Strokes include both ischemic stroke,which is mediated by a blockade or reduction in the blood supply to the brain,and hemorrhagic stroke,which comprises intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage and is cha...Strokes include both ischemic stroke,which is mediated by a blockade or reduction in the blood supply to the brain,and hemorrhagic stroke,which comprises intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage and is characterized by bleeding within the brain.Stroke is a lifethreatening cerebrovascular condition characterized by intricate pathophysiological mechanisms,including oxidative stress,inflammation,mitochondrial dysfunction,and neuronal injury.Critical transcription factors,such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor kappa B,play central roles in the progression of stroke.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is sensitive to changes in the cellular redox status and is crucial in protecting cells against oxidative damage,inflammatory responses,and cytotoxic agents.It plays a significant role in post-stroke neuroprotection and repair by influencing mitochondrial function,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and lysosomal activity and regulating metabolic pathways and cytokine expression.Conversely,nuclear factor-kappa B is closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction,the generation of reactive oxygen species,oxidative stress exacerbation,and inflammation.Nuclear factor-kappa B contributes to neuronal injury,apoptosis,and immune responses following stroke by modulating cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators.The interplay between these pathways,potentially involving crosstalk among various organelles,significantly influences stroke pathophysiology.Advancements in single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics have greatly improved our understanding of stroke pathogenesis and offer new opportunities for the development of targeted,individualized,cell typespecific treatments.In this review,we discuss the mechanisms underlying the involvement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor-kappa B in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke,with an emphasis on their roles in oxidative stress,inflammation,and neuroprotection.展开更多
Pulpitis is a common infective oral disease in clinical situations.The regulatory mechanisms of immune defense in pulpitis are still being investigated.Osteomodulin(OMD)is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan family memb...Pulpitis is a common infective oral disease in clinical situations.The regulatory mechanisms of immune defense in pulpitis are still being investigated.Osteomodulin(OMD)is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan family member distributed in bones and teeth.It is a bioactive protein that promotes osteogenesis and suppresses the apoptosis of human dental pulp stem cells(hDPSCs).In this study,the role of OMD in pulpitis and the OMD-induced regulatory mechanism were investigated.The OMD expression in normal and inflamed human pulp tissues was detected via immunofluorescence staining.Intriguingly,the OMD expression decreased in the inflammatory infiltration area of pulpitis specimens.The cellular experiments demonstrated that recombined human OMD could resist the detrimental effects of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation.A conditional Omd knockout mouse model with pulpal inflammation was established.LPS-induced inflammatory impairment significantly increased in conditional Omd knockout mice,whereas OMD administration exhibited a protective effect against pulpitis.Mechanistically,the transcriptome alterations of OMD overexpression showed significant enrichment in the nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)signaling pathway.Interleukin-1 receptor 1(IL1R1),a vital membrane receptor activating the NF-κB pathway,was significantly downregulated in OMD-overexpressing hDPSCs.Additionally,the interaction between OMD and IL1R1 was verified using co-immunoprecipitation and molecular docking.In vivo,excessive pulpal inflammation in Omd-deficient mice was rescued using an IL1R antagonist.Overall,OMD played a protective role in the inflammatory response via the IL1R1/NF-κB signaling pathway.OMD may optimize the immunomodulatory functions of hDPSCs and can be used for regenerative endodontics.展开更多
The activation of the sirtuin1(SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1(HO-1)pathway has been shown to mitigate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage by reducing ...The activation of the sirtuin1(SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1(HO-1)pathway has been shown to mitigate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage by reducing reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels.Clinical trials have demonstrated that Zhongfeng Xingnao Liquid(ZFXN)ameliorates post-stroke cognitive impairment(PSCI).However,the underlying mechanism,particularly whether it involves protecting mitochondria and inhibiting apoptosis through the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway,remains unclear.This study employed an oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)cell model using SHSY5Y cells and induced PSCI in rats through modified bilateral carotid artery ligation(2VO).The effects of ZFXN on learning and memory,neuroprotective activity,mitochondrial function,oxidative stress,and the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro.Results indicated that ZFXN significantly increased the B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl2)/Bcl2-associated X(Bax)ratio,reduced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UTP nickend-labeling(TUNEL)+cells,and markedly improved cognition,synaptic plasticity,and neuronal function in the hippocampus and cortex.Furthermore,ZFXN exhibited potent antioxidant activity,evidenced by decreased ROS and malondialdehyde(MDA)content and increased superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and glutathione(GSH)levels.ZFXN also demonstrated considerable enhancement of mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP),Tom 20 fluorescence intensity,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)and energy charge(EC)levels,and mitochondrial complexⅠandⅢactivity,thereby inhibiting mitochondrial damage.Additionally,ZFXN significantly increased SIRT1 activity and elevated SIRT1,nuclear Nrf2,and HO-1 levels.Notably,these effects were substantially counteracted when SIRT1 was suppressed by the inhibitor EX-527 in vitro.In conclusion,ZFXN alleviates PSCI by activating the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and preventing mitochondrial damage.展开更多
Nuclear factor Y is a ubiquitous heterotrimeric transcription factor complex conserved across eukaryotes that binds to CCAAT boxes,one of the most common motifs found in gene promoters and enhancers.Over the last 30 y...Nuclear factor Y is a ubiquitous heterotrimeric transcription factor complex conserved across eukaryotes that binds to CCAAT boxes,one of the most common motifs found in gene promoters and enhancers.Over the last 30 years,research has revealed that the nuclear factor Y complex controls many aspects of brain development,including differentiation,axon guidance,homeostasis,disease,and most recently regeneration.However,a complete understanding of transcriptional regulatory networks,including how the nuclear factor Y complex binds to specific CCAAT boxes to perform its function remains elusive.In this review,we explore the nuclear factor Y complex’s role and mode of action during brain development,as well as how genomic technologies may expand understanding of this key regulator of gene expression.展开更多
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease(PD)-a progressive neurodegenerative disorder-is characterized by motor and gastrointestinal dysfunction.The exploration of novel therapeutic strategies for PD is vital.AIM To investi...BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease(PD)-a progressive neurodegenerative disorder-is characterized by motor and gastrointestinal dysfunction.The exploration of novel therapeutic strategies for PD is vital.AIM To investigate the potential mechanism of action of rhapontin-a natural compound with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties-in the context of PD.METHODS Network pharmacology was used to predict the targets and mechanisms of action of rhapontin in PD.Behavioral tests and tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence analysis were used to assess the effect of rhapontin on symptoms and pathology in MPTP-induced mice.Interleukin(IL)-6,IL-1β,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,and IL-10 levels in tissues were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Additionally,nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)activation was confirmed using western blotting.RESULTS NRF2 was predicted to be the key transcription factor underlying the therapeutic effects of rhapontin in PD,and its anti-PD action may be associated with its antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties.Rhapontin ameliorated the loss of dopaminergic neurons and gastrointestinal dysfunction in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)-induced mice by activating NRF2.Additio-nally,rhapontin treatment significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-6,TNF-α,IL-1β)in the substantia nigra,striatum,and colon,whereas it increased anti-inflammatory cytokine(IL-10)levels only in the colon,indicating the involvement of gut–brain axis in its neuroprotective potential.Finally,NRF2 was identified as a key transcription factor activated by rhapontin,particularly in the colon.CONCLUSION We elucidated the effects of rhapontin in MPTP-induced PD mouse models using a combination of network pharmacology analysis,behavioral assessments,immunofluorescence,ELISA,and Western blotting.Our findings revealed the multifaceted role of rhapontin in ameliorating PD through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties,particularly by activating NRF2,paving the way for future research into targeted therapies for PD.展开更多
