M/C test is always an essential means of testing for language teachers.However,we have every reason to doubt whether a randomly designed M/C test could effectively reflect the testees' language standard.In most la...M/C test is always an essential means of testing for language teachers.However,we have every reason to doubt whether a randomly designed M/C test could effectively reflect the testees' language standard.In most language testing,before the actual writing of a test paper,we should first analyze the items to see whether they're good or qualified enough to be put into the test paper or to be included in the item bank for further use because it is only through item analysis that we can make the test paper more scientific.Based on this theory,there 're some principles we should follow when writing or assessing M/C tests.展开更多
Fatigue is a common sense caused by crushing labor, stressful social events and various illnesses. It is usually judged by their subjective symptoms, but it should be evaluated in an objective perspective. Here we sho...Fatigue is a common sense caused by crushing labor, stressful social events and various illnesses. It is usually judged by their subjective symptoms, but it should be evaluated in an objective perspective. Here we show that the decrease of working efficiency and sympathetic hyperactivity are associated with mental fatigue state caused by prolonged mental workload. Recently we made a new mental fatigue model of healthy volunteers caused by long-term computerized Kraepelin test (CKT) workload. CKT is our new software for automatically checking the calculation capability, with which it is easy to determine the reaction time (RT), coefficient of variance of reaction time (CV), and accuracy of the answers (AC) during tasks. We put 24 healthy volunteers into the fatigue state by subjecting them to 120 minutes’ CKT workload, and then studied the changes in fatigue sensation, RT, CV, and AC before and after the CKT workload. The fatigue sensation, RT, and CV were clearly increased by the fatigue-inducing task and recovered during the resting period. We also studied the changes in autonomic nerve activity by using heart rate variability analysis. The low/high frequency component ratio (LF/HF) was signifi-cantly increased by the fatigue-inducing task and decreased by resting, suggesting that mental stress causes a relatively sympathetic nerve activity-dominant state. Therefore, our new fatigue model involving a long-term CKT workload is a good mental fatigue model to provide much information about the fatigue state simultane-ously, and the increase of RT, CV, and proportion of sympathetic activity (LF/HF) are associated with mental fatigue state. These might be useful objective biomarkers or evaluating a mental fatigue state.展开更多
与传统的纸笔测验(Paper And Pencil Based Test,P&P)相比计算机化自适应测验(Computerized Adaptive Testing,CAT)根据被试的作答反应自适应地选择题目,它不仅缩短了测验长度,还极大地提高了测验的准确性。然而,目前绝大多数CAT不...与传统的纸笔测验(Paper And Pencil Based Test,P&P)相比计算机化自适应测验(Computerized Adaptive Testing,CAT)根据被试的作答反应自适应地选择题目,它不仅缩短了测验长度,还极大地提高了测验的准确性。然而,目前绝大多数CAT不允许被试修改答案,研究者主要担心修改答案会降低CAT的有效性。允许修改答案符合被试一贯的测验习惯,修改之后的分数更能反映被试真实的水平,从而能够进一步促进CAT在实际中的应用。现有的研究主要从三个方面提出了可修改答案CAT的控制方法:一是测验设计;二是改进选题策略;三是建构模型。未来的研究应进一步探讨这些方法之间的比较与结合,以及对可修改答案认知诊断CAT(Cognitive Diagnostic CAT,CD-CAT)的研究。展开更多
文摘M/C test is always an essential means of testing for language teachers.However,we have every reason to doubt whether a randomly designed M/C test could effectively reflect the testees' language standard.In most language testing,before the actual writing of a test paper,we should first analyze the items to see whether they're good or qualified enough to be put into the test paper or to be included in the item bank for further use because it is only through item analysis that we can make the test paper more scientific.Based on this theory,there 're some principles we should follow when writing or assessing M/C tests.
文摘Fatigue is a common sense caused by crushing labor, stressful social events and various illnesses. It is usually judged by their subjective symptoms, but it should be evaluated in an objective perspective. Here we show that the decrease of working efficiency and sympathetic hyperactivity are associated with mental fatigue state caused by prolonged mental workload. Recently we made a new mental fatigue model of healthy volunteers caused by long-term computerized Kraepelin test (CKT) workload. CKT is our new software for automatically checking the calculation capability, with which it is easy to determine the reaction time (RT), coefficient of variance of reaction time (CV), and accuracy of the answers (AC) during tasks. We put 24 healthy volunteers into the fatigue state by subjecting them to 120 minutes’ CKT workload, and then studied the changes in fatigue sensation, RT, CV, and AC before and after the CKT workload. The fatigue sensation, RT, and CV were clearly increased by the fatigue-inducing task and recovered during the resting period. We also studied the changes in autonomic nerve activity by using heart rate variability analysis. The low/high frequency component ratio (LF/HF) was signifi-cantly increased by the fatigue-inducing task and decreased by resting, suggesting that mental stress causes a relatively sympathetic nerve activity-dominant state. Therefore, our new fatigue model involving a long-term CKT workload is a good mental fatigue model to provide much information about the fatigue state simultane-ously, and the increase of RT, CV, and proportion of sympathetic activity (LF/HF) are associated with mental fatigue state. These might be useful objective biomarkers or evaluating a mental fatigue state.
文摘与传统的纸笔测验(Paper And Pencil Based Test,P&P)相比计算机化自适应测验(Computerized Adaptive Testing,CAT)根据被试的作答反应自适应地选择题目,它不仅缩短了测验长度,还极大地提高了测验的准确性。然而,目前绝大多数CAT不允许被试修改答案,研究者主要担心修改答案会降低CAT的有效性。允许修改答案符合被试一贯的测验习惯,修改之后的分数更能反映被试真实的水平,从而能够进一步促进CAT在实际中的应用。现有的研究主要从三个方面提出了可修改答案CAT的控制方法:一是测验设计;二是改进选题策略;三是建构模型。未来的研究应进一步探讨这些方法之间的比较与结合,以及对可修改答案认知诊断CAT(Cognitive Diagnostic CAT,CD-CAT)的研究。
