What is the border between Central and Eastern Europe?This is an unanswered question in the literature of contemporary European history and politics.In the modern state system,imaginary boundaries are products of the ...What is the border between Central and Eastern Europe?This is an unanswered question in the literature of contemporary European history and politics.In the modern state system,imaginary boundaries are products of the imagined communities,and these boundaries also cause either to occidentalize or to orientalize the lands due to its top-down/elitist imagination procedure.During the Cold War years,anti-USSR voices are important to see the certain demand for Europeanization among people in today’s Central Europe where there especially had the communist legacy.In general,the ultimate goal is to identify themselves as more western among Central and Eastern European states for the sake of civilizational values of the Enlightenment and to reach today’s contested Neoliberal welfare.This desire causes Nesting Orientalisms,Milica Bakic-Hayden’s concept.Nesting Orientalisms are about re-constructing new Orient in the same region to hierarchizeitself as occidental.Through the process of mapping its location and construction of occidental identity,Hungary defines itself as a part of Central Europe.But what are the legitimated reasons of Hungary to define itself as Central European instead of Eastern Europe?Do these reasons perfectly fit in today’s Central European formulation and stereotype?What are the possible reasons to reject Hungary’s Central European self-definition?Moreover,under the shadow of the discussion on Central Europe vs.Eastern Europe,to what extent does the rise of authoritarianism block ongoing occidentalisation process of Hungary?In this research,I will answer these questions by analyzing modern political history of Hungary by the method of interpretivist process tracing.展开更多
The pollination mechanisms of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco and Thuja occidentalis L. seem to be of the same type, as based on the morphological study of the change in pollination drop, during the process of poll...The pollination mechanisms of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco and Thuja occidentalis L. seem to be of the same type, as based on the morphological study of the change in pollination drop, during the process of pollination. Entering the pollination drop, the pollen may alter the surface of the drop or reduce the secretion of the ovule with concomitant increase of evaporation. It has been further noticed that the dynamiechange of the drop withdrawal rate was closely associated with the different kinds of pollen received. It seemsthat the withdrawal of the pollination drop may be induced by pollen from plants consanguineous to P. orientalis, almost as effective as from pollen of P. orientalis itself and comparatively more effective than the foreignpollen received from distant plant species. The drop withdrawal could he mainly induced by the pollen that causes the reduction of ovule secretion.展开更多
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana （Balsamo） Vuillemin and predatory mite Neoseiulus barked Hughes are effective biological control agents of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande （Thysanoptera： Thripida...The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana （Balsamo） Vuillemin and predatory mite Neoseiulus barked Hughes are effective biological control agents of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande （Thysanoptera： Thripidae）, one of the most important pests of ornamentals and vegetables world-wide. Combined application of both may enhance control efficiency. The functional response for N. barked on the first instar larvae of western flower thrips which were infected by B. bassiana for 12 and 24 h in the laboratory （（25＋1）℃, （70＋5）% RH, L：D=16 h：8 h） was determined. The virulence of B. bassiana against the second instar and pupae of the thrips attacked by N. barked were also tested. The results showed that N. barked exhibited a Holling type II functional response on treated thrips. After having been treated with the fungus for 12 h and then offered to the predator, thrips were more vulnerable to be killed by N. barked. The second instar larvae and pupae of the thrips which had been attacked by predatory mites were markedly more susceptible to B. bassiana infection than normal thrips; the cumulative corrected mortality of B. bassiana of the second instar and pupae which were attacked by N. barked were 57 and 94%, respectively, compared to 35 and 80% in controls on the day 8. These findings highlight the potential use of B. bassiana in combination with N. barkeri to control F. occidentalis.展开更多
The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive sucking pests of vegetables, fruits and ornamental crops in China. Spinosad is one of the most commonly used insecticides to manage...The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive sucking pests of vegetables, fruits and ornamental crops in China. Spinosad is one of the most commonly used insecticides to manage thrips. To assess the incidence of spinosad resistance in F. occidentalis field populations in eastern China, survival rates for 24 different populations were compared with those of a susceptible laboratory strain. All populations showed significantly higher resistance to spinosad compared with the control as determined by comparing median lethal concentrations. Two populations from Shouguang and Liaocheng in Shandong Province were classified as having moderate and high levels of resistance to spinosad with a mean resistance ratio of 17.0 and 89.2, respectively. Our research indicates a widespread reduction in spinosad efficacy for controlling F. occidentalis field populations, and that resistance management strategies should be implemented as soon as practicable, to reduce the potential of progressive resistance development and loss of efficacy.展开更多