BACKGROUND Erianin is a natural bibenzyl compound extracted from Dendrobium chrysotoxum and is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.AIM To explore the possible therapeutic mechanisms of erianin a...BACKGROUND Erianin is a natural bibenzyl compound extracted from Dendrobium chrysotoxum and is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.AIM To explore the possible therapeutic mechanisms of erianin and determine if it can reduce cardiac damage in mice with type 2 diabetes.METHODS High-fat diet and intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin were used to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus in C57BL/6 mice.Mice were divided into different groups including control,model,and treatment with various doses of erianin(10,20,and 40 mg/kg)as well as ML-385+erianin group.RESULTS Erianin reduced oxidative stress and inflammation and alleviated diabetic cardiomyopathy through the activation of the adenosine monophosphate-acti-vated protein kinase(AMPK)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)-heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)pathway.Treatments with erianin-M and erianin-H promoted weight stabilization and normalized fasting glucose levels relative to diabetic controls.Echocardiographic assessment demonstrated that erianin dose-dependently enhanced left ventricular systolic function(left ventricular ejection fraction,left ventricular fractional shortening)and mitigated ventricular remodeling(left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole,left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole;P<0.05 vs model group).No significant differences were observed between the ML-385+erianin and placebo-treated groups.Histopathological examination through hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated that erianin ameliorated myocardial fiber fragmentation,structural disorganization,inflammatory cell infiltration,and cytolytic damage.Furthermore,it significantly reduced the serum levels of cardiac troponin I,creatine kinase,and its MB isoenzyme.However,the ML-385+erianin co-treatment failed to alleviate myocardial injury.Metabolic profiling revealed erianin-mediated improvements in glycemic regulation(glycated hemoglobin:P<0.001),plasma insulin homeostasis,and lipid metabolism(total cholesterol,triglycerides,low-density lipo-protein cholesterol reduction,and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol restoration;P<0.05 vs model group).Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin(IL)-1β,and IL-6 were markedly suppressed in the erianin-M and erianin-H groups compared with the model group,whereas no significant differences were detected between the model and ML-385+erianin groups.Oxidative stress parameters showed decreased malondialdehyde levels accompanied by elevated superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in erianin-treated groups,with the most pronounced effects in the erianin-H group(P<0.05).Western blot analysis confirmed the significant upregulation of proteins associated with the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in erianin-M and erianin-H groups.These protective effects were abolished in the ML-385+erianin co-treatment group,which showed no statistical differences from the model group.CONCLUSION Erianin can effectively alleviate myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic mice by activating the AMPK-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway.展开更多
BACKGROUND Radiation induced pulmonary fibrosis(RIPF)is a long-term lung condition with a bleak outlook and few treatment possibilities.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)-derived exosomes(MSCs-exosomes)possess tissue repair...BACKGROUND Radiation induced pulmonary fibrosis(RIPF)is a long-term lung condition with a bleak outlook and few treatment possibilities.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)-derived exosomes(MSCs-exosomes)possess tissue repair and regenerative pro-perties,but their exact mechanisms in RIPF remain unclear.This study explores whether MSCs-exosomes can alleviate RIPF by modulating inflammation,ex-tracellular matrix(ECM)accumulation,and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)via the protein kinase B(Akt)/nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)pathway.Sprague-Dawley rats were received 30 Gy X-ray radiation on the right chest to induce RIPF,while RLE-6TN and BEAS-2B cell lines were exposed to 10 Gy X-rays.Using differential centrifugation,MSCs-exosomes were isolated,and their protective effects were examined both in vivo and in vitro.Inflammatory cytokine concentrations were measured using Luminex liquid chip detection and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.ECM and EMT-related proteins were analyzed using immunohistochemistry,western blotting,and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were also used to investigate the mechanisms underlying MSCs-exosomes’effects in RIPF.RESULTS Administration of MSCs-exosomes significantly mitigated RIPF,reduced collagen deposition,and decreased levels of various inflammatory cytokines.Additionally,MSCs-exosomes prevented radiation-induced ECM accumulation and EMT.Treatment with MSCs-exosomes notably promoted cell proliferation,suppressed inflammation,and reversed ECM deposition and EMT in radiation-exposed alveolar epithelial cells.Mechanistic analysis further revealed that MSCs-exosomes exerted their anti-RIPF effects by inhibiting the Akt/NF-κB pathway,as shown in both in vivo and in vitro models.CONCLUSION MSCs-exosomes mitigate RIPF by suppressing inflammation,ECM deposition,and EMT through Akt/NF-κB inhibition,highlighting their potential as a therapeutic strategy.展开更多
BACKGROUND Negative pressure wound therapy(NPWT)is a potential treatment for diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs),although the mechanisms underlying its effectiveness remain unclear.This study posits that NPWT may improve wound...BACKGROUND Negative pressure wound therapy(NPWT)is a potential treatment for diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs),although the mechanisms underlying its effectiveness remain unclear.This study posits that NPWT may improve wound healing by promoting angiogenesis and activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein 1(Keap1)signaling pathway,which is crucial for the body’s defense against oxidative stress.The hypothesis indicates that enhancing antioxidant defenses through NPWT may positively affect the healing process.There are still limited data on the roles of Nrf2,its downstream signaling molecules,and angiogenesis markers in patients undergoing NPWT.AIM To study the mechanism of NPWT in DFUs.METHODS This study included a total of 40 hospitalized patients with DFUs from Xuzhou Central Hospital,who were divided into Control group(n=21)and NPWT group(n=19).The levels of Nrf2 and Keap1 were analyzed in the granulation tissue 7 days after treatment.The wound condition,erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),procalcitonin(PCT),interleukin 6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),basic fibroblast growth factor(b-FGF),cluster of differentiation 31(CD31),and levels of oxidative stress[malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)]were analyzed before and 7 days after treatment by the Mann-Whitney U test.RESULTS The NPWT group demonstrated significant improvements in wound healing compared to the control group after 7 days of treatment.The levels of ESR,PCT,IL-6,and TNF-αwere significantly reduced in the NPWT group compared to the control group(P<0.05),while the levels of CD31,VEGF,and b-FGF showed significant increases(P<0.05).The NPWT group exhibited notable elevations in the levels of Nrf2 and its downstream targets(SOD,CAT,and T-AOC),accompanied by decreases in the levels of Keap1 and MDA(P<0.05).CONCLUSION NPWT may contribute to the healing of DFUs by potentially reducing levels of oxidative stress.Its effects could possibly be enhanced through the action of Nrf2.展开更多
