In this study,a new method is presented to correlate the shear viscosity of nanofluids by local composition theory.The Eyring theory and nonrandom two-liquid(NRTL)equation are used for this purpose.The effects of temp...In this study,a new method is presented to correlate the shear viscosity of nanofluids by local composition theory.The Eyring theory and nonrandom two-liquid(NRTL)equation are used for this purpose.The effects of temperature and particle volume concentration on the viscosity are investigated.The adjustable parameters of NRTL equation are obtained by fitting with experimental data.The calculated shear viscosities for nanofluids of CuO/water with 29 nm particle size,Al2O3/water with two different particle diameters,36 nm and 47 nm,and CuO/(ethylene glycol,water)are compared with experimental data and the average absolute deviation(AAD)is 1.2%,while the results from some conventional models yield an AAD of 190%.The results of this study are in excellent agreement with experimental data.展开更多
Tsetse flies are insects of significant public health and zoonotic importance as they are the main vectors of African trypanosomes.To date,an effective vaccine is unavailable and efforts to limit the spread of the dis...Tsetse flies are insects of significant public health and zoonotic importance as they are the main vectors of African trypanosomes.To date,an effective vaccine is unavailable and efforts to limit the spread of the disease primarily rely on controlling the tsetse populations.The discovery of Spiroplasma(class Mollicutes)in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes(Gff)(palpalis subgroup),offers promising insights into its potential use as a biological control agent to hinder trypanosomes infection in tsetse flies.Indeed,a negative correlation between Spiroplasma and trypanosome co-infection has been observed.Using a laboratory strain of Gff,we provide fundamental biological insights into the effects of Spiroplasma infection on the mating behavior of the fly.We found a sex-biased Spiroplasma infection,with males exhibiting a higher infection rate.Mass mating experiments revealed a higher mating propensity in Spiroplasma-infected flies.Additionally,the presence of Spiroplasma influenced premating isolation,leading to nonrandom mating patterns that favored the pairing of individuals with matching infection statuses.Moreover,we present evidence of Spiroplasma vertical paternal transmission.By analyzing female reproductive tissues at 2 and 24 h postmating,we confirmed that an infected male can transfer Spiroplasma to the female via the spermatophore,which can subsequently migrate to the spermathecae.This study provides foundational insights into the role of Spiroplasma in tsetse fly mating behavior and provides supporting evidence for vertical transmission from infected males.展开更多
文摘In this study,a new method is presented to correlate the shear viscosity of nanofluids by local composition theory.The Eyring theory and nonrandom two-liquid(NRTL)equation are used for this purpose.The effects of temperature and particle volume concentration on the viscosity are investigated.The adjustable parameters of NRTL equation are obtained by fitting with experimental data.The calculated shear viscosities for nanofluids of CuO/water with 29 nm particle size,Al2O3/water with two different particle diameters,36 nm and 47 nm,and CuO/(ethylene glycol,water)are compared with experimental data and the average absolute deviation(AAD)is 1.2%,while the results from some conventional models yield an AAD of 190%.The results of this study are in excellent agreement with experimental data.
文摘Tsetse flies are insects of significant public health and zoonotic importance as they are the main vectors of African trypanosomes.To date,an effective vaccine is unavailable and efforts to limit the spread of the disease primarily rely on controlling the tsetse populations.The discovery of Spiroplasma(class Mollicutes)in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes(Gff)(palpalis subgroup),offers promising insights into its potential use as a biological control agent to hinder trypanosomes infection in tsetse flies.Indeed,a negative correlation between Spiroplasma and trypanosome co-infection has been observed.Using a laboratory strain of Gff,we provide fundamental biological insights into the effects of Spiroplasma infection on the mating behavior of the fly.We found a sex-biased Spiroplasma infection,with males exhibiting a higher infection rate.Mass mating experiments revealed a higher mating propensity in Spiroplasma-infected flies.Additionally,the presence of Spiroplasma influenced premating isolation,leading to nonrandom mating patterns that favored the pairing of individuals with matching infection statuses.Moreover,we present evidence of Spiroplasma vertical paternal transmission.By analyzing female reproductive tissues at 2 and 24 h postmating,we confirmed that an infected male can transfer Spiroplasma to the female via the spermatophore,which can subsequently migrate to the spermathecae.This study provides foundational insights into the role of Spiroplasma in tsetse fly mating behavior and provides supporting evidence for vertical transmission from infected males.