The westem flower thrips, Frankliniella occidental＆ （Pergande） is a highly invasive pest that is able to exploit many crops across a wide range of environmental conditions. Five full-length cDNAs of heat shock prot...The westem flower thrips, Frankliniella occidental＆ （Pergande） is a highly invasive pest that is able to exploit many crops across a wide range of environmental conditions. Five full-length cDNAs of heat shock protein （HSP） genes （Fo-HSP90, Fo-HSP70, Fo-HSP60, Fo-HSP40 and Fo-HSP28.9） were cloned from F. occidentalis, and their expression profiles were investigated under conditions of thermal stress and insecticide exposure, and at different stages during development, using real-time quantitative PCR. All five gene sequences showed high similarity to homologs in other species, indicating the conserved fimction of this gene family. HSP60 represents an informative phylogenetic marker at the ordinal taxonomic level within Insecta, but HSP90, which has two homologous copies in Hymenoptera, was not informative. The expression of Fo-HSPs under thermal stress suggests that Fo-HSP90, Fo-HSP70, and Fo-HSP28.9 are inducible by both cold and heat stress, Fo-HSP40 is only heat-inducible, and Fo-HSP60 is thermally insensitive. There were two patterns of cold induction of Fo-HSPs： one is from 0 to 4℃ and the other is around -8℃. All five Fo-HSPs genes were induced by exposure to sublethal concentrations of the insecticide avermectin. The expression of the five Fo-HSPs during different developmental stages suggests that they all play a role in development of F. occidentalis.展开更多
Twigs of 2-3-year-old Platanus occidentalis L. were used as experimental material to find the causes for the contamination and browning in the initial stages of tissue cultures. To compare the degree of browning of ex...Twigs of 2-3-year-old Platanus occidentalis L. were used as experimental material to find the causes for the contamination and browning in the initial stages of tissue cultures. To compare the degree of browning of explants picked off from different growing seasons, the experimental material was excised from trees on each of the first ten days in January, March, May and July, 2006. The results indicated that the contamination and browning rates of the material cut off in January （14.2% and 30.6%, respectively） and March were somewhat lower than those in July. The pretreatment of soaking the explants in different anti-oxidants and absorbents at the same time could diminish some side effects. The pretreatment of using 10 g·L^-1 vitamin C reduced the contamination and brown- ing rate effectively. An orthogonal experiment showed that the optimal factor and level arrangement is 0.5 mg·L^-1BA, 2.0 g·L^-1 active carbon and 1.5 g·L^-1 PVP which resulted in a browning rate of only 16.5%. In general, sampling period, physical properties and pretreatment of explants are the main factors responsible for the contamination and browning of material in the initial stages of P. occidentalis tissue cultures.展开更多
Objective: To assess the putative diuretic and antioxidant properties of Cassia occidentalis(C. occidentalis) leaves' aqueous extract. Methods: Adult rats were administered with C. occidentalis leaves aqueous extr...Objective: To assess the putative diuretic and antioxidant properties of Cassia occidentalis(C. occidentalis) leaves' aqueous extract. Methods: Adult rats were administered with C. occidentalis leaves aqueous extract acutely(24-h) and subchronically(7 d), at doses 80, 160, 240, 320, and 400 mg/kg(per os). Negative control group received only an equivalent volume of distilled water, while the two positive control groups received the diuretic drugs furosemide(20 mg/kg, i.p.) and hydrochlorothiazide(HCTZ, 20 mg/kg, i.p.). Urinary elimination of electrolytes in response to treatments was evaluated, together with changes in concentrations of creatinine, urea, aldosterone, glucose, and albumin in urine and plasma. Various urinary indicators of kidney function and plasmatic markers of oxidative stress were also assessed. Results: The acute administration of C. occidentalis increased the urinary excretion of 107.58% at the higher dose tested, compared to negative control. The reference drugs furosemide and HCTZ induced increases of 84.27 % and 48.05 %, respectively. Acutely, the extract induced Na+ and Cl- elimination, whereas subchronically an increase in K+ elimination was also observed. The extract also improved the kidney function indexes and oxidative stress markers. These effects were dose-dependent and comparable with positive control observations. Conclusions: Our i ndings strongly suggest that C. occidentalis aqueous extract has diuretic and antioxidant activities, and deserves further studies considering the potential for the treatment of hypertension.展开更多
We report on the discovery of a new genus of microhylid subfamily Asterophryinae from northern and eastern Indochina, containing three new species. Vietnamophryne （3en. nov. are secretive miniaturized frogs （SVL〈21...We report on the discovery of a new genus of microhylid subfamily Asterophryinae from northern and eastern Indochina, containing three new species. Vietnamophryne （3en. nov. are secretive miniaturized frogs （SVL〈21 mm） with a mostly semi-fossorial lifestyle. To assess phylogenetic relationships, we studied 12S rRNA - 16S rRNA mtDNA fragments with a final alignment of 2 591 bp for 53 microhylid species. Morphological and osteological characters were analyzed using micro-CT scanning and used to describe the new genus. Results of phylogenetic analyses assigned the new genus into the mainly Australasian subfamily Asterophryinae as a sister taxon to the genus Siamophryne from southern Indochina. The three specimens collected from Gia Lai Province in central Vietnam, Cao Bang Province in northern Vietnam, and Chiang Rai Province in northern Thailand proved to be separate species, different both in morphology and genetics （genetic divergence 3.1%〈P〈5.1%）. Our work provides further evidence for the ＂out of Indo-Eurasia＂ scenario for Asterophryinae, indicating that the initial cladogenesis and differentiation of this group of frogs occurred in the Indochina Peninsula. To date, eachof the three new species of Vietnamophryne Gen. nov. is known only from a single specimen; thus, their distribution, life history, and conservation status require further study.展开更多
