We investigated the correlation between leaf/soil minerals and fruit quality in apple trees grown in orchards,with the ultimate goal of improving the latter.Leaf mineral nutrients;soil nutrients in the 0-20,20-40,and ...We investigated the correlation between leaf/soil minerals and fruit quality in apple trees grown in orchards,with the ultimate goal of improving the latter.Leaf mineral nutrients;soil nutrients in the 0-20,20-40,and 40-60 cm layers;and fruit quality traits in 32 apple orchards in China were monitored for 2 years.Significant factors associated with fruit quality were identified via correlation analysis.An analysis of leaf data revealed that leaf nitrogen（N） and leaf magnesium（Mg） levels were extremely high in 75 and 89%of the orchards,respectively.In the Bohai Gulf region,94%of the orchards showed significantly higher values than the standard.The soil pH values of the orchards in eastern China like eastern Shandong or Liaoning were lower than 7.0,while the pH values in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China like Shaanxi were much higher than 7.Soil alkali-hydrolyzable N levels in 47%of the orchards were lower than the optimal level of 70 mg kg^-1.Generally,the soil alkali-hydrolyzable N levels of orchards in the Bohai Gulf region were significantly higher than those in the Loess Plateau region.The available P levels in the orchards of the Bohai Gulf region were up to three times higher than those of the Loess Plateau region.However,although the available potassium（K） in most orchards was sufficient（51.39-309.94 mg kg^-1）,leaf K content in 73%of the orchards was low,possibly due to fruit bagging or fruit overload.Approximately 63%of the orchards in Shandong and 29%of the orchards in Shannxi showed leaf Fe deficiencies.In the Loess Plateau,most orchards showed high leaf Ca levels,a strong correlation was observed between leaf and soil phosphorus/potassium（P/K）content and fruit organic acid content.The amounts of fruit soluble sugar or fructose were positively correlated with soil calcium/potassium（Ca/K） levels and leaf calcium/boron（Ca/B） levels in most orchards.The excessive leaf N levels caused by the extensive application of N fertilizers had a negative effect on fruit quality in most apple orchards in China.P,K,Ca,and B were key minerals associated with fruit quality.展开更多
Soil erosion occurred in orchards has often attracted extensive attentions from the society with environmental considerations,as orchard is one of major methods of agricultural production in China.In the hilly red soi...Soil erosion occurred in orchards has often attracted extensive attentions from the society with environmental considerations,as orchard is one of major methods of agricultural production in China.In the hilly red soil region of China,many orchards are established on slope lands with a lack of grass covers,leading to severe soil losses.In order to mitigate this common environmental problem and evaluate the efficiency of erosion-control approaches,four treatments were set in field plots in this study,including terraced peach orchard with Arachis pintoi cv.Amarillo as mulch and Paspalum natatu and Digitariasmutsii as hedgerows(TTM),terraced peach orchard without conservation measures(TTW),sloping peach orchard with A.pintoi as mulch and P.natatu and Digitariasmutsii as hedgerows(STM),and sloping peach orchard without conservation measures(STW).The surface runoff,sediment yields and the contents of soil nutrients and organic carbon were monitored in the four treatments and the comprehensive eco-service benefits were further evaluated.The results indicate that available phosphorus(AP),available potassium(AK),total nitrogen(TN) and organic matter(OM) in the soils of the TTM treatments and STM were significantly higher than those of the treatments TTW and STW,suggesting positive effects of the vegetation covers on the soil nutrients.Mean annual surface runoff and coefficient ranged from 0.86 to 34.79 m^3,and 0.007 to 0.282,respectively;the treatment TTM exhibited the best water conservation benefits and the treatment STW was the worst.Soil erosion modulus of the plots were 0-28.76t/hm^2 per year in average,and the treatments TTM and STM reduced significantly soil loss in comparison of the treatments TTW and STW;(d) total organic carbon in the vegetation covers ranged from 130.23 to 195.93 kg per year,and that for TTM and STM treatment significantly higher than TTW and STW treatment;comprehensive eco-service values of the orchards were evaluated considering all the factors including water conservation,soil fertility conservation,CO_2 fixation and O_2 supply,ranging from 563.35 $/y to 765.51 $/y.As expected,the treatments TTM and STM had significantly greater eco-service values than the treatments TTW and STW.In summary,we concluded that terraced orchard with A.pintoi as live mulch plus Paspalum natatu and Digitariasmutsii as hedgerows is a highly sustainable land use practice for the slope lands in red soil hilly region of China.展开更多
