangjiang, and may extend into Thailand\|Malaysia Peninsula.
文摘佳木斯地块和松嫩—张广才岭地块是中亚造山带东段的两个相邻微陆块,二者在晚古生代至早中生代的拼合历史与牡丹江洋的形成与演化过程密切相关。黑龙江杂岩被认为保留着牡丹江洋的俯冲增生痕迹,是一套混有解体蛇绿岩残块,并经历了蓝片岩相变质作用的构造混杂岩(董申保,1989;Zhao Liangliang et al.,2024)。黑龙江杂岩的形成时代一直存在争议,包括早古生代、晚三叠世—中侏罗世、侏罗纪及早白垩世等不同认识;变质年龄集中于早—中侏罗世,关于杂岩内岩石变形的厘定及构造期次的划分仍缺少系统的研究和总结。