A broad spectrum of liver disorders and their associated complications most notably hepatic encephalopathy impact millions of individuals worldwide,including conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,alcoho...A broad spectrum of liver disorders and their associated complications most notably hepatic encephalopathy impact millions of individuals worldwide,including conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,alcoholic liver injury,viral hepatitis,hepatic fibrosis,cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma.The underlying pathogenic mechanisms are multifactorial,encompassing oxidative stress,inflammatory cascades,mitochondrial impairment,and disturbances in immune homeostasis.Hepatic encephalopathy patients experience cognitive impairment,mood disturbances,and psychomotor dysfunction,significantly reducing quality of life through mechanisms including oxidative stress,neuroinflammation,and neurotransmitter imbalances.The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)signaling pathway serves as a critical antioxidative defense mechanism in these conditions.Nrf2 regulates the expression of protective enzymes,while HO-1 exerts anti-inflammatory,anti-apoptotic,and antifibrotic effects through heme degradation products.Natural herbal monomers as Nrf2 activators offer advantages of low toxicity,multi-target actions,and extensive traditional use.Various herbal monomers demonstrate specific effects against different liver diseases:In fatty liver,baicalin alleviates lipid accumulation and inflammation;In alcoholic liver disease,curcumin enhances Nrf2 activity reducing oxidative damage;In drug-induced liver injury,dihydromyricetin mitigates oxidative stress;In viral hepatitis,andrographolide inhibits hepatitis C virus replication;In liver fibrosis,multiple compounds inhibit stellate cell activation.These natural compounds simultaneously alleviate hepatic dysfunction and neuropsychiatric symptoms by modulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway,though clinical application still faces challenges such as low bioavailability,requiring further research.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the impact of Yemazhui(Herba Eupatorii Lindleyani,HEL)against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute lung injury(ALI)and explore its underlying mechanism in vivo.METHODS:The chemical constituen...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the impact of Yemazhui(Herba Eupatorii Lindleyani,HEL)against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute lung injury(ALI)and explore its underlying mechanism in vivo.METHODS:The chemical constituents of HEL were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatographyquadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method.Then,HEL was found to suppress LPS-induced ALI in vivo.Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:control,LPS,Dexamethasone(Dex),HEL low dose 6 g/kg(HEL-L),HEL medium dose 18 g/kg(HEL-M)and HEL high dose 54 g/kg(HEL-H)groups.The model rats were intratracheally injected with 3 mg/kg LPS to establish an ALI model.Leukocyte counts,lung wet/dry weight ratio,as well as myeloperoxidase(MPO)activity were determined followed by the detection with hematoxylin and eosin staining,enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction,western blotting,immunohistochemistry,and immunofluorescence.Besides,to explore the effect of HEL on ALI-mediated intestinal flora,we performed 16s rRNA sequencing analysis of intestinal contents.RESULTS:HEL attenuated LPS-induced inflammation in lung tissue and intestinal flora disturbance.Mechanism study indicated that HEL suppressed the lung coefficient and wet/dry weight ratio of LPS-induced ALI in rats,inhibited leukocytes exudation and MPO activity,and improved the pathological injury of lung tissue.In addition,HEL reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factoralpha,interleukin-1beta(IL-1β)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum,and inhibited nuclear displacement of nuclear factor kappa-B p65(NF-κBp65).And 18 g/kg HEL also reduced the expression levels of toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),myeloid differentiation factor 88,NF-κBp65,phosphorylated inhibitor kappa B alpha(phospho-IκBα),nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 protein(NLRP3),IL-1β,and interleukin-18(IL-18)in lung tissue,and regulated intestinal flora disturbance.CONCLUSIONS:In summary,our findings revealed that HEL has a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI in rats,and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway and improving intestinal flora disturbance.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To explore whether moxibustion exerts therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis(RA) by regulating the expression of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing protein-3(TIM-3) and subsequently modulating ...OBJECTIVE: To explore whether moxibustion exerts therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis(RA) by regulating the expression of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing protein-3(TIM-3) and subsequently modulating the macrophage M1 polarization toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)-myeloid differentiation factor 88(My D88)-nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) signaling pathway. METHODS: We utilized moxibustion treatment in RA rat models using the Zusanli(ST36) and Shenshu(BL23) acupoints. Hematoxylin and eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the synovial tissue under a section light microscope, and pathological scoring was performed according to the grading standard of the degree of synovial tissue disease. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was applied to verify the efficacy of moxibustion in reducing inflammation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(q RTPCR) was used to detect the expression of the TIM-3/TLR4-My D88-NF-κB signaling pathway-related molecules, and Western blot was used to detect the contents of synovial NF-κB. RESULTS: We established the Freund's complete adjuvant(FCA)-induced RA model in rats. The expression level of M1 polarization signaling pathway TLR4-My D88-NF-κB and the inflammatory factors interleukin-12(IL-12), tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α), and tumor necrosis factor beta(TNF-β) were significantly increased in the RA model. After moxibustion treatment, the expression level of TLR4-My D88-NF-κB was significantly decreased, and the inflammatory factors IL-12, TNF-α, and TNF-β were decreased, but the expression level was significantly increased in the RA model. When TIM-3 expression was inhibited, the expression level of TLR4-My D88-NF-κB, and the inflammatory factors IL-12, TNF-α, and TNF-β were not suppressed, even after moxibustion treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Moxibustion regulates the key target TIM-3 by acting on the Zusanli(ST36) and Shenshu(BL23) points, thereby inhibiting the M1 polarization of macrophages;that is, it inhibits the TLR4-My D88-NF-κB signaling pathway, and finally achieves alleviation of pathological changes and anti-inflammatory effects.展开更多
By critically examining the work,we conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis on the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)in nervous system diseases.We also proposed suggestions for future bi...By critically examining the work,we conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis on the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)in nervous system diseases.We also proposed suggestions for future bibliometric studies,including the integration of multiple websites,analytical tools,and analytical approaches,The findings presented provide compelling evidence that ferroptosis is closely associated with the therapeutic challenges of nervous system diseases.Targeted modulation of NRF2 to regulate ferroptosis holds substantial potential for effectively treating these diseases.Future NRF2-related research should not only focus on discovering new drugs but also on designing rational drug delivery systems.In particular,nanocarriers offer substantial potential for facilitating the clinical translation of NRF2 research and addressing existing issues related to NRF2-related drugs.展开更多
The role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media is explored. In recent years, the incidence of otitis media has been rising globally, becomi...The role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media is explored. In recent years, the incidence of otitis media has been rising globally, becoming a significant threat to human health. More and more studies have found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as a member of the Toll-like receptor family, can promote the generation of inflammatory factors and is closely related to the body’s immune response and inflammatory response. Nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) is a nuclear transcription factor that can interact with various cytokines, growth factors, and apoptotic factors, participating in processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the body [1]. This article elaborates on the structure, function, and signaling pathways of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media, aiming to provide more precise targets and better therapeutic efficacy for the diagnosis and treatment of otitis media. The role of inflammation in disease.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the role of nuclear factor of activated T cell 2(NFAT2),the major NFAT protein in peripheral T cells,in sustained T cell activation and intractable inflammation in human ulcerative colitis(UC). METH...AIM:To investigate the role of nuclear factor of activated T cell 2(NFAT2),the major NFAT protein in peripheral T cells,in sustained T cell activation and intractable inflammation in human ulcerative colitis(UC). METHODS:We used two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis, immunohistochemistry,double immunohistochemical staining,and confocal microscopy to inspect the expression of NFAT2 in 107,15,48 and 5 cases of UC, Crohn's disease(CD),non-specific colitis,and 5 healthy individuals,respectively. RESULTS:Up-regulation with profound nucleo- translocation/activation of NFAT2 of lamina propria mononuclear cells(LPMC)of colonic mucosa was found specifically in the affected colonic mucosa from patients with UC,as compared to CD or NC(P<0.001,Kruskal- Wallis test).Nucleo-translocation/activation of NFAT2 primarily occurred in CD8+T,but was less prominent in CD4+T cells or CD20+B cells.It was strongly associated with the disease activity,including endoscopic stage (τ=0.2145,P=0.0281)and histologic grade(τ=0.4167, P<0.001). CONCLUSION:We disclose for the first time the nucleo-translocation/activatin of NFAT2 in lamina propria mononuclear cells in ulcerative colitis.Activation of NFAT2 was specific for ulcerative colitis and highly associated with disease activity.Since activation of NFAT2is implicated in an auto-regulatory positive feedback loop of sustained T-cell activation and NFAT proteins play key roles in the calcium/calcineurin signaling pathways,our results not only provide new insights into the mechanism for sustained intractable inflammation,but also suggest the calcium-calcineurin/NFAT pathway as a new therapeutic target for ulcerative colitis.展开更多
