[Objective] The research aimed to study a paraffin method without using the microtome,and also introduced an analysis method for optical information of the plant anatomical digital photographs.[Method] The plant mater...[Objective] The research aimed to study a paraffin method without using the microtome,and also introduced an analysis method for optical information of the plant anatomical digital photographs.[Method] The plant material softened or not was embedded in paraffin according to the paraffin method.Cut the thin paraffin sections from the paraffin block with a sharp two-sided blade under anatomical lens.The thin material sections rolled up when they were cut off.Took the section rolls to a slide,and then heated them to melt the paraffin section roll.When the paraffin melted,the sections of plant material were rolled out.After the common or simplified procedures of staining and mounting,the preparations were finished.When an anatomical digital photograph was processed,copy it into the word file and two copies of the original photograph were obtained.One copy was selected to make it to be a negative photograph,and then press the key ＂Press Screen＂ to copy the screen frame.After it was copied into the word file,cut of the unnecessary parts and other operations were carried out,then processed photograph was obtained.[Results] The anatomical preparation for research was gotten.The analyzed digital photograph of the leaf structure of Salix matsudana var.matsudana f.tortuosa has some a three-dimensional effect,and the different leaf structures and cells,e.g.cuticle,cell wall,protoplast,vein,etc.can be identified easily.[Conclusion]The paraffin method without using the microtome has advantages of low cost and higher efficiency,which could be applied by the beginner or in the time without a microtome to be used.The analysis of the plant anatomical digital photographs can acquire more structural information than the original digital photographs,which shows the potentiality and prospects of the optical information analysis of the microscopic imagery and its digital photograph.展开更多
How to obtain proper prior distribution is one of the most critical problems in Bayesian analysis. In many practical cases, the prior information often comes from different sources, and the prior distribution form cou...How to obtain proper prior distribution is one of the most critical problems in Bayesian analysis. In many practical cases, the prior information often comes from different sources, and the prior distribution form could be easily known in some certain way while the parameters are hard to determine. In this paper, based on the evidence theory, a new method is presented to fuse the information of multiple sources and determine the parameters of the prior distribution when the form is known. By taking the prior distributions which result from the information of multiple sources and converting them into corresponding mass functions which can be combined by Dempster-Shafer (D-S) method, we get the combined mass function and the representative points of the prior distribution. These points are used to fit with the given distribution form to determine the parameters of the prior distribution. And then the fused prior distribution is obtained and Bayesian analysis can be performed. How to convert the prior distributions into mass functions properly and get the representative points of the fused prior distribution is the central question we address in this paper. The simulation example shows that the proposed method is effective.展开更多
Changing climate has a great impact on northern area of Pakistan＇s environment and is more prone to environmental changes impacts than rest of the country due to its high elevation. However, melting glaciers effect n...Changing climate has a great impact on northern area of Pakistan＇s environment and is more prone to environmental changes impacts than rest of the country due to its high elevation. However, melting glaciers effect not only the local environment but also the whole country with frequent and heavy floods. Remote sensing （RS） from Satellites and Airplanes used in Geographical Information Systems （GIS） are technologies that can aid in understanding the on-going environmental processes. Furthermore, help researchers to observe, understand, forecast and suggest response to changes that occur. It can be natural disasters or man-made disasters and human induced factors. Still analysis accuracy issues play a vital role for the formulation of any strategy. To achieve better results, object based analysis methods have been tested. Various algorithms are developed by the analysts to calculate the magnitude of land cover changes. However, they must be evaluated for each environment that is under observation as mountainous areas. Here were object-based methods evaluated in comparison with pixel based. Landslides, soil moisture, soil permeability, snow cover and vegetation cover can be effectively monitored by those methods.展开更多