Cassia occidentalis L. is widely used in the world in traditional medicine and especially in some African countries for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this study was to report the microscopic features, ...Cassia occidentalis L. is widely used in the world in traditional medicine and especially in some African countries for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this study was to report the microscopic features, the chromatographic fingerprints and the cellular antioxidant activity and the peroxidase inhibition of infusions from different parts of this plant. Microscopically, leaf can be characterized by cells of the spongy mesophyll and parenchyma numerous cluster crystals of calcium oxalate, paracytic stomata, isolated calcium oxalate cluster crystals, covering and glandular trichomes, scalariform vessels, polyedric starch granules, lignified fibers;flowers by abundant covering and glandular trichomes, spirally thickened vessels and associated parenchyma, abundant pollen grains. Seeds were characterized by pluricellular non-glandular trichomes, epidermis of the testa with underlying oil cells, parenchymatous layers of the testa, thicker-walled cells of the endosperm, pollen grain. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, iridoids, tannins and terpenes. TLC fingerprints of different parts were different and characteristic. They showed the presence of glycosylated flavonoids and phenolic acids as main phytochemicals for flowers, leaves and seedpods. ABTS and DPPH assays showed that infusion extracts have the ability to scavenge free radicals connected with their IC50 values ranging from 21.43 ± 1.25 to 566.24 ± 176.7 mg·mL-1. All extracts showed a weaker capacity to scavenge DPPH radical. Aqueous extracts displayed high cellular antioxidant activity at the concentrations range of 1 - 20 μg·mL-1 using LO-12 on monocytes HL 60. Flower and leave extracts showed more efficient effects on extracellular ROS production. Phenolic compounds could be major contributors to antioxidant activity of infusions of Cassia parts. In MPO (Myeloperoxidase) direct technique, all infusion extracts exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on MPO activity in the range concentrations of 1 to 20 μg·mL-1 with the leaves and flowers the most active. Obtained results support the potential therapeutic interest of all aerial parts of Cassia and could justify their use in traditional medicine and local nutraceutical resources.展开更多
In the present study, one new cycloartane triterpenoid, named cycloccidentalic acid C(1) and its glucoside, cycloccidentaliside VI(2) were isolated from the whole plant of Cassia occidentalis. Their structures were el...In the present study, one new cycloartane triterpenoid, named cycloccidentalic acid C(1) and its glucoside, cycloccidentaliside VI(2) were isolated from the whole plant of Cassia occidentalis. Their structures were elucidated by a combinational analyses of 1D and 2D NMR data and HRMS. Compound 2 showed modest anti-HIV-1 activity with EC_(50) value of 1.44 μmol·L^(-1) and TI(Therapeutic Index) value of 15.59.展开更多
Objective: Drug-induced liver injury complicates antituberculosis drug treatment and is a leading cause of death worldwide. The aim of this study is to establish the ethnomedicinal claim of hepatoprotective effects of...Objective: Drug-induced liver injury complicates antituberculosis drug treatment and is a leading cause of death worldwide. The aim of this study is to establish the ethnomedicinal claim of hepatoprotective effects of fruit pulp extract of Telfairia occidentalis against rifampicin(RIF) and isoniazid(INH)-induced oxidative stress in rats.Methods: T. occidentalis pulp extract(TOPE)(125–500 mg/kg) and silymarin(50 mg/kg) were evaluated in an induced hepatotoxicity model of oxidative stress in Wistar rats by intoxication with RIF and INH(100 mg/kg each) orally for 60 d. Markers indicating oxidative stress and hepatic damage such as alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were assessed.Biomarkers of antioxidant status, including catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and marker of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde(MDA), were assayed using standard procedures. The hematological profile, lipid profile, serum markers for kidney function and histopathological examination were also assessed.Results: Intoxication with RIF and INH markedly reduced the hematological indices and elevated the biochemical enzyme markers(AST, ALT and ALP, P < 0.001) and lipid profile(P < 0.001), while antioxidant biomarkers were significantly(P < 0.01) depressed and MDA was elevated. However, pretreatment with TOPE significantly(P < 0.001) alleviated this alteration and sustained the antioxidant potentials. The histopathological morphology supports the biochemical evidence of hepatoprotection.Conclusion: Current study is indicative of potential antioxidant activity, hepatoprotective effects and plausible therapeutic alleviation of RIF-INH-induced hepatotoxicity of TOPE in laboratory animals.展开更多