Objective To investigate the mechanisms of catgut implantation at acupoints on ulcerative colitis. Methods Eighteen SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control group （NC）, a model group （MO） and a catgut i...Objective To investigate the mechanisms of catgut implantation at acupoints on ulcerative colitis. Methods Eighteen SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control group （NC）, a model group （MO） and a catgut implantation group （CI） with 6 rats in each group. Animals in group MO and group CI were treated by trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid （TNBS） to establish model with colitis. No other treatment was given to the rats in group MO, but catgut was implanted at ＂Shàngjùxū＂ （上 巨虚 ST 37）, ＂Tiānshū＂ （天枢 ST 25） and ＂Dàchángshū＂ （大肠俞 BL 25） in the rats in group CI. The symptoms of diarrhea and bloody stool, and changes in histopathology were detected 15 days after the treatment. Expressions of splenic lymphocyte nuclear factor κB p65（NF-κB p65）and correlated signaling molecules（β2AR）were detected by the western blot method. Results Diarrhea and mucus bloody purulent stool were soon controlled, and mucous injures were obviously improved in group CI. The NF-κB p65 value of splenic lymphocytes was signifi cantly increased （P0.01） and expression of β2AR remarkably reduced in group MO （P0.01）, compared with group NC. But, the NF-κB p65 value was significantly decreased （P0.01） and expression of β2AR remarkably increased in group CI （P 0.01） , compared with group MO. Conclusion Catgut implantation at acupoints is obviously effective in treating experimental colitis. Modulation of NF-κB p65 and the correlated signaling molecules β2AR may be involved in the mechanisms.展开更多
We present 2 cases of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α)-mutated adenomatosis, discovered for reasons unrelated to this disease, and identified using immunohistochemical methods. These new tools may further our un...We present 2 cases of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α)-mutated adenomatosis, discovered for reasons unrelated to this disease, and identified using immunohistochemical methods. These new tools may further our understanding of the link between adenomas/adenomatosis subtypes and their complications, and their association with other abnormalities.展开更多
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4-α) is a nuclear receptor regulating metabolism, cell junctions, differentiation and proliferation in liver and intestinal epithelial cells. Mutations within the HNF4...Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4-α) is a nuclear receptor regulating metabolism, cell junctions, differentiation and proliferation in liver and intestinal epithelial cells. Mutations within the HNF4A gene are associated with human diseases such as maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Recently, HNF4A has also been described as a susceptibility gene for ulcerative colitis in genome-wide association studies. In addition, specific HNF4A genetic variants have been identified in pediatric cohorts of Crohn’s disease. Results obtained from knockout mice supported that HNF4-α can protect the intestinal mucosae against inflammation. However, the exact molecular links behind HNF4-α and inflammatory bowel diseases remains elusive. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about the role of HNF4-α and its isoforms in inflammation. Specific nature of HNF4-α P1 and P2 classes of isoforms will be summarized. HNF4-α role as a hepatocyte mediator for cytokines relays during liver inflammation will be integrated based on documented examples of the literature. Conclusions that can be made from these earlier liver studies will serve as a basis to extrapolate correlations and divergences applicable to intestinal inflammation. Finally, potential functional roles for HNF4-α isoforms in protecting the intestinal mucosae from chronic and pathological inflammation will be presented.展开更多
Aim: To assess the spatial and temporal expression of germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF) in male mouse germ cells during postnatal development and in sperm before and after capacitation. Methods: The indirect immun-ofluo...Aim: To assess the spatial and temporal expression of germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF) in male mouse germ cells during postnatal development and in sperm before and after capacitation. Methods: The indirect immun-ofluorescence method with anti-GCNF antiserum was used to investigate the GCNF expression in mice at day 8, 10, 14, 17, 20, 28, 35, 70, and 420 after birth and in sperm before and after capacitation. Results: With the proceeding of spermatogenesis, GCNF was first detected in the nuclei of spermatogonia and a few early stage primary sperma-tocytes at day 8, which was increased gradually at day 10 to 14 inclusive. From day 17 to day 20, the GCNF was concentrated in round spermatids, while both spermatogonia and early stage primary spermatocytes became GCNF negative. From day 28 until day 420, strong GCNF expression was shown in round spermatids and pachytene spermatocytes, while spermatogonia, early primary spermatocytes and elongating spermatids were all GCNF negative. In addition, it was also found that GCNF was localized on the acrosomal cap region of spermatozoa and there was a big change in GCNF expression during capacitation, from 98 % GCNF positive before capacitation to about 20 % positive following capacitation. The localization of GCNF in caput and cauda spermatozoa was similar. Conclusion: GCNF may play important roles in spermatogenesis, capacitation and fertilization.展开更多
AIM： To observe the effect of berberine on insulin secretion in rat pancreatic islets and to explore its possible molecular mechanism. METHODS： Pdmary rat islets were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats by collag...AIM： To observe the effect of berberine on insulin secretion in rat pancreatic islets and to explore its possible molecular mechanism. METHODS： Pdmary rat islets were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats by collagenase digestion and treated with different concentrations （1, 3, 10 and 30 μmol/L） of berberine or 1 μmol/L Glibenclamide （GB） for 24 h. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion （GSIS） assay was conducted and insulin was determined by radioimmunoassay. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay was performed to evaluate cytotoxicity. The mRNA level of hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha （HAIF4α） was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. Indirect immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis were employed to detect protein expression of HNF4α in the islets. Glucokinase （GK） activity was measured by spectrophotometric method. RESULTS： Berberine enhanced GSIS rather than basal insulin secretion dose-dependently in rat islets and showed no significant cytotoxicity on islet cells at the concentration of 10 μmol/L. Both mRNA and protein expressions of HNF4α were up-regulated by berberine in a dose-dependent manner, and GK activity was also increased accordingly. However, GB demonstrated no regulatory effects on HNF4α expression or GK activity. CONCLUSION： Berberine can enhance GSIS in rat islets, and probably exerts the insulinotropic effect via a pathway involving HNF4α and GK, which is distinct from sulphonylureas （SUs）.展开更多