This paper proposes a new non-intrusive hybrid interval method using derivative information for the dynamic response analysis of nonlinear systems with uncertain-but- bounded parameters and/or initial conditions. This...This paper proposes a new non-intrusive hybrid interval method using derivative information for the dynamic response analysis of nonlinear systems with uncertain-but- bounded parameters and/or initial conditions. This method provides tighter solution ranges compared to the existing polynomial approximation interval methods. Interval arith- metic using the Chebyshev basis and interval arithmetic using the general form modified affine basis for polynomials are developed to obtain tighter bounds for interval computation. To further reduce the overestimation caused by the ＂wrap- ping effect＂ of interval arithmetic, the derivative information of dynamic responses is used to achieve exact solutions when the dynamic responses are monotonic with respect to all the uncertain variables. Finally, two typical numerical examples with nonlinearity are applied to demonstrate the effective- ness of the proposed hybrid interval method, in particular, its ability to effectively control the overestimation for specific timepoints.展开更多
Airborne laser scanning （ALS） is a technique used to obtain Digital Surface Models （DSM） and Digital Terrain Models （DTM） efficiently, and filtering is the key procedure used to derive DTM from point clouds. Gen...Airborne laser scanning （ALS） is a technique used to obtain Digital Surface Models （DSM） and Digital Terrain Models （DTM） efficiently, and filtering is the key procedure used to derive DTM from point clouds. Generating seed points is an initial step for most filtering algorithms, whereas existing algorithms usually define a regular window size to generate seed points. This may lead to an inadequate density of seed points, and further introduce error type I, especially in steep terrain and forested areas. In this study, we propose the use of object- based analysis to derive surface complexity information from ALS datasets, which can then be used to improve seed point generation. We assume that an area is complex if it is composed of many small objects, with no buildings within the area. Using these assumptions, we propose and implement a new segmentation algorithm based on a grid index, which we call the Edge and Slope Restricted Region Growing （ESRGG） algorithm. Surface complexity information is obtained by statistical analysis of the number of objects derived by segmentation in each area. Then, for complex areas, a smaller window size is defined to generate seed points. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm could greatly improve the filtering results in complex areas, especially in steep terrain and forested areas.展开更多
Based on measured natural frequencies and acceleration responses,a non-probabilistic information fusion technique is proposed for the structural damage detection by adopting the set-membership identification（SMI） an...Based on measured natural frequencies and acceleration responses,a non-probabilistic information fusion technique is proposed for the structural damage detection by adopting the set-membership identification（SMI） and twostep model updating procedure.Due to the insufficiency and uncertainty of information obtained from measurements,the uncertain problem of damage identification is addressed with interval variables in this paper.Based on the first-order Taylor series expansion,the interval bounds of the elemental stiffness parameters in undamaged and damaged models are estimated,respectively.The possibility of damage existence（PoDE） in elements is proposed as the quantitative measure of structural damage probability,which is more reasonable in the condition of insufficient measurement data.In comparison with the identification method based on a single kind of information,the SMI method will improve the accuracy in damage identification,which reflects the information fusion concept based on the non-probabilistic set.A numerical example is performed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed technique.展开更多
The white noise deconvolution or input white noise estimation problem has important applications in oil seismic exploration, communication and signal processing. By the modern time series analysis method, based on the...The white noise deconvolution or input white noise estimation problem has important applications in oil seismic exploration, communication and signal processing. By the modern time series analysis method, based on the autoregressive moving average （ARMA） innovation model, a new information fusion white noise deconvolution estimator is presented for the general multisensor systems with different local dynamic models and correlated noises. It can handle the input white noise fused filtering, prediction and smoothing problems, and it is applicable to systems with colored measurement noises. It is locally optimal, and is globally suboptimal. The accuracy of the fuser is higher than that of each local white noise estimator. In order to compute the optimal weights, the formula computing the local estimation error cross-covariances is given. A Monte Carlo simulation example for the system with Bernoulli-Gaussian input white noise shows the effectiveness and performances.展开更多
White noise deconvolution or input white noise estimation problem has important appli-cation backgrounds in oil seismic exploration,communication and signal processing.By the modern time series analysis method,based o...White noise deconvolution or input white noise estimation problem has important appli-cation backgrounds in oil seismic exploration,communication and signal processing.By the modern time series analysis method,based on the Auto-Regressive Moving Average(ARMA) innovation model,under the linear minimum variance optimal fusion rules,three optimal weighted fusion white noise deconvolution estimators are presented for the multisensor systems with time-delayed measurements and colored measurement noises.They can handle the input white noise fused filtering,prediction and smoothing problems.The accuracy of the fusers is higher than that of each local white noise estimator.In order to compute the optimal weights,the formula of computing the local estimation error cross-covariances is given.A Monte Carlo simulation example for the system with 3 sensors and the Bernoulli-Gaussian input white noise shows their effectiveness and performances.展开更多