Currently, insecticides are considered as the primary approach for controlling western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）（Thysanoptera： Thripidae）. However, the heavy use of insecticides resulted...Currently, insecticides are considered as the primary approach for controlling western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）（Thysanoptera： Thripidae）. However, the heavy use of insecticides resulted in high insect resistance and serious environmental pollution. Given its characteristics of ease of operation and environmental friendliness, insect control using high temperature is receiving considerable renewed research interest. However, although the combination of insecticides and high temperature to control F. occidentalis has been studied before, few studies have focused on the short-term effect of such treatment. In a laboratory study, F. occidentalis adults and second-instar nymphs were exposed to 45℃ for 2 h. Then, their susceptibility to acetamiprid, spinosad, methomyl, and beta-cypermethrin was tested after different periods of recovery time（2–36 h）. Additionally, the specific activity of three detoxification enzymes（esterase, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome p450（CYP） monooxygenase） of the treated insects was determined. The results indicated that the fluctuation of susceptibility to insecticides and detoxification enzyme activity during F. occidentalis recovery from heat shock are related. Furthermore, several recovery time points（2, 30, and 36 h） of significant susceptibility to four tested insecticides compared with the control were found during the treatment of adults that were heat-shocked. Recovery time points of higher susceptibility compared with the control depended on different insecticides during the second-instar nymph recovery from heat shock. Interestingly, the fluctuation of CYP monooxygenase activity exhibited a trend that was similar to the fluctuation of susceptibility to insecticides（especially spinosad） during the recovery from heat shock of adults. In addition, the glutathione S-transferase and CYP monooxygenase activity trend was similar to the trend of susceptibility to spinosad during the recovery from heat shock of second-instar nymphs. Our results provide a new approach for controlling F. occidentalis using the combined heat shock and insecticide. This effectively enhances the control efficiency of heat shock and significantly reduces the application of insecticides.展开更多
Heat shock protein 70（HSP70） is one of the most important members in the heat shock protein family, and plays important roles in the thermotolerance of insect. To explore the molecular mechanism of thermotolerance o...Heat shock protein 70（HSP70） is one of the most important members in the heat shock protein family, and plays important roles in the thermotolerance of insect. To explore the molecular mechanism of thermotolerance of Frankliniella occidentalis adults, the difference in the expression of HSP70s in F. occidentalis male or female adults under the thermal stress was studied under the laboratory conditions. Two full length c DNAs of HSP70s gene（Fohsc704 and Fohsc705） were cloned from F. occidentalis by using RT-PCR and RACE. The genomic sequence was demonstrated by genomic validation, and the position and size of the intron were analyzed by sequence analysis of c DNA. Real-time PCR was used to analyze the HSP70 expression patterns. The c DNA of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 possessed 2 073 and 1 476 bp which encoded 690 and 491 amino acids（aa） with a calculated molecular weight of 75 and 54 k Da, respectively. Four introns in Fohsc704 and six introns in Fohsc705 protein were found. However, the HSP70 protein sequences in our study were ended with EKKN and GIFL, which were different from the reported Fo HSP70s. Various expression patterns of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 were found in both genders of F. occidentalis under thermal stress. The expression of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 reached to the highest level at –12 and –8°C in male adults, respectively, and Fohsc705 expressed the highest level at 33°C in female adults. In conclusion, HSP70s of F. occidentalis in our study are novel heat shock proteins. There were difference in expression patterns of the two hsc70s in genders of F. occidentalis, and the two HSP70s play important roles in the thermotolerance of F. occidentalis.展开更多
Impatiens necrotic spot virus( INSV) is an important plant virus identified in recent years. Western flower thrip( Frankliniella occidentalis) has been confirmed to be the most efficient vector for INSV. In the presen...Impatiens necrotic spot virus( INSV) is an important plant virus identified in recent years. Western flower thrip( Frankliniella occidentalis) has been confirmed to be the most efficient vector for INSV. In the present study,Illumina's second-generation sequencing technique was used to determine the variation in gene expression at the transcriptome level in western flower thrip before and after infection with INSV. By aligning 168 188 unigenes of western flower thrip to the NCBI protein database,47 558 unigenes were annotated,accounting for 28. 27% of the total. Species classification revealed that 58. 7% of the annotated unigenes of western flower thrip did not match any other species,and 15. 4% of had a match in Zootermopsis navadensis,12. 4% in Mus musculus,7. 3% in Mustela putorius,3. 4% in Theileria parva,and 2. 7% in Tribolium castaneum. By analyzing DEGs between INSV-free and INSV-carrying western flower thrips,we found that 11 genes were upregulated,and 9 genes were downregulated in western flower thrip after INSV infection. In addition,cell cycle and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in western flower thrip were significantly infected by INSV infection.展开更多
A fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was isolated from a greenhouse-grown seedling of coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis) and evaluated as a mycoherbicide for that weed. Host range tests revealed that coff...A fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was isolated from a greenhouse-grown seedling of coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis) and evaluated as a mycoherbicide for that weed. Host range tests revealed that coffee senna, wild senna (C. marilandica), and sicklepod (C. obtusifolia) were also affected by this pathogen, but 35 other crop and weed species, representing 8 botanical families were not affected. The fungus sporulated prolifically on solid and liquid media with maximum spore germination and growth occurring at 20°C - 30°C. Optimal environmental conditions included at least 12 h of free moisture (dew) at 20°C - 30°C. Spray mixtures containing approximately 1.0 × 105 or more conidia·ml–1 gave maximum control when coffee senna seedlings were sprayed until runoff occurred. Coffee senna seedlings that were in the cotyledon to first-leaf growth stage were most susceptible to this pathogen. Weed control efficacy studies under field conditions demonstrated that control of coffee senna was directly proportional to the inoculum concentration applied. Results of these tests suggest that this fungus has potential as a mycoherbicide to control coffee senna, a serious weed in the southeastern U.S.展开更多