AIM： To detect the nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） condition in human stage IV gastric carcinoma patients and to explore the correlation between NF-κB activation and survival of these patients after chemotherapy. ...AIM： To detect the nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） condition in human stage IV gastric carcinoma patients and to explore the correlation between NF-κB activation and survival of these patients after chemotherapy. METHODS： Expression of NF-κB-p65 was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Activity of NF-κB DNA-binding in carcinoma tissue was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to show the relation between NF-κB and progression-free survival （PFS） or overall survival （OS） of the patients. RESULTS： The positive expression rate of NF-κB-p65 in 60 gastric cancer tissue samples was 76.7% （46160）. The expression of NF-κB-p65 was reduced in adjacent carcinoma and normal tissue samples. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA） analysis showed a strong activation of NF-κB in cancer tissue samples. A survival difference was found in NF-κB-p65 positive and negative patients. NF-κB-p65 expression was negative in cancer tissue samples （n = 14）. PFS was 191.40 ± 59.88 d and 152.93 ±16.99 d, respectively, in patients with positive NF-κB-p65 expression （n = 46） （P = 0.4028）. The survival time of patients with negative and positive NF-κB-p65 expression was 425.16 ±61.61 d and 418.85 ±42.98 d, respectively （P = 0.7303）. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no significant difference in PFS or OS. The 46 patient tissue which positive NF-κB-p65 expression was found in the tissue samples from the 46 patients whose PFS and OS were 564.89 ± 75.94 d and s 352.37 ±41.32 d, respectively （P = 0.0165）. CONCLUSION： NF-κB is activated in gastric carcinoma tissue, which is related to the OS after chemotherapy.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Zhejiang Provincial TCM Science and Technology Plan Project,No.2023ZL156(to YH)Ningbo Top Medical and Health Research Program,No.2022020304(to XG)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo,No.2023J019(to YH)Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province,No.2022E10026(to YH)。
文摘Strokes include both ischemic stroke,which is mediated by a blockade or reduction in the blood supply to the brain,and hemorrhagic stroke,which comprises intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage and is characterized by bleeding within the brain.Stroke is a lifethreatening cerebrovascular condition characterized by intricate pathophysiological mechanisms,including oxidative stress,inflammation,mitochondrial dysfunction,and neuronal injury.Critical transcription factors,such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor kappa B,play central roles in the progression of stroke.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is sensitive to changes in the cellular redox status and is crucial in protecting cells against oxidative damage,inflammatory responses,and cytotoxic agents.It plays a significant role in post-stroke neuroprotection and repair by influencing mitochondrial function,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and lysosomal activity and regulating metabolic pathways and cytokine expression.Conversely,nuclear factor-kappa B is closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction,the generation of reactive oxygen species,oxidative stress exacerbation,and inflammation.Nuclear factor-kappa B contributes to neuronal injury,apoptosis,and immune responses following stroke by modulating cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators.The interplay between these pathways,potentially involving crosstalk among various organelles,significantly influences stroke pathophysiology.Advancements in single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics have greatly improved our understanding of stroke pathogenesis and offer new opportunities for the development of targeted,individualized,cell typespecific treatments.In this review,we discuss the mechanisms underlying the involvement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor-kappa B in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke,with an emphasis on their roles in oxidative stress,inflammation,and neuroprotection.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82071104)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (23XD1434200/22Y21901000)+9 种基金Shanghai Hospital Development Center(SHDC12022120)National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases (NCRCO2021-omics-07)Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases (19MC1910600)Major and Key Cultivation Projects of Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (JYZP006)Shanghai’s Top Priority Research Center (2022ZZ01017)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2019-I2M-5-037)Fundamental research program funding of Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(JYZZ237)Eastern Talent Plan Leading Project (BJZH2024001)partly supported by the Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University,School of Medicine(JYJC202223)Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose diseases (14DZ2260300)
文摘Pulpitis is a common infective oral disease in clinical situations.The regulatory mechanisms of immune defense in pulpitis are still being investigated.Osteomodulin(OMD)is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan family member distributed in bones and teeth.It is a bioactive protein that promotes osteogenesis and suppresses the apoptosis of human dental pulp stem cells(hDPSCs).In this study,the role of OMD in pulpitis and the OMD-induced regulatory mechanism were investigated.The OMD expression in normal and inflamed human pulp tissues was detected via immunofluorescence staining.Intriguingly,the OMD expression decreased in the inflammatory infiltration area of pulpitis specimens.The cellular experiments demonstrated that recombined human OMD could resist the detrimental effects of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation.A conditional Omd knockout mouse model with pulpal inflammation was established.LPS-induced inflammatory impairment significantly increased in conditional Omd knockout mice,whereas OMD administration exhibited a protective effect against pulpitis.Mechanistically,the transcriptome alterations of OMD overexpression showed significant enrichment in the nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)signaling pathway.Interleukin-1 receptor 1(IL1R1),a vital membrane receptor activating the NF-κB pathway,was significantly downregulated in OMD-overexpressing hDPSCs.Additionally,the interaction between OMD and IL1R1 was verified using co-immunoprecipitation and molecular docking.In vivo,excessive pulpal inflammation in Omd-deficient mice was rescued using an IL1R antagonist.Overall,OMD played a protective role in the inflammatory response via the IL1R1/NF-κB signaling pathway.OMD may optimize the immunomodulatory functions of hDPSCs and can be used for regenerative endodontics.
基金supported by the Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Province(No.2019YFS0040)the Improvement Plan of“Xinglin Scholar”Scientific Research Talent,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.XKTD2022002)。
文摘The activation of the sirtuin1(SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1(HO-1)pathway has been shown to mitigate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage by reducing reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels.Clinical trials have demonstrated that Zhongfeng Xingnao Liquid(ZFXN)ameliorates post-stroke cognitive impairment(PSCI).However,the underlying mechanism,particularly whether it involves protecting mitochondria and inhibiting apoptosis through the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway,remains unclear.This study employed an oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)cell model using SHSY5Y cells and induced PSCI in rats through modified bilateral carotid artery ligation(2VO).The effects of ZFXN on learning and memory,neuroprotective activity,mitochondrial function,oxidative stress,and the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro.Results indicated that ZFXN significantly increased the B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl2)/Bcl2-associated X(Bax)ratio,reduced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UTP nickend-labeling(TUNEL)+cells,and markedly improved cognition,synaptic plasticity,and neuronal function in the hippocampus and cortex.Furthermore,ZFXN exhibited potent antioxidant activity,evidenced by decreased ROS and malondialdehyde(MDA)content and increased superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and glutathione(GSH)levels.ZFXN also demonstrated considerable enhancement of mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP),Tom 20 fluorescence intensity,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)and energy charge(EC)levels,and mitochondrial complexⅠandⅢactivity,thereby inhibiting mitochondrial damage.Additionally,ZFXN significantly increased SIRT1 activity and elevated SIRT1,nuclear Nrf2,and HO-1 levels.Notably,these effects were substantially counteracted when SIRT1 was suppressed by the inhibitor EX-527 in vitro.In conclusion,ZFXN alleviates PSCI by activating the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and preventing mitochondrial damage.
基金supported by National Health and Medical Research Council GNT1105374,GNT1137645,GNT2000766 and veski Innovation Fellowship(VIF23)to RP.
文摘Nuclear factor Y is a ubiquitous heterotrimeric transcription factor complex conserved across eukaryotes that binds to CCAAT boxes,one of the most common motifs found in gene promoters and enhancers.Over the last 30 years,research has revealed that the nuclear factor Y complex controls many aspects of brain development,including differentiation,axon guidance,homeostasis,disease,and most recently regeneration.However,a complete understanding of transcriptional regulatory networks,including how the nuclear factor Y complex binds to specific CCAAT boxes to perform its function remains elusive.In this review,we explore the nuclear factor Y complex’s role and mode of action during brain development,as well as how genomic technologies may expand understanding of this key regulator of gene expression.