In this research we are going to define two new concepts: a) “The Potential of Events” (EP) and b) “The Catholic Information” (CI). The term CI derives from the ancient Greek language and declares all the Catholic...In this research we are going to define two new concepts: a) “The Potential of Events” (EP) and b) “The Catholic Information” (CI). The term CI derives from the ancient Greek language and declares all the Catholic (general) Logical Propositions (<img src="Edit_5f13a4a5-abc6-4bc5-9e4c-4ff981627b2a.png" width="33" height="21" alt="" />) which will true for every element of a set A. We will study the Riemann Hypothesis in two stages: a) By using the EP we will prove that the distribution of events e (even) and o (odd) of Square Free Numbers (SFN) on the axis Ax(N) of naturals is Heads-Tails (H-T) type. b) By using the CI we will explain the way that the distribution of prime numbers can be correlated with the non-trivial zeros of the function ζ(s) of Riemann. The Introduction and the Chapter 2 are necessary for understanding the solution. In the Chapter 3 we will present a simple method of forecasting in many very useful applications (e.g. financial, technological, medical, social, etc) developing a generalization of this new, proven here, theory which we finally apply to the solution of RH. The following Introduction as well the Results with the Discussion at the end shed light about the possibility of the proof of all the above. The article consists of 9 chapters that are numbered by 1, 2, …, 9.展开更多
Considering the shortcoming in source management work for a long time, the CaiHong Group corporation propose the concep of Dynamic Consumption Norm. This has increased the enthusiasm of the workers to economize source...Considering the shortcoming in source management work for a long time, the CaiHong Group corporation propose the concep of Dynamic Consumption Norm. This has increased the enthusiasm of the workers to economize sources and reduce cost. Within a year, the corporation economizes sources for 20 billion yuan and achieves a notable effect in the work of reducing the cost and increasing the economic benefit. In order to assist the implementation of the new method in source management, both the corporation and the Education and Research Center of Plant Engineering in China have developed this 'Source Management And Analysis System '.展开更多
暴雨洪水管理模型(storm water management model,SWMM)的不确定参数在一定程度上影响着内涝模拟的精度,因此以中山市某研究区域为例,计算SWMM模型参数的初始值,采用最大互信息系数和偏相关系数探究短历时、长历时不同重现期下对径流总...暴雨洪水管理模型(storm water management model,SWMM)的不确定参数在一定程度上影响着内涝模拟的精度,因此以中山市某研究区域为例,计算SWMM模型参数的初始值,采用最大互信息系数和偏相关系数探究短历时、长历时不同重现期下对径流总量、出流总量、峰值流量和峰现时间敏感的参数,并利用熵权法确定2种方法的权重进行综合评价,结合综合分析得到的敏感参数和偏相关分析得到的变量之间的正负相关关系,选取8场历史降雨对模型进行率定与验证。结果表明:2种方法得到的各重现期下敏感参数并不完全一致;综合分析发现不同重现期要考虑的敏感参数略有不同,且各重现期最敏感参数与最大互信息系数的结果一致;P=10 a、20 a同一重现期不同降雨历时下敏感参数存在较大差异;模型模拟的管网井下液位的纳什效率系数均大于0.7,峰现时间误差均小于等于30 min,峰值相对误差的绝对值均小于3.5%。通过深入分析模型参数的不确定性,可提高参数率定效率和模型的准确度。展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30770124)~~
文摘[Objective] The research aimed to study a paraffin method without using the microtome,and also introduced an analysis method for optical information of the plant anatomical digital photographs.[Method] The plant material softened or not was embedded in paraffin according to the paraffin method.Cut the thin paraffin sections from the paraffin block with a sharp two-sided blade under anatomical lens.The thin material sections rolled up when they were cut off.Took the section rolls to a slide,and then heated them to melt the paraffin section roll.When the paraffin melted,the sections of plant material were rolled out.After the common or simplified procedures of staining and mounting,the preparations were finished.When an anatomical digital photograph was processed,copy it into the word file and two copies of the original photograph were obtained.One copy was selected to make it to be a negative photograph,and then press the key ＂Press Screen＂ to copy the screen frame.After it was copied into the word file,cut of the unnecessary parts and other operations were carried out,then processed photograph was obtained.[Results] The anatomical preparation for research was gotten.The analyzed digital photograph of the leaf structure of Salix matsudana var.matsudana f.tortuosa has some a three-dimensional effect,and the different leaf structures and cells,e.g.cuticle,cell wall,protoplast,vein,etc.can be identified easily.[Conclusion]The paraffin method without using the microtome has advantages of low cost and higher efficiency,which could be applied by the beginner or in the time without a microtome to be used.The analysis of the plant anatomical digital photographs can acquire more structural information than the original digital photographs,which shows the potentiality and prospects of the optical information analysis of the microscopic imagery and its digital photograph.