文摘What is the border between Central and Eastern Europe?This is an unanswered question in the literature of contemporary European history and politics.In the modern state system,imaginary boundaries are products of the imagined communities,and these boundaries also cause either to occidentalize or to orientalize the lands due to its top-down/elitist imagination procedure.During the Cold War years,anti-USSR voices are important to see the certain demand for Europeanization among people in today’s Central Europe where there especially had the communist legacy.In general,the ultimate goal is to identify themselves as more western among Central and Eastern European states for the sake of civilizational values of the Enlightenment and to reach today’s contested Neoliberal welfare.This desire causes Nesting Orientalisms,Milica Bakic-Hayden’s concept.Nesting Orientalisms are about re-constructing new Orient in the same region to hierarchizeitself as occidental.Through the process of mapping its location and construction of occidental identity,Hungary defines itself as a part of Central Europe.But what are the legitimated reasons of Hungary to define itself as Central European instead of Eastern Europe?Do these reasons perfectly fit in today’s Central European formulation and stereotype?What are the possible reasons to reject Hungary’s Central European self-definition?Moreover,under the shadow of the discussion on Central Europe vs.Eastern Europe,to what extent does the rise of authoritarianism block ongoing occidentalisation process of Hungary?In this research,I will answer these questions by analyzing modern political history of Hungary by the method of interpretivist process tracing.
文摘The pollination mechanisms of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco and Thuja occidentalis L. seem to be of the same type, as based on the morphological study of the change in pollination drop, during the process of pollination. Entering the pollination drop, the pollen may alter the surface of the drop or reduce the secretion of the ovule with concomitant increase of evaporation. It has been further noticed that the dynamiechange of the drop withdrawal rate was closely associated with the different kinds of pollen received. It seemsthat the withdrawal of the pollination drop may be induced by pollen from plants consanguineous to P. orientalis, almost as effective as from pollen of P. orientalis itself and comparatively more effective than the foreignpollen received from distant plant species. The drop withdrawal could he mainly induced by the pollen that causes the reduction of ovule secretion.
基金supported by the Special Fund for AgroScientific Research in the Public Interest, China (200903032)National Modern Agricultural Science and Technology City Industry of Beijing, China (Z121100001212006)
文摘The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana （Balsamo） Vuillemin and predatory mite Neoseiulus barked Hughes are effective biological control agents of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande （Thysanoptera： Thripidae）, one of the most important pests of ornamentals and vegetables world-wide. Combined application of both may enhance control efficiency. The functional response for N. barked on the first instar larvae of western flower thrips which were infected by B. bassiana for 12 and 24 h in the laboratory （（25＋1）℃, （70＋5）% RH, L：D=16 h：8 h） was determined. The virulence of B. bassiana against the second instar and pupae of the thrips attacked by N. barked were also tested. The results showed that N. barked exhibited a Holling type II functional response on treated thrips. After having been treated with the fungus for 12 h and then offered to the predator, thrips were more vulnerable to be killed by N. barked. The second instar larvae and pupae of the thrips which had been attacked by predatory mites were markedly more susceptible to B. bassiana infection than normal thrips; the cumulative corrected mortality of B. bassiana of the second instar and pupae which were attacked by N. barked were 57 and 94%, respectively, compared to 35 and 80% in controls on the day 8. These findings highlight the potential use of B. bassiana in combination with N. barkeri to control F. occidentalis.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371942)the National Key Research and Development Program,China (2016YFC1200600)the Ministry of Science and Technology,China
文摘The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive sucking pests of vegetables, fruits and ornamental crops in China. Spinosad is one of the most commonly used insecticides to manage thrips. To assess the incidence of spinosad resistance in F. occidentalis field populations in eastern China, survival rates for 24 different populations were compared with those of a susceptible laboratory strain. All populations showed significantly higher resistance to spinosad compared with the control as determined by comparing median lethal concentrations. Two populations from Shouguang and Liaocheng in Shandong Province were classified as having moderate and high levels of resistance to spinosad with a mean resistance ratio of 17.0 and 89.2, respectively. Our research indicates a widespread reduction in spinosad efficacy for controlling F. occidentalis field populations, and that resistance management strategies should be implemented as soon as practicable, to reduce the potential of progressive resistance development and loss of efficacy.