基金Supported by the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China,No.823MS133 and No.821QN0979。
文摘BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease(PD)-a progressive neurodegenerative disorder-is characterized by motor and gastrointestinal dysfunction.The exploration of novel therapeutic strategies for PD is vital.AIM To investigate the potential mechanism of action of rhapontin-a natural compound with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties-in the context of PD.METHODS Network pharmacology was used to predict the targets and mechanisms of action of rhapontin in PD.Behavioral tests and tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence analysis were used to assess the effect of rhapontin on symptoms and pathology in MPTP-induced mice.Interleukin(IL)-6,IL-1β,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,and IL-10 levels in tissues were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Additionally,nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)activation was confirmed using western blotting.RESULTS NRF2 was predicted to be the key transcription factor underlying the therapeutic effects of rhapontin in PD,and its anti-PD action may be associated with its antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties.Rhapontin ameliorated the loss of dopaminergic neurons and gastrointestinal dysfunction in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)-induced mice by activating NRF2.Additio-nally,rhapontin treatment significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-6,TNF-α,IL-1β)in the substantia nigra,striatum,and colon,whereas it increased anti-inflammatory cytokine(IL-10)levels only in the colon,indicating the involvement of gut–brain axis in its neuroprotective potential.Finally,NRF2 was identified as a key transcription factor activated by rhapontin,particularly in the colon.CONCLUSION We elucidated the effects of rhapontin in MPTP-induced PD mouse models using a combination of network pharmacology analysis,behavioral assessments,immunofluorescence,ELISA,and Western blotting.Our findings revealed the multifaceted role of rhapontin in ameliorating PD through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties,particularly by activating NRF2,paving the way for future research into targeted therapies for PD.
文摘BACKGROUND Erianin is a natural bibenzyl compound extracted from Dendrobium chrysotoxum and is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.AIM To explore the possible therapeutic mechanisms of erianin and determine if it can reduce cardiac damage in mice with type 2 diabetes.METHODS High-fat diet and intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin were used to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus in C57BL/6 mice.Mice were divided into different groups including control,model,and treatment with various doses of erianin(10,20,and 40 mg/kg)as well as ML-385+erianin group.RESULTS Erianin reduced oxidative stress and inflammation and alleviated diabetic cardiomyopathy through the activation of the adenosine monophosphate-acti-vated protein kinase(AMPK)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)-heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)pathway.Treatments with erianin-M and erianin-H promoted weight stabilization and normalized fasting glucose levels relative to diabetic controls.Echocardiographic assessment demonstrated that erianin dose-dependently enhanced left ventricular systolic function(left ventricular ejection fraction,left ventricular fractional shortening)and mitigated ventricular remodeling(left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole,left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole;P<0.05 vs model group).No significant differences were observed between the ML-385+erianin and placebo-treated groups.Histopathological examination through hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated that erianin ameliorated myocardial fiber fragmentation,structural disorganization,inflammatory cell infiltration,and cytolytic damage.Furthermore,it significantly reduced the serum levels of cardiac troponin I,creatine kinase,and its MB isoenzyme.However,the ML-385+erianin co-treatment failed to alleviate myocardial injury.Metabolic profiling revealed erianin-mediated improvements in glycemic regulation(glycated hemoglobin:P<0.001),plasma insulin homeostasis,and lipid metabolism(total cholesterol,triglycerides,low-density lipo-protein cholesterol reduction,and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol restoration;P<0.05 vs model group).Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin(IL)-1β,and IL-6 were markedly suppressed in the erianin-M and erianin-H groups compared with the model group,whereas no significant differences were detected between the model and ML-385+erianin groups.Oxidative stress parameters showed decreased malondialdehyde levels accompanied by elevated superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in erianin-treated groups,with the most pronounced effects in the erianin-H group(P<0.05).Western blot analysis confirmed the significant upregulation of proteins associated with the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in erianin-M and erianin-H groups.These protective effects were abolished in the ML-385+erianin co-treatment group,which showed no statistical differences from the model group.CONCLUSION Erianin can effectively alleviate myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic mice by activating the AMPK-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,No.2024-MS-250.
文摘BACKGROUND Radiation induced pulmonary fibrosis(RIPF)is a long-term lung condition with a bleak outlook and few treatment possibilities.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)-derived exosomes(MSCs-exosomes)possess tissue repair and regenerative pro-perties,but their exact mechanisms in RIPF remain unclear.This study explores whether MSCs-exosomes can alleviate RIPF by modulating inflammation,ex-tracellular matrix(ECM)accumulation,and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)via the protein kinase B(Akt)/nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)pathway.Sprague-Dawley rats were received 30 Gy X-ray radiation on the right chest to induce RIPF,while RLE-6TN and BEAS-2B cell lines were exposed to 10 Gy X-rays.Using differential centrifugation,MSCs-exosomes were isolated,and their protective effects were examined both in vivo and in vitro.Inflammatory cytokine concentrations were measured using Luminex liquid chip detection and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.ECM and EMT-related proteins were analyzed using immunohistochemistry,western blotting,and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were also used to investigate the mechanisms underlying MSCs-exosomes’effects in RIPF.RESULTS Administration of MSCs-exosomes significantly mitigated RIPF,reduced collagen deposition,and decreased levels of various inflammatory cytokines.Additionally,MSCs-exosomes prevented radiation-induced ECM accumulation and EMT.Treatment with MSCs-exosomes notably promoted cell proliferation,suppressed inflammation,and reversed ECM deposition and EMT in radiation-exposed alveolar epithelial cells.Mechanistic analysis further revealed that MSCs-exosomes exerted their anti-RIPF effects by inhibiting the Akt/NF-κB pathway,as shown in both in vivo and in vitro models.CONCLUSION MSCs-exosomes mitigate RIPF by suppressing inflammation,ECM deposition,and EMT through Akt/NF-κB inhibition,highlighting their potential as a therapeutic strategy.
文摘BACKGROUND Negative pressure wound therapy(NPWT)is a potential treatment for diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs),although the mechanisms underlying its effectiveness remain unclear.This study posits that NPWT may improve wound healing by promoting angiogenesis and activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein 1(Keap1)signaling pathway,which is crucial for the body’s defense against oxidative stress.The hypothesis indicates that enhancing antioxidant defenses through NPWT may positively affect the healing process.There are still limited data on the roles of Nrf2,its downstream signaling molecules,and angiogenesis markers in patients undergoing NPWT.AIM To study the mechanism of NPWT in DFUs.METHODS This study included a total of 40 hospitalized patients with DFUs from Xuzhou Central Hospital,who were divided into Control group(n=21)and NPWT group(n=19).The levels of Nrf2 and Keap1 were analyzed in the granulation tissue 7 days after treatment.The wound condition,erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),procalcitonin(PCT),interleukin 6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),basic fibroblast growth factor(b-FGF),cluster of differentiation 31(CD31),and levels of oxidative stress[malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)]were analyzed before and 7 days after treatment by the Mann-Whitney U test.RESULTS The NPWT group demonstrated significant improvements in wound healing compared to the control group after 7 days of treatment.The levels of ESR,PCT,IL-6,and TNF-αwere significantly reduced in the NPWT group compared to the control group(P<0.05),while the levels of CD31,VEGF,and b-FGF showed significant increases(P<0.05).The NPWT group exhibited notable elevations in the levels of Nrf2 and its downstream targets(SOD,CAT,and T-AOC),accompanied by decreases in the levels of Keap1 and MDA(P<0.05).CONCLUSION NPWT may contribute to the healing of DFUs by potentially reducing levels of oxidative stress.Its effects could possibly be enhanced through the action of Nrf2.