文摘How to obtain proper prior distribution is one of the most critical problems in Bayesian analysis. In many practical cases, the prior information often comes from different sources, and the prior distribution form could be easily known in some certain way while the parameters are hard to determine. In this paper, based on the evidence theory, a new method is presented to fuse the information of multiple sources and determine the parameters of the prior distribution when the form is known. By taking the prior distributions which result from the information of multiple sources and converting them into corresponding mass functions which can be combined by Dempster-Shafer (D-S) method, we get the combined mass function and the representative points of the prior distribution. These points are used to fit with the given distribution form to determine the parameters of the prior distribution. And then the fused prior distribution is obtained and Bayesian analysis can be performed. How to convert the prior distributions into mass functions properly and get the representative points of the fused prior distribution is the central question we address in this paper. The simulation example shows that the proposed method is effective.
文摘Changing climate has a great impact on northern area of Pakistan＇s environment and is more prone to environmental changes impacts than rest of the country due to its high elevation. However, melting glaciers effect not only the local environment but also the whole country with frequent and heavy floods. Remote sensing （RS） from Satellites and Airplanes used in Geographical Information Systems （GIS） are technologies that can aid in understanding the on-going environmental processes. Furthermore, help researchers to observe, understand, forecast and suggest response to changes that occur. It can be natural disasters or man-made disasters and human induced factors. Still analysis accuracy issues play a vital role for the formulation of any strategy. To achieve better results, object based analysis methods have been tested. Various algorithms are developed by the analysts to calculate the magnitude of land cover changes. However, they must be evaluated for each environment that is under observation as mountainous areas. Here were object-based methods evaluated in comparison with pixel based. Landslides, soil moisture, soil permeability, snow cover and vegetation cover can be effectively monitored by those methods.
文摘This paper proposes a new non-intrusive hybrid interval method using derivative information for the dynamic response analysis of nonlinear systems with uncertain-but- bounded parameters and/or initial conditions. This method provides tighter solution ranges compared to the existing polynomial approximation interval methods. Interval arith- metic using the Chebyshev basis and interval arithmetic using the general form modified affine basis for polynomials are developed to obtain tighter bounds for interval computation. To further reduce the overestimation caused by the ＂wrap- ping effect＂ of interval arithmetic, the derivative information of dynamic responses is used to achieve exact solutions when the dynamic responses are monotonic with respect to all the uncertain variables. Finally, two typical numerical examples with nonlinearity are applied to demonstrate the effective- ness of the proposed hybrid interval method, in particular, its ability to effectively control the overestimation for specific timepoints.
基金Acknowledgements The authors would like m thank the anonymous reviewers for providing comments to improve the quality of this paper, and iSPACE of Research Studios Austria FG （RSA） （http：//ispace.researchstudio. at/） for providing the ALS datasets. The study described in this paper is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 41301493）, the High Resolution Earth Observation Science Foundation of China （GFZX04060103-5-17）, and Special Fund for Surveying and Mapping Scientific Research in the Public Interest （201412007）.
文摘Airborne laser scanning （ALS） is a technique used to obtain Digital Surface Models （DSM） and Digital Terrain Models （DTM） efficiently, and filtering is the key procedure used to derive DTM from point clouds. Generating seed points is an initial step for most filtering algorithms, whereas existing algorithms usually define a regular window size to generate seed points. This may lead to an inadequate density of seed points, and further introduce error type I, especially in steep terrain and forested areas. In this study, we propose the use of object- based analysis to derive surface complexity information from ALS datasets, which can then be used to improve seed point generation. We assume that an area is complex if it is composed of many small objects, with no buildings within the area. Using these assumptions, we propose and implement a new segmentation algorithm based on a grid index, which we call the Edge and Slope Restricted Region Growing （ESRGG） algorithm. Surface complexity information is obtained by statistical analysis of the number of objects derived by segmentation in each area. Then, for complex areas, a smaller window size is defined to generate seed points. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm could greatly improve the filtering results in complex areas, especially in steep terrain and forested areas.