基金partially funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31201526)the National 973 Program of China(2009CB119000)+1 种基金the Earmarked Fund for Modern AgroIndustry Technology Research System(CARS-25-B-07)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(20090332)
文摘The westem flower thrips, Frankliniella occidental＆ （Pergande） is a highly invasive pest that is able to exploit many crops across a wide range of environmental conditions. Five full-length cDNAs of heat shock protein （HSP） genes （Fo-HSP90, Fo-HSP70, Fo-HSP60, Fo-HSP40 and Fo-HSP28.9） were cloned from F. occidentalis, and their expression profiles were investigated under conditions of thermal stress and insecticide exposure, and at different stages during development, using real-time quantitative PCR. All five gene sequences showed high similarity to homologs in other species, indicating the conserved fimction of this gene family. HSP60 represents an informative phylogenetic marker at the ordinal taxonomic level within Insecta, but HSP90, which has two homologous copies in Hymenoptera, was not informative. The expression of Fo-HSPs under thermal stress suggests that Fo-HSP90, Fo-HSP70, and Fo-HSP28.9 are inducible by both cold and heat stress, Fo-HSP40 is only heat-inducible, and Fo-HSP60 is thermally insensitive. There were two patterns of cold induction of Fo-HSPs： one is from 0 to 4℃ and the other is around -8℃. All five Fo-HSPs genes were induced by exposure to sublethal concentrations of the insecticide avermectin. The expression of the five Fo-HSPs during different developmental stages suggests that they all play a role in development of F. occidentalis.
文摘Twigs of 2-3-year-old Platanus occidentalis L. were used as experimental material to find the causes for the contamination and browning in the initial stages of tissue cultures. To compare the degree of browning of explants picked off from different growing seasons, the experimental material was excised from trees on each of the first ten days in January, March, May and July, 2006. The results indicated that the contamination and browning rates of the material cut off in January （14.2% and 30.6%, respectively） and March were somewhat lower than those in July. The pretreatment of soaking the explants in different anti-oxidants and absorbents at the same time could diminish some side effects. The pretreatment of using 10 g·L^-1 vitamin C reduced the contamination and brown- ing rate effectively. An orthogonal experiment showed that the optimal factor and level arrangement is 0.5 mg·L^-1BA, 2.0 g·L^-1 active carbon and 1.5 g·L^-1 PVP which resulted in a browning rate of only 16.5%. In general, sampling period, physical properties and pretreatment of explants are the main factors responsible for the contamination and browning of material in the initial stages of P. occidentalis tissue cultures.
基金the financing allocated for function of the Laboratory of the Medicinal Plants,Health and Galenic Formulation of the Department of Biological Sciences
文摘Objective: To assess the putative diuretic and antioxidant properties of Cassia occidentalis(C. occidentalis) leaves' aqueous extract. Methods: Adult rats were administered with C. occidentalis leaves aqueous extract acutely(24-h) and subchronically(7 d), at doses 80, 160, 240, 320, and 400 mg/kg(per os). Negative control group received only an equivalent volume of distilled water, while the two positive control groups received the diuretic drugs furosemide(20 mg/kg, i.p.) and hydrochlorothiazide(HCTZ, 20 mg/kg, i.p.). Urinary elimination of electrolytes in response to treatments was evaluated, together with changes in concentrations of creatinine, urea, aldosterone, glucose, and albumin in urine and plasma. Various urinary indicators of kidney function and plasmatic markers of oxidative stress were also assessed. Results: The acute administration of C. occidentalis increased the urinary excretion of 107.58% at the higher dose tested, compared to negative control. The reference drugs furosemide and HCTZ induced increases of 84.27 % and 48.05 %, respectively. Acutely, the extract induced Na+ and Cl- elimination, whereas subchronically an increase in K+ elimination was also observed. The extract also improved the kidney function indexes and oxidative stress markers. These effects were dose-dependent and comparable with positive control observations. Conclusions: Our i ndings strongly suggest that C. occidentalis aqueous extract has diuretic and antioxidant activities, and deserves further studies considering the potential for the treatment of hypertension.
基金supported by the programs of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31501843,31622052)Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(Y4ZK111B01:2017CASSEABRIQG002)+2 种基金Animal Branch of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,CAS(Large Research Infrastructure Funding)Thailand Research Fund(TRF)(DBG6180001)Molecular experiments,phylogenetic analyses,specimen storage,examination and micro CT-analysis were carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation(RSF14-50-00029)
文摘We report on the discovery of a new genus of microhylid subfamily Asterophryinae from northern and eastern Indochina, containing three new species. Vietnamophryne （3en. nov. are secretive miniaturized frogs （SVL〈21 mm） with a mostly semi-fossorial lifestyle. To assess phylogenetic relationships, we studied 12S rRNA - 16S rRNA mtDNA fragments with a final alignment of 2 591 bp for 53 microhylid species. Morphological and osteological characters were analyzed using micro-CT scanning and used to describe the new genus. Results of phylogenetic analyses assigned the new genus into the mainly Australasian subfamily Asterophryinae as a sister taxon to the genus Siamophryne from southern Indochina. The three specimens collected from Gia Lai Province in central Vietnam, Cao Bang Province in northern Vietnam, and Chiang Rai Province in northern Thailand proved to be separate species, different both in morphology and genetics （genetic divergence 3.1%〈P〈5.1%）. Our work provides further evidence for the ＂out of Indo-Eurasia＂ scenario for Asterophryinae, indicating that the initial cladogenesis and differentiation of this group of frogs occurred in the Indochina Peninsula. To date, eachof the three new species of Vietnamophryne Gen. nov. is known only from a single specimen; thus, their distribution, life history, and conservation status require further study.