基金Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing Municipality:a Metabolome-based Study on the Protective Mechanism of Yemazhui(Herba Eupatorii Lindleyani)Sesquiterpene Lactones Against Acute Lung Injury(No.cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0365)Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission:a Cytokine Storm-based Study of the Protective Effect of Yemazhui(Herba Eupatorii Lindleyani)Extract Intervention on COVID-19 Lung Injury(No.KJZD-K202215101)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the impact of Yemazhui(Herba Eupatorii Lindleyani,HEL)against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute lung injury(ALI)and explore its underlying mechanism in vivo.METHODS:The chemical constituents of HEL were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatographyquadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method.Then,HEL was found to suppress LPS-induced ALI in vivo.Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:control,LPS,Dexamethasone(Dex),HEL low dose 6 g/kg(HEL-L),HEL medium dose 18 g/kg(HEL-M)and HEL high dose 54 g/kg(HEL-H)groups.The model rats were intratracheally injected with 3 mg/kg LPS to establish an ALI model.Leukocyte counts,lung wet/dry weight ratio,as well as myeloperoxidase(MPO)activity were determined followed by the detection with hematoxylin and eosin staining,enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction,western blotting,immunohistochemistry,and immunofluorescence.Besides,to explore the effect of HEL on ALI-mediated intestinal flora,we performed 16s rRNA sequencing analysis of intestinal contents.RESULTS:HEL attenuated LPS-induced inflammation in lung tissue and intestinal flora disturbance.Mechanism study indicated that HEL suppressed the lung coefficient and wet/dry weight ratio of LPS-induced ALI in rats,inhibited leukocytes exudation and MPO activity,and improved the pathological injury of lung tissue.In addition,HEL reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factoralpha,interleukin-1beta(IL-1β)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum,and inhibited nuclear displacement of nuclear factor kappa-B p65(NF-κBp65).And 18 g/kg HEL also reduced the expression levels of toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),myeloid differentiation factor 88,NF-κBp65,phosphorylated inhibitor kappa B alpha(phospho-IκBα),nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 protein(NLRP3),IL-1β,and interleukin-18(IL-18)in lung tissue,and regulated intestinal flora disturbance.CONCLUSIONS:In summary,our findings revealed that HEL has a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI in rats,and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway and improving intestinal flora disturbance.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China:Study on Immunoregulatory Mechanism of Moxibustion"Regulating Weiqi"to Regulate the Intrasynovial Environment Steady State in Rheumatoid Arthritis Model Rats based on the Skin-resident Memory T cells-Growth Arrest-specific 6/Mer Tyrosine Kinase (No. 82374587)the National Natural Science Foundation of China:Study on the Immune Mechanisms of Macrophage M1/M2 Polarization in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis by Moxibustion"Strengthening Body Resistance and Eliminating Evil"(No. 81973959)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China:Research on the Functional Characteristics of"Special Effects"and"Common Effects"of Acupoints (No. 2019YFC1709001)Science and Technology Innovation Seedling Project of Sichuan Province:based on Macrophage M1 Polarization Signaling Pathway Toll-like receptor 4/Myeloid differentiation factor 88/Nuclear factor kappa B and its Regulatory Molecule T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin-containing Protein-3 Exploring the Effect Mechanism of Moxibustion on Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis Model (No. 2022037)。
文摘OBJECTIVE: To explore whether moxibustion exerts therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis(RA) by regulating the expression of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing protein-3(TIM-3) and subsequently modulating the macrophage M1 polarization toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)-myeloid differentiation factor 88(My D88)-nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) signaling pathway. METHODS: We utilized moxibustion treatment in RA rat models using the Zusanli(ST36) and Shenshu(BL23) acupoints. Hematoxylin and eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the synovial tissue under a section light microscope, and pathological scoring was performed according to the grading standard of the degree of synovial tissue disease. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was applied to verify the efficacy of moxibustion in reducing inflammation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(q RTPCR) was used to detect the expression of the TIM-3/TLR4-My D88-NF-κB signaling pathway-related molecules, and Western blot was used to detect the contents of synovial NF-κB. RESULTS: We established the Freund's complete adjuvant(FCA)-induced RA model in rats. The expression level of M1 polarization signaling pathway TLR4-My D88-NF-κB and the inflammatory factors interleukin-12(IL-12), tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α), and tumor necrosis factor beta(TNF-β) were significantly increased in the RA model. After moxibustion treatment, the expression level of TLR4-My D88-NF-κB was significantly decreased, and the inflammatory factors IL-12, TNF-α, and TNF-β were decreased, but the expression level was significantly increased in the RA model. When TIM-3 expression was inhibited, the expression level of TLR4-My D88-NF-κB, and the inflammatory factors IL-12, TNF-α, and TNF-β were not suppressed, even after moxibustion treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Moxibustion regulates the key target TIM-3 by acting on the Zusanli(ST36) and Shenshu(BL23) points, thereby inhibiting the M1 polarization of macrophages;that is, it inhibits the TLR4-My D88-NF-κB signaling pathway, and finally achieves alleviation of pathological changes and anti-inflammatory effects.
基金Supported by The Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China,No.2024A1515011236.
文摘By critically examining the work,we conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis on the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)in nervous system diseases.We also proposed suggestions for future bibliometric studies,including the integration of multiple websites,analytical tools,and analytical approaches,The findings presented provide compelling evidence that ferroptosis is closely associated with the therapeutic challenges of nervous system diseases.Targeted modulation of NRF2 to regulate ferroptosis holds substantial potential for effectively treating these diseases.Future NRF2-related research should not only focus on discovering new drugs but also on designing rational drug delivery systems.In particular,nanocarriers offer substantial potential for facilitating the clinical translation of NRF2 research and addressing existing issues related to NRF2-related drugs.
文摘The role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media is explored. In recent years, the incidence of otitis media has been rising globally, becoming a significant threat to human health. More and more studies have found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as a member of the Toll-like receptor family, can promote the generation of inflammatory factors and is closely related to the body’s immune response and inflammatory response. Nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) is a nuclear transcription factor that can interact with various cytokines, growth factors, and apoptotic factors, participating in processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the body [1]. This article elaborates on the structure, function, and signaling pathways of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media, aiming to provide more precise targets and better therapeutic efficacy for the diagnosis and treatment of otitis media. The role of inflammation in disease.
基金a grant from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital,No.CMRPG33074a grant from National Science Council,Taiwan
文摘AIM:To investigate the role of nuclear factor of activated T cell 2(NFAT2),the major NFAT protein in peripheral T cells,in sustained T cell activation and intractable inflammation in human ulcerative colitis(UC). METHODS:We used two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis, immunohistochemistry,double immunohistochemical staining,and confocal microscopy to inspect the expression of NFAT2 in 107,15,48 and 5 cases of UC, Crohn's disease(CD),non-specific colitis,and 5 healthy individuals,respectively. RESULTS:Up-regulation with profound nucleo- translocation/activation of NFAT2 of lamina propria mononuclear cells(LPMC)of colonic mucosa was found specifically in the affected colonic mucosa from patients with UC,as compared to CD or NC(P<0.001,Kruskal- Wallis test).Nucleo-translocation/activation of NFAT2 primarily occurred in CD8+T,but was less prominent in CD4+T cells or CD20+B cells.It was strongly associated with the disease activity,including endoscopic stage (τ=0.2145,P=0.0281)and histologic grade(τ=0.4167, P<0.001). CONCLUSION:We disclose for the first time the nucleo-translocation/activatin of NFAT2 in lamina propria mononuclear cells in ulcerative colitis.Activation of NFAT2 was specific for ulcerative colitis and highly associated with disease activity.Since activation of NFAT2is implicated in an auto-regulatory positive feedback loop of sustained T-cell activation and NFAT proteins play key roles in the calcium/calcineurin signaling pathways,our results not only provide new insights into the mechanism for sustained intractable inflammation,but also suggest the calcium-calcineurin/NFAT pathway as a new therapeutic target for ulcerative colitis.