基金supported by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20091102120023)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (2012ZA51010)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11002013)Defense Industrial Technology Development Program (A2120110001 and B2120110011)
文摘Based on measured natural frequencies and acceleration responses,a non-probabilistic information fusion technique is proposed for the structural damage detection by adopting the set-membership identification（SMI） and twostep model updating procedure.Due to the insufficiency and uncertainty of information obtained from measurements,the uncertain problem of damage identification is addressed with interval variables in this paper.Based on the first-order Taylor series expansion,the interval bounds of the elemental stiffness parameters in undamaged and damaged models are estimated,respectively.The possibility of damage existence（PoDE） in elements is proposed as the quantitative measure of structural damage probability,which is more reasonable in the condition of insufficient measurement data.In comparison with the identification method based on a single kind of information,the SMI method will improve the accuracy in damage identification,which reflects the information fusion concept based on the non-probabilistic set.A numerical example is performed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed technique.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60874063)Science and Technology Research Foudation of Heilongjiang Education Department (No.11523037)and Automatic Control Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang University
文摘The white noise deconvolution or input white noise estimation problem has important applications in oil seismic exploration, communication and signal processing. By the modern time series analysis method, based on the autoregressive moving average （ARMA） innovation model, a new information fusion white noise deconvolution estimator is presented for the general multisensor systems with different local dynamic models and correlated noises. It can handle the input white noise fused filtering, prediction and smoothing problems, and it is applicable to systems with colored measurement noises. It is locally optimal, and is globally suboptimal. The accuracy of the fuser is higher than that of each local white noise estimator. In order to compute the optimal weights, the formula computing the local estimation error cross-covariances is given. A Monte Carlo simulation example for the system with Bernoulli-Gaussian input white noise shows the effectiveness and performances.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60874063)Science and Technology Re-search Foundation of Heilongjiang Education Department (No.11523037)
文摘White noise deconvolution or input white noise estimation problem has important appli-cation backgrounds in oil seismic exploration,communication and signal processing.By the modern time series analysis method,based on the Auto-Regressive Moving Average(ARMA) innovation model,under the linear minimum variance optimal fusion rules,three optimal weighted fusion white noise deconvolution estimators are presented for the multisensor systems with time-delayed measurements and colored measurement noises.They can handle the input white noise fused filtering,prediction and smoothing problems.The accuracy of the fusers is higher than that of each local white noise estimator.In order to compute the optimal weights,the formula of computing the local estimation error cross-covariances is given.A Monte Carlo simulation example for the system with 3 sensors and the Bernoulli-Gaussian input white noise shows their effectiveness and performances.
文摘In this research we are going to define two new concepts: a) “The Potential of Events” (EP) and b) “The Catholic Information” (CI). The term CI derives from the ancient Greek language and declares all the Catholic (general) Logical Propositions (<img src="Edit_5f13a4a5-abc6-4bc5-9e4c-4ff981627b2a.png" width="33" height="21" alt="" />) which will true for every element of a set A. We will study the Riemann Hypothesis in two stages: a) By using the EP we will prove that the distribution of events e (even) and o (odd) of Square Free Numbers (SFN) on the axis Ax(N) of naturals is Heads-Tails (H-T) type. b) By using the CI we will explain the way that the distribution of prime numbers can be correlated with the non-trivial zeros of the function ζ(s) of Riemann. The Introduction and the Chapter 2 are necessary for understanding the solution. In the Chapter 3 we will present a simple method of forecasting in many very useful applications (e.g. financial, technological, medical, social, etc) developing a generalization of this new, proven here, theory which we finally apply to the solution of RH. The following Introduction as well the Results with the Discussion at the end shed light about the possibility of the proof of all the above. The article consists of 9 chapters that are numbered by 1, 2, …, 9.
文摘Considering the shortcoming in source management work for a long time, the CaiHong Group corporation propose the concep of Dynamic Consumption Norm. This has increased the enthusiasm of the workers to economize sources and reduce cost. Within a year, the corporation economizes sources for 20 billion yuan and achieves a notable effect in the work of reducing the cost and increasing the economic benefit. In order to assist the implementation of the new method in source management, both the corporation and the Education and Research Center of Plant Engineering in China have developed this 'Source Management And Analysis System '.