基金financially supported by the 973 Progam of China(2011CB100602)the Special Fund forAgroscientific Research in the Public Interest,China(200903044)Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops(Nutrition and Physiology),Ministry of Agricultural,China
文摘We investigated the correlation between leaf/soil minerals and fruit quality in apple trees grown in orchards,with the ultimate goal of improving the latter.Leaf mineral nutrients;soil nutrients in the 0-20,20-40,and 40-60 cm layers;and fruit quality traits in 32 apple orchards in China were monitored for 2 years.Significant factors associated with fruit quality were identified via correlation analysis.An analysis of leaf data revealed that leaf nitrogen（N） and leaf magnesium（Mg） levels were extremely high in 75 and 89%of the orchards,respectively.In the Bohai Gulf region,94%of the orchards showed significantly higher values than the standard.The soil pH values of the orchards in eastern China like eastern Shandong or Liaoning were lower than 7.0,while the pH values in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China like Shaanxi were much higher than 7.Soil alkali-hydrolyzable N levels in 47%of the orchards were lower than the optimal level of 70 mg kg^-1.Generally,the soil alkali-hydrolyzable N levels of orchards in the Bohai Gulf region were significantly higher than those in the Loess Plateau region.The available P levels in the orchards of the Bohai Gulf region were up to three times higher than those of the Loess Plateau region.However,although the available potassium（K） in most orchards was sufficient（51.39-309.94 mg kg^-1）,leaf K content in 73%of the orchards was low,possibly due to fruit bagging or fruit overload.Approximately 63%of the orchards in Shandong and 29%of the orchards in Shannxi showed leaf Fe deficiencies.In the Loess Plateau,most orchards showed high leaf Ca levels,a strong correlation was observed between leaf and soil phosphorus/potassium（P/K）content and fruit organic acid content.The amounts of fruit soluble sugar or fructose were positively correlated with soil calcium/potassium（Ca/K） levels and leaf calcium/boron（Ca/B） levels in most orchards.The excessive leaf N levels caused by the extensive application of N fertilizers had a negative effect on fruit quality in most apple orchards in China.P,K,Ca,and B were key minerals associated with fruit quality.
文摘Soil erosion occurred in orchards has often attracted extensive attentions from the society with environmental considerations,as orchard is one of major methods of agricultural production in China.In the hilly red soil region of China,many orchards are established on slope lands with a lack of grass covers,leading to severe soil losses.In order to mitigate this common environmental problem and evaluate the efficiency of erosion-control approaches,four treatments were set in field plots in this study,including terraced peach orchard with Arachis pintoi cv.Amarillo as mulch and Paspalum natatu and Digitariasmutsii as hedgerows(TTM),terraced peach orchard without conservation measures(TTW),sloping peach orchard with A.pintoi as mulch and P.natatu and Digitariasmutsii as hedgerows(STM),and sloping peach orchard without conservation measures(STW).The surface runoff,sediment yields and the contents of soil nutrients and organic carbon were monitored in the four treatments and the comprehensive eco-service benefits were further evaluated.The results indicate that available phosphorus(AP),available potassium(AK),total nitrogen(TN) and organic matter(OM) in the soils of the TTM treatments and STM were significantly higher than those of the treatments TTW and STW,suggesting positive effects of the vegetation covers on the soil nutrients.Mean annual surface runoff and coefficient ranged from 0.86 to 34.79 m^3,and 0.007 to 0.282,respectively;the treatment TTM exhibited the best water conservation benefits and the treatment STW was the worst.Soil erosion modulus of the plots were 0-28.76t/hm^2 per year in average,and the treatments TTM and STM reduced significantly soil loss in comparison of the treatments TTW and STW;(d) total organic carbon in the vegetation covers ranged from 130.23 to 195.93 kg per year,and that for TTM and STM treatment significantly higher than TTW and STW treatment;comprehensive eco-service values of the orchards were evaluated considering all the factors including water conservation,soil fertility conservation,CO_2 fixation and O_2 supply,ranging from 563.35 $/y to 765.51 $/y.As expected,the treatments TTM and STM had significantly greater eco-service values than the treatments TTW and STW.In summary,we concluded that terraced orchard with A.pintoi as live mulch plus Paspalum natatu and Digitariasmutsii as hedgerows is a highly sustainable land use practice for the slope lands in red soil hilly region of China.