基金Supported by the National Scientific Foundation:30772878
文摘Objective To investigate the mechanisms of catgut implantation at acupoints on ulcerative colitis. Methods Eighteen SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control group （NC）, a model group （MO） and a catgut implantation group （CI） with 6 rats in each group. Animals in group MO and group CI were treated by trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid （TNBS） to establish model with colitis. No other treatment was given to the rats in group MO, but catgut was implanted at ＂Shàngjùxū＂ （上 巨虚 ST 37）, ＂Tiānshū＂ （天枢 ST 25） and ＂Dàchángshū＂ （大肠俞 BL 25） in the rats in group CI. The symptoms of diarrhea and bloody stool, and changes in histopathology were detected 15 days after the treatment. Expressions of splenic lymphocyte nuclear factor κB p65（NF-κB p65）and correlated signaling molecules（β2AR）were detected by the western blot method. Results Diarrhea and mucus bloody purulent stool were soon controlled, and mucous injures were obviously improved in group CI. The NF-κB p65 value of splenic lymphocytes was signifi cantly increased （P0.01） and expression of β2AR remarkably reduced in group MO （P0.01）, compared with group NC. But, the NF-κB p65 value was significantly decreased （P0.01） and expression of β2AR remarkably increased in group CI （P 0.01） , compared with group MO. Conclusion Catgut implantation at acupoints is obviously effective in treating experimental colitis. Modulation of NF-κB p65 and the correlated signaling molecules β2AR may be involved in the mechanisms.
文摘We present 2 cases of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α)-mutated adenomatosis, discovered for reasons unrelated to this disease, and identified using immunohistochemical methods. These new tools may further our understanding of the link between adenomas/adenomatosis subtypes and their complications, and their association with other abnormalities.
文摘Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4-α) is a nuclear receptor regulating metabolism, cell junctions, differentiation and proliferation in liver and intestinal epithelial cells. Mutations within the HNF4A gene are associated with human diseases such as maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Recently, HNF4A has also been described as a susceptibility gene for ulcerative colitis in genome-wide association studies. In addition, specific HNF4A genetic variants have been identified in pediatric cohorts of Crohn’s disease. Results obtained from knockout mice supported that HNF4-α can protect the intestinal mucosae against inflammation. However, the exact molecular links behind HNF4-α and inflammatory bowel diseases remains elusive. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about the role of HNF4-α and its isoforms in inflammation. Specific nature of HNF4-α P1 and P2 classes of isoforms will be summarized. HNF4-α role as a hepatocyte mediator for cytokines relays during liver inflammation will be integrated based on documented examples of the literature. Conclusions that can be made from these earlier liver studies will serve as a basis to extrapolate correlations and divergences applicable to intestinal inflammation. Finally, potential functional roles for HNF4-α isoforms in protecting the intestinal mucosae from chronic and pathological inflammation will be presented.
文摘Aim: To assess the spatial and temporal expression of germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF) in male mouse germ cells during postnatal development and in sperm before and after capacitation. Methods: The indirect immun-ofluorescence method with anti-GCNF antiserum was used to investigate the GCNF expression in mice at day 8, 10, 14, 17, 20, 28, 35, 70, and 420 after birth and in sperm before and after capacitation. Results: With the proceeding of spermatogenesis, GCNF was first detected in the nuclei of spermatogonia and a few early stage primary sperma-tocytes at day 8, which was increased gradually at day 10 to 14 inclusive. From day 17 to day 20, the GCNF was concentrated in round spermatids, while both spermatogonia and early stage primary spermatocytes became GCNF negative. From day 28 until day 420, strong GCNF expression was shown in round spermatids and pachytene spermatocytes, while spermatogonia, early primary spermatocytes and elongating spermatids were all GCNF negative. In addition, it was also found that GCNF was localized on the acrosomal cap region of spermatozoa and there was a big change in GCNF expression during capacitation, from 98 % GCNF positive before capacitation to about 20 % positive following capacitation. The localization of GCNF in caput and cauda spermatozoa was similar. Conclusion: GCNF may play important roles in spermatogenesis, capacitation and fertilization.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30500685
文摘AIM： To observe the effect of berberine on insulin secretion in rat pancreatic islets and to explore its possible molecular mechanism. METHODS： Pdmary rat islets were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats by collagenase digestion and treated with different concentrations （1, 3, 10 and 30 μmol/L） of berberine or 1 μmol/L Glibenclamide （GB） for 24 h. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion （GSIS） assay was conducted and insulin was determined by radioimmunoassay. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay was performed to evaluate cytotoxicity. The mRNA level of hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha （HAIF4α） was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. Indirect immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis were employed to detect protein expression of HNF4α in the islets. Glucokinase （GK） activity was measured by spectrophotometric method. RESULTS： Berberine enhanced GSIS rather than basal insulin secretion dose-dependently in rat islets and showed no significant cytotoxicity on islet cells at the concentration of 10 μmol/L. Both mRNA and protein expressions of HNF4α were up-regulated by berberine in a dose-dependent manner, and GK activity was also increased accordingly. However, GB demonstrated no regulatory effects on HNF4α expression or GK activity. CONCLUSION： Berberine can enhance GSIS in rat islets, and probably exerts the insulinotropic effect via a pathway involving HNF4α and GK, which is distinct from sulphonylureas （SUs）.
文摘AIM： To detect the nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） condition in human stage IV gastric carcinoma patients and to explore the correlation between NF-κB activation and survival of these patients after chemotherapy. METHODS： Expression of NF-κB-p65 was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Activity of NF-κB DNA-binding in carcinoma tissue was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to show the relation between NF-κB and progression-free survival （PFS） or overall survival （OS） of the patients. RESULTS： The positive expression rate of NF-κB-p65 in 60 gastric cancer tissue samples was 76.7% （46160）. The expression of NF-κB-p65 was reduced in adjacent carcinoma and normal tissue samples. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA） analysis showed a strong activation of NF-κB in cancer tissue samples. A survival difference was found in NF-κB-p65 positive and negative patients. NF-κB-p65 expression was negative in cancer tissue samples （n = 14）. PFS was 191.40 ± 59.88 d and 152.93 ±16.99 d, respectively, in patients with positive NF-κB-p65 expression （n = 46） （P = 0.4028）. The survival time of patients with negative and positive NF-κB-p65 expression was 425.16 ±61.61 d and 418.85 ±42.98 d, respectively （P = 0.7303）. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no significant difference in PFS or OS. The 46 patient tissue which positive NF-κB-p65 expression was found in the tissue samples from the 46 patients whose PFS and OS were 564.89 ± 75.94 d and s 352.37 ±41.32 d, respectively （P = 0.0165）. CONCLUSION： NF-κB is activated in gastric carcinoma tissue, which is related to the OS after chemotherapy.