文摘Cassia occidentalis L. is widely used in the world in traditional medicine and especially in some African countries for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this study was to report the microscopic features, the chromatographic fingerprints and the cellular antioxidant activity and the peroxidase inhibition of infusions from different parts of this plant. Microscopically, leaf can be characterized by cells of the spongy mesophyll and parenchyma numerous cluster crystals of calcium oxalate, paracytic stomata, isolated calcium oxalate cluster crystals, covering and glandular trichomes, scalariform vessels, polyedric starch granules, lignified fibers;flowers by abundant covering and glandular trichomes, spirally thickened vessels and associated parenchyma, abundant pollen grains. Seeds were characterized by pluricellular non-glandular trichomes, epidermis of the testa with underlying oil cells, parenchymatous layers of the testa, thicker-walled cells of the endosperm, pollen grain. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, iridoids, tannins and terpenes. TLC fingerprints of different parts were different and characteristic. They showed the presence of glycosylated flavonoids and phenolic acids as main phytochemicals for flowers, leaves and seedpods. ABTS and DPPH assays showed that infusion extracts have the ability to scavenge free radicals connected with their IC50 values ranging from 21.43 ± 1.25 to 566.24 ± 176.7 mg·mL-1. All extracts showed a weaker capacity to scavenge DPPH radical. Aqueous extracts displayed high cellular antioxidant activity at the concentrations range of 1 - 20 μg·mL-1 using LO-12 on monocytes HL 60. Flower and leave extracts showed more efficient effects on extracellular ROS production. Phenolic compounds could be major contributors to antioxidant activity of infusions of Cassia parts. In MPO (Myeloperoxidase) direct technique, all infusion extracts exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on MPO activity in the range concentrations of 1 to 20 μg·mL-1 with the leaves and flowers the most active. Obtained results support the potential therapeutic interest of all aerial parts of Cassia and could justify their use in traditional medicine and local nutraceutical resources.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31270404,31470427)
文摘In the present study, one new cycloartane triterpenoid, named cycloccidentalic acid C(1) and its glucoside, cycloccidentaliside VI(2) were isolated from the whole plant of Cassia occidentalis. Their structures were elucidated by a combinational analyses of 1D and 2D NMR data and HRMS. Compound 2 showed modest anti-HIV-1 activity with EC_(50) value of 1.44 μmol·L^(-1) and TI(Therapeutic Index) value of 15.59.
文摘Objective: Drug-induced liver injury complicates antituberculosis drug treatment and is a leading cause of death worldwide. The aim of this study is to establish the ethnomedicinal claim of hepatoprotective effects of fruit pulp extract of Telfairia occidentalis against rifampicin(RIF) and isoniazid(INH)-induced oxidative stress in rats.Methods: T. occidentalis pulp extract(TOPE)(125–500 mg/kg) and silymarin(50 mg/kg) were evaluated in an induced hepatotoxicity model of oxidative stress in Wistar rats by intoxication with RIF and INH(100 mg/kg each) orally for 60 d. Markers indicating oxidative stress and hepatic damage such as alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were assessed.Biomarkers of antioxidant status, including catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and marker of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde(MDA), were assayed using standard procedures. The hematological profile, lipid profile, serum markers for kidney function and histopathological examination were also assessed.Results: Intoxication with RIF and INH markedly reduced the hematological indices and elevated the biochemical enzyme markers(AST, ALT and ALP, P < 0.001) and lipid profile(P < 0.001), while antioxidant biomarkers were significantly(P < 0.01) depressed and MDA was elevated. However, pretreatment with TOPE significantly(P < 0.001) alleviated this alteration and sustained the antioxidant potentials. The histopathological morphology supports the biochemical evidence of hepatoprotection.Conclusion: Current study is indicative of potential antioxidant activity, hepatoprotective effects and plausible therapeutic alleviation of RIF-INH-induced hepatotoxicity of TOPE in laboratory animals.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31372003)the Shandong Modern Agricultural Technology and Industry System, China (SDAIT-02-021-11)+2 种基金the Taishan Scholarship Construction Engineering Special Fund, Chinathe Startup Fund for Distinguished Scholars (631316)supported by the Qingdao Agricultural University,China
文摘Currently, insecticides are considered as the primary approach for controlling western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）（Thysanoptera： Thripidae）. However, the heavy use of insecticides resulted in high insect resistance and serious environmental pollution. Given its characteristics of ease of operation and environmental friendliness, insect control using high temperature is receiving considerable renewed research interest. However, although the combination of insecticides and high temperature to control F. occidentalis has been studied before, few studies have focused on the short-term effect of such treatment. In a laboratory study, F. occidentalis adults and second-instar nymphs were exposed to 45℃ for 2 h. Then, their susceptibility to acetamiprid, spinosad, methomyl, and beta-cypermethrin was tested after different periods of recovery time（2–36 h）. Additionally, the specific activity of three detoxification enzymes（esterase, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome p450（CYP） monooxygenase） of the treated insects was determined. The results indicated that the fluctuation of susceptibility to insecticides and detoxification enzyme activity during F. occidentalis recovery from heat shock are related. Furthermore, several recovery time points（2, 30, and 36 h） of significant susceptibility to four tested insecticides compared with the control were found during the treatment of adults that were heat-shocked. Recovery time points of higher susceptibility compared with the control depended on different insecticides during the second-instar nymph recovery from heat shock. Interestingly, the fluctuation of CYP monooxygenase activity exhibited a trend that was similar to the fluctuation of susceptibility to insecticides（especially spinosad） during the recovery from heat shock of adults. In addition, the glutathione S-transferase and CYP monooxygenase activity trend was similar to the trend of susceptibility to spinosad during the recovery from heat shock of second-instar nymphs. Our results provide a new approach for controlling F. occidentalis using the combined heat shock and insecticide. This effectively enhances the control efficiency of heat shock and significantly reduces the application of insecticides.
基金funded by the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201103026, 200803025)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Student in Yangzhou University,China (X20160637)
文摘Heat shock protein 70（HSP70） is one of the most important members in the heat shock protein family, and plays important roles in the thermotolerance of insect. To explore the molecular mechanism of thermotolerance of Frankliniella occidentalis adults, the difference in the expression of HSP70s in F. occidentalis male or female adults under the thermal stress was studied under the laboratory conditions. Two full length c DNAs of HSP70s gene（Fohsc704 and Fohsc705） were cloned from F. occidentalis by using RT-PCR and RACE. The genomic sequence was demonstrated by genomic validation, and the position and size of the intron were analyzed by sequence analysis of c DNA. Real-time PCR was used to analyze the HSP70 expression patterns. The c DNA of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 possessed 2 073 and 1 476 bp which encoded 690 and 491 amino acids（aa） with a calculated molecular weight of 75 and 54 k Da, respectively. Four introns in Fohsc704 and six introns in Fohsc705 protein were found. However, the HSP70 protein sequences in our study were ended with EKKN and GIFL, which were different from the reported Fo HSP70s. Various expression patterns of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 were found in both genders of F. occidentalis under thermal stress. The expression of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 reached to the highest level at –12 and –8°C in male adults, respectively, and Fohsc705 expressed the highest level at 33°C in female adults. In conclusion, HSP70s of F. occidentalis in our study are novel heat shock proteins. There were difference in expression patterns of the two hsc70s in genders of F. occidentalis, and the two HSP70s play important roles in the thermotolerance of F. occidentalis.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301665)
文摘Impatiens necrotic spot virus( INSV) is an important plant virus identified in recent years. Western flower thrip( Frankliniella occidentalis) has been confirmed to be the most efficient vector for INSV. In the present study,Illumina's second-generation sequencing technique was used to determine the variation in gene expression at the transcriptome level in western flower thrip before and after infection with INSV. By aligning 168 188 unigenes of western flower thrip to the NCBI protein database,47 558 unigenes were annotated,accounting for 28. 27% of the total. Species classification revealed that 58. 7% of the annotated unigenes of western flower thrip did not match any other species,and 15. 4% of had a match in Zootermopsis navadensis,12. 4% in Mus musculus,7. 3% in Mustela putorius,3. 4% in Theileria parva,and 2. 7% in Tribolium castaneum. By analyzing DEGs between INSV-free and INSV-carrying western flower thrips,we found that 11 genes were upregulated,and 9 genes were downregulated in western flower thrip after INSV infection. In addition,cell cycle and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in western flower thrip were significantly infected by INSV infection.
文摘A fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was isolated from a greenhouse-grown seedling of coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis) and evaluated as a mycoherbicide for that weed. Host range tests revealed that coffee senna, wild senna (C. marilandica), and sicklepod (C. obtusifolia) were also affected by this pathogen, but 35 other crop and weed species, representing 8 botanical families were not affected. The fungus sporulated prolifically on solid and liquid media with maximum spore germination and growth occurring at 20°C - 30°C. Optimal environmental conditions included at least 12 h of free moisture (dew) at 20°C - 30°C. Spray mixtures containing approximately 1.0 × 105 or more conidia·ml–1 gave maximum control when coffee senna seedlings were sprayed until runoff occurred. Coffee senna seedlings that were in the cotyledon to first-leaf growth stage were most susceptible to this pathogen. Weed control efficacy studies under field conditions demonstrated that control of coffee senna was directly proportional to the inoculum concentration applied. Results of these tests suggest that this fungus has potential as a mycoherbicide to control coffee senna, a serious weed in the southeastern U.S.
